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Sun B, Hadidi M, Santiago Nuñez J, Song B, Tumambac GE, Wong K, Kalinowski G, Hathcock JJ. Efficiency of ultrafiltration/diafiltration in removing organic and elemental process equipment related leachables from biological therapeutics. Biotechnol Prog 2024; 40:e3400. [PMID: 37964726 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
In the production of biological therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), ultrafiltration and diafiltration (UF/DF) are widely regarded as effective downstream processing steps capable of removing process equipment related leachables (PERLs) introduced upstream of the UF/DF step. However, clearance data available in the literature are limited to species with low partition coefficients (log P) such as buffer ions, hydrophilic organic compounds, and some metal ions. Additional data for a wide range of PERLs including hydrophobic compounds and elemental impurities are needed to establish meaningful, comprehensive safety risk assessments. Herein, we report the results from studies investigating the clearance of seven different organic PERLs representing a wide range of characteristics (i.e., log P (-0.3 to 18)), and four model elements with different chemical properties spiked into a mAb formulation at 10 ppm and analyzed during clearance using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-photodiode-array-mass spectrometry (LC-PDA-MS), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The clearance data showed ideal clearance and sieving of spiked organic PERLs with log P < 4, partial clearance of PERLs with 4 < log P < 9, and poor clearance of highly hydrophobic PERLs (log P > 9) after nine diafiltration volumes (DVs). Supplemental clearance studies on seven additional PERLs present at much lower concentration levels (0.1-1.5 ppm) in the mAb formulation upstream of UF/DF and three PERLs associated with the tangential flow filtration (TFF) equipment also demonstrated the similar correlations between log P and % clearance. For model elements, the findings suggest that UF/DF in general provides ideal clearance for elements. Evidence showed that the UF/DF process does not only help mitigate leachables risk from PERLs introduced upstream of UF/DF, but also from the TFF operation itself as all three TFF-related PERLs were effectively cleared. Overall, the UF/DF clearance presented in this work demonstrated whereas highly hydrophobic PERLs and elements that exist as charged species, particularly transition metal ions, may not be as effectively cleared and thus warrant further risk assessment; hydrophilic and some hydrophobic PERLs (log P < 4) are indeed well-cleared and thus present a lower overall safety risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sun
- Scientific Laboratory Services, Cytiva, Westborough, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mahsa Hadidi
- Purification Process Development Laboratory, Sanofi, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Benben Song
- Scientific Laboratory Services, Cytiva, Westborough, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gilbert E Tumambac
- Regulatory and Validation Strategy, Cytiva, Westborough, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ken Wong
- Critical Material Management (Prior role was Extractables and Leachables SME), Sanofi, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gregor Kalinowski
- Scientific Laboratory Services, Cytiva, Westborough, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James J Hathcock
- Regulatory and Validation Strategy, Cytiva, Westborough, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Brothers MC, Kornexl M, Guess B, Kim Y, Ott D, Martin JA, Regn D, Kim SS. Rapid and Simple Buffer Exchange Using Cation-Exchange Chromatography to Improve Point-of-Care Detection of Pharmacological Agents. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:635. [PMID: 37366999 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the power, speed, and simplicity of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. POC diagnostics are available for a wide range of targets, including both drugs of abuse as well as performance-enhancing drugs. For pharmacological monitoring, minimally invasive fluids such as urine and saliva are commonly sampled. However, false positives or negatives caused by interfering agents excreted in these matrices may confound results. For example, false positives have, in most cases, prevented the use of POC diagnostics for pharmacological agent detection; the consequence is that centralized labs are instead tasked to perform these screenings, resulting in significant delays between sampling and testing. Thus, a rapid, simple, and inexpensive methodology for sample purification is required for the POC to reach a field-deployable tool for the pharmacological human health and performance assessments. Buffer exchange is a simple, rapid approach to remove interfering agents, but has traditionally been difficult to perform on small pharmacological molecules. Therefore, in this communication, we use salbutamol, a performance-enhancing drug, as a case example to demonstrate the efficacy of ion-exchange chromatography as a technique to perform buffer exchange for charged pharmacological agents. This manuscript demonstrates the efficacy of this technique leveraging a commercial spin column to remove interfering agents found in simulant urines, such as proteins, creatinine, and urea, while retaining salbutamol. The utility and efficacy of the method was then confirmed in actual saliva samples. The eluent was then collected and run on the lateral flow assays (LFAs), improving the reported limit of detection by over 5× (new lower limit of detection of 10 ppb compared to reported 60 ppb by the manufacturer) while simultaneously removing noise due to background interfering agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Brothers
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
- UES Incorporation, Dayton, OH 45432, USA
| | - Maegan Kornexl
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
- UES Incorporation, Dayton, OH 45432, USA
| | - Barlow Guess
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
| | - Yuri Kim
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
- UES Incorporation, Dayton, OH 45432, USA
| | - Darrin Ott
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
| | - Jennifer A Martin
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
| | - Dara Regn
- United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
| | - Steve S Kim
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
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3
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Agrawal P, Wilkstein K, Guinn E, Mason M, Serrano Martinez CI, Saylae J. A Review of Tangential Flow Filtration: Process Development and Applications in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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4
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Hillebrandt N, Vormittag P, Dietrich A, Hubbuch J. Process Monitoring Framework for Cross‐flow Diafiltration‐based Virus‐like Particle Disassembly: Tracing Product Properties and Filtration Performance. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1522-1538. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.28063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Hillebrandt
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz‐Haber‐Weg 2 76131 Karlsruhe Baden‐Württemberg Germany
| | - Philipp Vormittag
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz‐Haber‐Weg 2 76131 Karlsruhe Baden‐Württemberg Germany
| | - Annabelle Dietrich
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz‐Haber‐Weg 2 76131 Karlsruhe Baden‐Württemberg Germany
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz‐Haber‐Weg 2 76131 Karlsruhe Baden‐Württemberg Germany
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5
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Hillebrandt N, Vormittag P, Dietrich A, Wegner CH, Hubbuch J. Process development for cross-flow diafiltration-based VLP disassembly: A novel high-throughput screening approach. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3926-3940. [PMID: 34170511 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are particulate structures, which are applied as vaccines or delivery vehicles. VLPs assemble from subunits, named capsomeres, composed of recombinantly expressed viral structural proteins. During downstream processing, in vivo-assembled VLPs are typically dis- and reassembled to remove encapsulated impurities and to improve particle morphology. Disassembly is achieved in a high-pH solution and by the addition of a denaturant or reducing agent. The optimal disassembly conditions depend on the VLP amino acid sequence and structure, thus requiring material-consuming disassembly experiments. To this end, we developed a low-volume and high-resolution disassembly screening that provides time-resolved insight into the VLP disassembly progress. In this study, two variants of C-terminally truncated hepatitis B core antigen were investigated showing different disassembly behaviors. For both VLPs, the best capsomere yield was achieved at moderately high urea concentration and pH. Nonetheless, their disassembly behaviors differed particularly with respect to disassembly rate and aggregation. Based on the high-throughput screening results, a diafiltration-based disassembly process step was developed. Compared with mixing-based disassembly, it resulted in higher yields of up to 0.84 and allowed for integrated purification. This process step was embedded in a filtration-based process sequence of disassembly, capsomere separation, and reassembly, considerably reducing high-molecular-weight species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Hillebrandt
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences - Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Vormittag
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences - Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Annabelle Dietrich
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences - Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Christina H Wegner
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences - Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences - Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
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Adaptive perfusion: An in vitro release test (IVRT) for complex drug products. J Control Release 2021; 333:65-75. [PMID: 33766693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, adaptive perfusion, a pressure-driven separation method based on the principle of tangential flow filtration (TFF) was developed for investigating the rate and extent of drug release from drug products containing particulates, such as emulsions, suspensions, liposomes, drug-protein complexes. The TFF filters were pre-conditioned with unique conditioning solutions and processes to improve the fiber reproducibility and robustness. The adaptive perfusion method achieved size-based separation of the particulates with simultaneous analysis of the released drug as well as remaining drug. By contrast to conventional dialysis methods, the adaptive perfusion method can be used to measure the rate and extent of the drug release from drug solution, drug loaded micelles and nanoemulsions via adjustment of the filter molecular weight cutoff, feed flow rate or back-pressure. Notably, the adaptive perfusion method provided discriminatory drug release profiles for drug in solution, in micelles, and in small, medium, and large globule size nanoemulsions. The drug release profile obtained using adaptive perfusion method was found significantly faster (e.g., minutes rather than hours) and higher (e.g., >60%) than the release obtained using dialysis method. The IVRT method presented here is free from the constraints of rate-limiting factors, such as diffusion through dialysis membrane, and has potential to be extended further to examine the impact of manufacturing process on drug distribution and release characteristics of other challenging complex drug products.
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Hillebrandt N, Vormittag P, Bluthardt N, Dietrich A, Hubbuch J. Integrated Process for Capture and Purification of Virus-Like Particles: Enhancing Process Performance by Cross-Flow Filtration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:489. [PMID: 32671023 PMCID: PMC7326125 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are emerging nanoscale protein assemblies applied as prophylactic vaccines and in development as therapeutic vaccines or cargo delivery systems. Downstream processing (DSP) of VLPs comes both with challenges and opportunities, depending on the complexity and size of the structures. Filtration, precipitation/re-dissolution and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) are potent technologies exploiting the size difference between product and impurities. In this study, we therefore investigated the integration of these technologies within a single unit operation, resulting in three different processes, one of which integrates all three technologies. VLPs, contained in clarified lysate from Escherichia coli, were precipitated by ammonium sulfate, washed, and re-dissolved in a commercial cross-flow filtration (CFF) unit. Processes were analyzed for yield, purity, as well as productivity and were found to be largely superior to a reference centrifugation process. Productivity was increased 2.6-fold by transfer of the wash and re-dissolution process to the CFF unit. Installation of a multimodal SEC column in the permeate line increased purity to 96% while maintaining a high productivity and high yield of 86%. In addition to these advantages, CFF-based capture and purification allows for scalable and disposable DSP. In summary, the developed set-up resulted in high yields and purities, bearing the potential to be applied as an integrated process step for capture and purification of in vivo-assembled VLPs and other protein nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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Ketterer B, Moore-Kelly C, Thomas ORT, Franzreb M. Integrated system for temperature-controlled fast protein liquid chromatography. III. Continuous downstream processing of monoclonal antibodies. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460429. [PMID: 31431354 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Three different applications of travelling heating zone reactor (THZR) chromatography for the downstream processing of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are described. mAb containing feedstocks were applied to a fixed bed of the thermoresponsive rProtein A matrix, Byzen Pro™, contained in a bespoke column (held at 15 °C) fitted with a travelling heating (42 °C) device encircling a narrow section of the column. For the demonstration of continuous concentration, uninterrupted loading of 1.0 g/L mAb in a pH 8 binding buffer was synchronized with 5 repeated movements of the heating zone along the column's full length at a velocity of 0.1 mm/s. Elution of mAbs was induced solely by the travelling heating zone's action, each full movement generating a sharp concentrated elution peak accompanied by a small transient mAb concentration-dependent dip in conductivity. Quasi-steady-state operation occurred from the third elution onwards, delivering a mean mAb concentration of 4.9 g/L and process yield >93%. Quasi-continuous separation of the target mAb (1.41 g/L) from bovine serum albumin, BSA (1.0 g/L), was achieved by cyclically alternating the feeding of the mAb + BSA feedstock, with that of the binding buffer alone; supply of the latter was timed to coincide with movement of the heating zone. Accurate coordination of the heating zone's travel and switching from feed to buffer permitted quasi-steady-state collection (elutions 3-6) of sharp peaks of mAb in high purity (98.7%) and yield (88.7%) in 4.5-fold concentrated form, with BSA exiting in the flow through fractions between successive mAb elution peaks. Fully automated THZR-mediated quasi-continuous buffer exchange of 1.34 g/L mAb from a phosphate buffer pH 8 into a HEPES buffer pH 8 of slightly lower conductivity was performed over a 19 h period by carefully timed switching from one feed solution to the other and back again, whilst synchronising movement of the heating zone with feeding of the exchange buffer. Quasi-steady-state operation (elutions 2-9) resulted in an average eluted mAb yield of 94.5% and concentration of 4.8 g/L. Triggering movement of the heating zone slightly ahead of the switch from mAb feed to exchange buffer permitted the positioning of mAb elution peaks in 9 mL volume segments with the lowest recorded conductivity. Measurements of buffer exchange performance conducted with two 'protein-free' systems demonstrated that compared to tangential flow filtration in diafiltration mode, which represents the 'state-of-the-art' technology for buffer exchange, the THZR chromatography based approach affords a >60% saving in minimum volume of exchange buffer required to remove 99.9% of the original buffer. Combined far and near UV circular dichroism, intrinsic fluorescence and thermal melting experiments showed that, unlike conventional Protein A/G affinity chromatography, the conditions for THZR Protein A chromatography respect maintenance of a favourable structural profile for mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Ketterer
- Institute for Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Charles Moore-Kelly
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, England, UK
| | - Owen R T Thomas
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, England, UK.
| | - Matthias Franzreb
- Institute for Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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Dehghani M, Lucas K, Flax J, McGrath J, Gaborski T. Tangential flow microfluidics for the capture and release of nanoparticles and extracellular vesicles on conventional and ultrathin membranes. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2019; 4:1900539. [PMID: 32395607 PMCID: PMC7212937 DOI: 10.1002/admt.201900539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Membranes have been used extensively for the purification and separation of biological species. A persistent challenge is the purification of species from concentrated feed solutions such as extracellular vesicles (EVs) from biological fluids. We investigated a new method to isolate micro- and nano-scale species termed tangential flow for analyte capture (TFAC), which is an extension of traditional tangential flow filtration (TFF). Initially, EV purification from plasma on ultrathin nanomembranes was compared between both normal flow filtration (NFF) and TFAC. NFF resulted in rapid formation of a protein cake which completely obscured any captured EVs and also prevented further transport across the membrane. On the other hand, TFAC showed capture of CD63 positive small EVs (sEVs) with minimal contamination. We explored the use of TFAC to capture target species over membrane pores, wash and then release in a physical process that does not rely upon affinity or chemical interactions. This process of TFAC was studied with model particles on both ultrathin nanomembranes and conventional thickness membranes (polycarbonate track-etch). Successful capture and release of model particles was observed using both membranes. Ultrathin nanomembranes showed higher efficiency of capture and release with significantly lower pressures indicating that ultrathin nanomembranes are well-suited for TFAC of delicate nanoscale particles such as EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Dehghani
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Kilean Lucas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan Flax
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - James McGrath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Thomas Gaborski
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
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10
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Gates TJ, Lyu YF, Fang X, Liao X. Clearance of solvents and small molecule impurities in antibody drug conjugates via ultrafiltration and diafiltration operation. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 36:e2923. [PMID: 31587515 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafiltration and diafiltration (UF/DF) processes by tangential flow filtration (TFF) are frequently used for removal of solvents and small molecule impurities and for buffer exchange for biopharmaceutical products. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) as an important class of biological therapeutics, carry unique solvents and small molecule impurities into the final UF/DF step as compared to standard antibody preparation. The production process of ADCs involves multiple chemical steps, for example, reduction and conjugation. The clearance of these solvents and small molecules by UF/DF, specifically the DF step, has been assessed and described herein. The rates of clearance for all the impurities in this study are close to the ideal clearance with no apparent interaction with either the protein or the TFF membrane and system. The effect of process variables during DF, such as pH, temperature, membrane loading, transmembrane pressure, and cross flow rate, has also been evaluated and found to have minimal impact on the clearance rate. These results demonstrate efficient clearance of solvents and small molecule impurities related to the ADC process by the DF process and provide a general data package to facilitate risk assessments based on the sieving factors and program specific needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaqi F Lyu
- Process R&D, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xin Fang
- Process R&D, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaoli Liao
- Process R&D, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
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Rüdt M, Vormittag P, Hillebrandt N, Hubbuch J. Process monitoring of virus-like particle reassembly by diafiltration with UV/Vis spectroscopy and light scattering. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1366-1379. [PMID: 30684365 PMCID: PMC6593973 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) have shown great potential as biopharmaceuticals in the market and in clinics. Nonenveloped, in vivo assembled VLPs are typically disassembled and reassembled in vitro to improve particle stability, homogeneity, and immunogenicity. At the industrial scale, cross-flow filtration (CFF) is the method of choice for performing reassembly by diafiltration. Here, we developed an experimental CFF setup with an on-line measurement loop for the implementation of process analytical technology (PAT). The measurement loop included an ultraviolet and visible (UV/Vis) spectrometer as well as a light scattering photometer. These sensors allowed for monitoring protein concentration, protein tertiary structure, and protein quaternary structure. The experimental setup was tested with three Hepatitis B core Antigen (HBcAg) variants. With each variant, three reassembly processes were performed at different transmembrane pressures (TMPs). While light scattering provided information on the assembly progress, UV/Vis allowed for monitoring the protein concentration and the rate of VLP assembly based on the microenvironment of Tyrosine-132. VLP formation was verified by off-line dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, the experimental results provided evidence of aggregate-related assembly inhibition and showed that off-line size-exclusion chromatography does not provide a complete picture of the particle content. Finally, a Partial-Least Squares (PLS) model was calibrated to predict VLP concentrations in the process solution. Q 2 values of 0.947-0.984 were reached for the three HBcAg variants. In summary, the proposed experimental setup provides a powerful platform for developing and monitoring VLP reassembly steps by CFF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rüdt
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation EngineeringKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)KarlsruheGermany
| | - Philipp Vormittag
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation EngineeringKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)KarlsruheGermany
| | - Nils Hillebrandt
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation EngineeringKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)KarlsruheGermany
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation EngineeringKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)KarlsruheGermany
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12
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Baek Y, Singh N, Arunkumar A, Borwankar A, Zydney AL. Mass Balance Model with Donnan Equilibrium Accurately Describes Unusual pH and Excipient Profiles during Diafiltration of Monoclonal Antibodies. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800517. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngbin Baek
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park PA 16801 USA
- Department of BiotechnologySungshin Women’s UniversitySeoul 01133, South Korea
| | - Nripen Singh
- Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Global Product Development and SupplyDevens MA 01434 USA
| | - Abhiram Arunkumar
- Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Global Manufacturing and SupplyDevens MA 01434 USA
| | - Ameya Borwankar
- Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Global Product Development and SupplyDevens MA 01434 USA
| | - Andrew L. Zydney
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park PA 16801 USA
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Patil R, Walther J. Continuous Manufacturing of Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins: Upstream and Downstream Technologies. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 165:277-322. [PMID: 28265699 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Continuous biomanufacturing of recombinant therapeutic proteins offers several potential advantages over conventional batch processing, including reduced cost of goods, more flexible and responsive manufacturing facilities, and improved and consistent product quality. Although continuous approaches to various upstream and downstream unit operations have been considered and studied for decades, in recent years interest and application have accelerated. Researchers have achieved increasingly higher levels of process intensification, and have also begun to integrate different continuous unit operations into larger, holistically continuous processes. This review first discusses approaches for continuous cell culture, with a focus on perfusion-enabling cell separation technologies including gravitational, centrifugal, and acoustic settling, as well as filtration-based techniques. We follow with a review of various continuous downstream unit operations, covering categories such as clarification, chromatography, formulation, and viral inactivation and filtration. The review ends by summarizing case studies of integrated and continuous processing as reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Patil
- Bioprocess Development, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Jason Walther
- Bioprocess Development, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA.
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14
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Yehl CJ, Jabra MG, Zydney AL. Hollow fiber countercurrent dialysis for continuous buffer exchange of high‐value biotherapeutics. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 35:e2763. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Yehl
- Dept. of Chemical EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State University University Park PA, 16802
| | - Mario G. Jabra
- Dept. of Chemical EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State University University Park PA, 16802
| | - Andrew L. Zydney
- Dept. of Chemical EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State University University Park PA, 16802
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15
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Baek Y, Yang D, Zydney AL. Development of a Hydrodynamic Cleaning Cycle for Ultrafiltration/Diafiltration Processes Used for Monoclonal Antibody Formulation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b02608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngbin Baek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Deyu Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Andrew L. Zydney
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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16
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Gong HH, Ihle N, Jones MT, Kelly K, Kott L, Raglione T, Whitlock S, Zhang Q, Zheng J. Control Strategy for Small Molecule Impurities in Antibody-Drug Conjugates. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:971-977. [PMID: 29302872 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0943-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are an emerging class of biopharmaceuticals. As such, there are no specific guidelines addressing impurity limits and qualification requirements. The current ICH guidelines on impurities, Q3A (Impurities in New Drug Substances), Q3B (Impurities in New Drug Products), and Q6B (Specifications: Test Procedures and Acceptance Criteria for Biotechnological/Biological Products) do not adequately address how to assess small molecule impurities in ADCs. The International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development (IQ) formed an impurities working group (IWG) to discuss this issue. This white paper presents a strategy for evaluating the impact of small molecule impurities in ADCs. This strategy suggests a science-based approach that can be applied to the design of control systems for ADC therapeutics. The key principles that form the basis for this strategy include the significant difference in molecular weights between small molecule impurities and the ADC, the conjugation potential of the small molecule impurities, and the typical dosing concentrations and dosing schedule. The result is that exposure to small impurities in ADCs is so low as to often pose little or no significant safety risk.
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17
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Li Y, Butler N, Zydney AL. Size-based separation of supercoiled plasmid DNA using ultrafiltration. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 472:195-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Magarian N, Lee K, Nagpal K, Skidmore K, Mahajan E. Clearance of extractables and leachables from single-use technologies via ultrafiltration/diafiltration operations. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:718-24. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate Lee
- Genentech, Inc; South San Francisco CA 94080
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19
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Arunkumar A, Etzel MR. Negatively charged tangential flow ultrafiltration membranes for whey protein concentration. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Qu W, Wang M, Wu Y, Xu R. Scalable downstream strategies for purification of recombinant adeno- associated virus vectors in light of the properties. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2015; 16:684-95. [PMID: 25941887 PMCID: PMC5388796 DOI: 10.2174/1389201016666150505122228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector is one of the promising delivery tools for gene therapy. Currently, hundreds of clinical trials are performed but the major barrier for clinical application is the absence of any ideal large scale production technique to obtain sufficient and highly pure rAAV vector. The large scale production technique includes upstream and downstream processing. The upstream processing is a vector package step and the downstream processing is a vector purification step. For large scale downstream processing, the scientists need to recover rAAV from dozens of liters of cell lysate or medium, and a variety of purification strategies have been developed but not comprehensively compared till now. Consequently, this review will evaluate the scalable downstream purification strategies systematically, especially those based on the physicochemical properties of AAV virus, and attempt to find better scalable downstream strategies for rAAV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mingxi Wang
- Yunleung Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, School of Medicine and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China.
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21
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Saraswat M, Musante L, Ravidá A, Shortt B, Byrne B, Holthofer H. Preparative purification of recombinant proteins: current status and future trends. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:312709. [PMID: 24455685 PMCID: PMC3877584 DOI: 10.1155/2013/312709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Advances in fermentation technologies have resulted in the production of increased yields of proteins of economic, biopharmaceutical, and medicinal importance. Consequently, there is an absolute requirement for the development of rapid, cost-effective methodologies which facilitate the purification of such products in the absence of contaminants, such as superfluous proteins and endotoxins. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of a selection of key purification methodologies currently being applied in both academic and industrial settings and discuss how innovative and effective protocols such as aqueous two-phase partitioning, membrane chromatography, and high-performance tangential flow filtration may be applied independently of or in conjunction with more traditional protocols for downstream processing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Saraswat
- Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences (CBAS), Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Luca Musante
- Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences (CBAS), Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Alessandra Ravidá
- Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences (CBAS), Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Brian Shortt
- Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences (CBAS), Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Barry Byrne
- Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences (CBAS), Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Harry Holthofer
- Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences (CBAS), Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin 9, Ireland
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22
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Kang X, Kutzko JP, Hayes ML, Frey DD. Monoclonal antibody heterogeneity analysis and deamidation monitoring with high-performance cation-exchange chromatofocusing using simple, two component buffer systems. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1283:89-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Arunkumar A, Etzel MR. Fractionation of α-lactalbumin from β-lactoglobulin using positively charged tangential flow ultrafiltration membranes. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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25
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Schiraldi C, Carcarino IL, Alfano A, Restaino OF, Panariello A, De Rosa M. Purification of chondroitin precursor from Escherichia coli K4 fermentation broth using membrane processing. Biotechnol J 2011; 6:410-9. [PMID: 21381202 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recently the possibility of producing the capsular polysaccharide K4, a fructosylated chondroitin, in fed-batch experiments was assessed. In the present study, a novel downstream process to obtain chondroitin from Escherichia coli K4 fermentation broth was developed. The process is simple, scalable and economical. In particular, downstream procedures were optimized with a particular aim of purifying a product suitable for further chemical modifications, in an attempt to develop a biotechnological platform for chondroitin sulfate production. During process development, membrane devices (ultrafiltration/diafiltration) were exploited, selecting the right cassette cut-offs for different phases of purification. The operational conditions (cross-flow rate and transmembrane pressure) used for the process were determined on an ÄKTA cross-flow instrument (GE Healthcare, USA), a lab-scale automatic tangential flow filtration system. In addition, parameters such as selectivity and throughput were calculated based on the analytical quantification of K4 and defructosylated K4, as well as the major contaminants. The complete downstream procedure yielded about 75% chondroitin with a purity higher than 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
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26
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van Reis R, Gadam S, Frautschy LN, Orlando S, Goodrich EM, Saksena S, Kuriyel R, Simpson CM, Pearl S, Zydney AL. High performance tangential flow filtration. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 56:71-82. [PMID: 18636611 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19971005)56:1<71::aid-bit8>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Conventional tangential flow filtration (TFF) has traditionally been limited to separation of solutes that differ by about ten-fold in size. Wide pore-size distributions, membrane fouling, and concentration polarization phenomena have commonly been cited as reasons for this limitation. The use of TFF in the biotechnology industry has therefore been restricted to cell-protein, virus-protein, and protein-buffer separations. A multi-disciplinary team with industrial and academic members was formed to overcome these limitations and enable protein-protein separations using High Performance TFF (HPTFF) systems. Pore-size distributions have been improved with the development of new membrane formulation and casting techniques. Membrane fouling has been controlled by operating in the transmembrane pressure-dependent regime of the filtrate flux curve and by carefully controlling fluid dynamic start-up conditions. Concentration polarization was exploited to enhance, rather than limit, the resolution of solutes. Concentration polarization has also been controlled by operating a co-current filtrate stream that maintains transmembrane pressure constant along the length of the TFF module. High yields and purification factors were obtained even with small differences in protein sieving. IgG-BSA and BSA monomer-oligomer mixtures have successfully been separated with these systems. HPTFF technology provides a competitive purification tool to complement chromatographic processing of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- R van Reis
- Separation Technology Group, Department of Recovery Sciences, Genentech, Inc, 460 Point San Bruno Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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27
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Harinarayan C, Skidmore K, Kao Y, Zydney A, van Reis R. Small molecule clearance in ultrafiltration/diafiltration in relation to protein interactions: Study of citrate binding to a Fab. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:1718-22. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Li Y, Soh SC, Chung TS, Chan SY. Exploration of ionic modification in dual-layer hollow fiber membranes for long-term high-performance protein separation. AIChE J 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.11671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Saxena A, Tripathi BP, Kumar M, Shahi VK. Membrane-based techniques for the separation and purification of proteins: an overview. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 145:1-22. [PMID: 18774120 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Membrane processes are increasingly reported for various applications in both upstream and downstream technology, such as microfiltration, ultrafiltration, emerging processes as membrane chromatography, high performance tangential flow filtration and electrophoretic membrane contactor. Membrane-based processes are playing critical role in the field of separation/purification of biotechnological products. Membranes became an integral part of biotechnology and improvements in membrane technology are now focused on high resolution of bioproduct. In bioseparation, applications of membrane technologies include protein production/purification, protein-virus separation. This manuscript provides an overview of recent developments and published literature in membrane technology, focusing on special characteristics of the membranes and membrane-based processes that are now used for the production and purification of proteins.
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30
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Venkiteshwaran A, Heider P, Teysseyre L, Belfort G. Selective precipitation-assisted recovery of immunoglobulins from bovine serum using controlled-fouling crossflow membrane microfiltration. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 101:957-66. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.21964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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31
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Venkiteshwaran A, Heider P, Matosevic S, Bogsnes A, Staby A, Sharfstein S, Belfort G. Optimized Removal of Soluble Host Cell Proteins for the Recovery of met-Human Growth Hormone Inclusion Bodies from Escherichia coli Cell Lysate Using Crossflow Microfiltration. Biotechnol Prog 2008; 23:667-72. [PMID: 17480055 DOI: 10.1021/bp0700253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cross-flow membrane microfiltration was used under optimal conditions to recover met-growth hormone inclusion bodies (IBs) from Escherichia coli cell lysate by removal of the host-cell (bacterial) proteins (HCP) under minimal fouling conditions. This is the first step of a two-step process in which the goal was to isolate IBs at high yield from the HCP. These undesired soluble HCP were removed by passing them through the membrane while retaining the insolubles, including the aggregated IBs. Experiments were conducted at constant permeate flux with flat-sheet membranes of different pore sizes and chemistry, with feeds of varying pH and ionic strengths to determine the optimum combination for HCP removal. Diafiltration, the washing away of impurities with protein-free buffer, was then employed to ensure removal of the host cell proteins at the optimum conditions. About 90% removal of the HCP was obtained in about 5 diavolumes, maintaining high protein transmission and low membrane fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adith Venkiteshwaran
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
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32
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Mahler HC, Printz M, Kopf R, Schuller R, Müller R. Behaviour of Polysorbate 20 During Dialysis, Concentration and Filtration Using Membrane Separation Techniques. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:764-74. [PMID: 17688279 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
During formulation development of a therapeutic protein, combinations of buffers, pH and excipients need to be tested. As the protein bulk solution used for formulation development usually contains a buffer component at a defined pH and potentially one or more excipients already, this bulk requires to be processed. In case low concentrations of non-ionic surfactants, for example polysorbate 20, are already present in the bulk, the surfactant needs to be removed in lab-scale for further development use. The scope of the work was to study the behaviour of low concentrations of polysorbate 20 during membrane separation processes. The first part focuses on evaluating the behaviour of polysorbate 20 during a dialysis process, whereas the second part analyses concentration changes of polysorbate during a membrane concentration process using a stirred cell. The third part analyses potential membrane absorption of polysorbate at sterilizing-grade filters. In conclusion, it was found that polysorbate could not be significantly reduced during a dialysis process and accumulated during a membrane concentration process in unreproducable manner. During sterile filtration, no significant influence on the concentration of polysorbate was measurable. In any case, it is recommendable to quantify the concentration of polysorbate during critical membrane process steps in pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanns-Christian Mahler
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Formulation R&D Biologics, Pharmaceutical and Analytical R&D, Basel, Switzerland.
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33
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34
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Farid SS. Established bioprocesses for producing antibodies as a basis for future planning. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2006; 101:1-42. [PMID: 16989256 DOI: 10.1007/10_014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
In the early years of monoclonal antibody production for human therapy and diagnosis the methods used were arrived at by individual organisations. However, there is now an accumulating body of information on antibodies and fragments that have been produced by processes approved for human use. This information is becoming available at a time when the number of potential antibody-based medicines is growing sharply. The review addresses the reported production routes, their scale and the titres achieved. It identifies the performances of fed-batch and perfusion culture versus batch culture, and compares processes for the production of antibodies for diagnosis and for antibody fragments. The analysis defines the likely routes of future production in a sector where demanding regulations constrain new technology. It also indicates what levels of performance new approaches will need to meet to be competitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne S Farid
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, UK.
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35
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Abstract
There is growing clinical interest in the use of pegylated recombinant proteins with enhanced stability, half-life, and bioavailability. The objective of this study was to develop a quantitative understanding of the ultrafiltration characteristics of a series of pegylated proteins with different degrees of pegylation. Sieving data were compared with available theoretical models and with corresponding results for the partition coefficient in size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The sieving coefficients of the pegylated proteins depended not only on the protein size and the total molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol (PEG) but also on the number of PEG chains. This is in sharp contrast to the partition coefficient in SEC, which was uniquely determined by the total molecular weight of the PEG and protein. This difference is due to the deformation and/or elongation of the PEG chains caused by the convective flow into the membrane pores, an effect that is not present in SEC. These results provide important insights into the transport and separation characteristics of pegylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Molek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, USA
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36
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37
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Abstract
Here we review key applications of separation technology in applied biology. We first sketch out the field as a whole, but then narrow our scope to the processing of fermentation products, particularly to high-value biologicals such as proteins and nucleotides. We go on to provide a qualitative overview describing the importance and general nature of this large field, major trends, and the strategies that have proven most fruitful in evolving effective separation and purification processes. We then give a detailed description of individual separations equipment and the principles governing their operation. We concentrate throughout on making the available literature accessible to the reader; we provide what is hoped to be a representative set of basic references. However, these references, in turn, include some that suggest promising new developments as well as a number of more specialized reviews. We hope that our overall result provides the reader with access to the most relevant literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Lightfoot
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
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38
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Harris RJ, Shire SJ, Winter C. Commercial manufacturing scale formulation and analytical characterization of therapeutic recombinant antibodies. Drug Dev Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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39
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Abstract
Ultrafiltration is used to remove small impurities from a variety of processing streams. However, the clearance of small charged impurities may be inadequate due to electrostatic exclusion by the charged ultrafiltration membranes, an effect that has been largely unappreciated. Ultrafiltration experiments were performed to evaluate the transmission of several model impurities with different electrical charge through ultrafiltration membranes having different surface charge characteristics. Highly charged impurities are strongly rejected by charged cellulose and polyethersulfone membranes even though these solutes are much smaller than the membrane pore size. These effects could be eliminated by using high ionic strength solutions to shield the electrostatic interactions. The sieving data are in good agreement with model calculations based on the partitioning of charged spheres into charged cylindrical pores. Guidelines are developed for estimating conditions needed to obtain effective removal of small charged impurities through charged ultrafiltration membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Shao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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40
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Abstract
A new ultrafiltration technique based on a multimembrane stack has been developed to fractionate solutes closer in size than conventionally possible. The technique is illustrated here by obtaining a pure protein product from a binary protein mixture. By employing membranes in series without any gaskets or spacers in-between, ultrafiltration is carried out to separate two proteins relatively close in molecular weight or size. Flat YM30 regenerated cellulose membranes, all of the same molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) 30,000, are stacked together in the desired number, and ultrafiltration takes place. The membrane rejection of a protein is amplified with each additional membrane, ultimately resulting in a completely rejected species. Complete purification of the more permeable protein may be achieved regardless of the physicochemical condition that may be optimal or suboptimal for selective separation by a single membrane. Two systems, myoglobin and beta-lactoglobulin, as well as myoglobin and alpha-lactalbumin were studied, under various operating conditions. The solvent flux reduction encountered when each membrane is added may also be avoided, by operating at increased pressure, while still achieving the desired purification. Cleaning in situ is achievable with reproducible experimental results before and after on-line cleaning. The results clearly demonstrate that multimembrane stacks can be used for fractionation of proteins that are quite close in molecular weight/size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Feins
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Membrane Technologies, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, 07102 USA
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41
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Shao J, Zydney AL. Optimization of ultrafiltration/diafiltration processes for partially bound impurities. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 87:286-92. [PMID: 15281103 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafiltration and diafiltration processes are used extensively for removal of a variety of small impurities from biological products. There has, however, been no experimental or theoretical analysis of the effects of impurity- product binding on the rate of impurity removal during these processes. Model calculations were performed to account for the effects of equilibrium binding between a small impurity and a large (retained) product on impurity clearance. Experiments were performed using D-tryptophan and bovine serum albumin as a model system. The results clearly demonstrate that binding interactions can dramatically reduce the rate of small impurity removal, leading to large increases in the required number of diavolumes. The optimal product concentration for performing the diafiltration shifts to lower product concentrations in the presence of strong binding interactions. Approximate analytical expressions for the impurity removal were developed which can provide a guide for the design and optimization of industrial ultrafiltration/diafiltration processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Shao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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42
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Abstract
Membranes have always been an integral part of biotechnology processes. The sterile filtration of fermentation media, purification buffers, and protein product pools is standard practice in industry. Microfiltration is also used extensively for medium exchange and harvest. Ultrafiltration can be found in virtually every biotechnology process. A significant number of mammalian cell processes use filtration as an integral part of the overall strategy for viral clearance. Depth filters have also seen widespread use for the clarification of both mammalian and bacterial feed streams. Improvements in membrane technology are now focused on high-resolution applications, including improved protein-virus separation, protein purification by high-performance tangential flow filtration and enhanced membrane chromatography. These developments will allow membranes to play an important role in the evolution of the next generation of biotechnology processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R van Reis
- Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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43
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Bailey SM, Meagher MM. Separation of soluble protein from inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli lysate using crossflow microfiltration. J Memb Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0376-7388(99)00256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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44
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FAHEY EDWARDM, CHAUDHURI JULIANB, BINDING PETER. Refolding of Low Molecular Weight Urokinase Plasminogen Activator by Dilution and Size Exclusion Chromatography—A Comparative Study. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2000. [DOI: 10.1081/ss-100102491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard G. Barth
- DuPont Company, Central Research and Development, Experimental Station, P.O. Box 80228, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0228, and Rockland Technologies, Inc., 538 First State Boulevard, Newport, Delaware 19804
| | - Barry E. Boyes
- DuPont Company, Central Research and Development, Experimental Station, P.O. Box 80228, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0228, and Rockland Technologies, Inc., 538 First State Boulevard, Newport, Delaware 19804
| | - Christian Jackson
- DuPont Company, Central Research and Development, Experimental Station, P.O. Box 80228, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0228, and Rockland Technologies, Inc., 538 First State Boulevard, Newport, Delaware 19804
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