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Bouhrira N, DeOre BJ, Tran KA, Galie PA. Transcriptomic analysis of a 3D blood-brain barrier model exposed to disturbed fluid flow. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:94. [PMID: 36434717 PMCID: PMC9700938 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral aneurysms are more likely to form at bifurcations in the vasculature, where disturbed fluid is prevalent due to flow separation at sufficiently high Reynolds numbers. While previous studies have demonstrated that altered shear stress exerted by disturbed flow disrupts endothelial tight junctions, less is known about how these flow regimes alter gene expression in endothelial cells lining the blood-brain barrier. Specifically, the effect of disturbed flow on expression of genes associated with cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction, which likely mediate aneurysm formation, remains unclear. RNA sequencing of immortalized cerebral endothelial cells isolated from the lumen of a 3D blood-brain barrier model reveals distinct transcriptional changes in vessels exposed to fully developed and disturbed flow profiles applied by both steady and physiological waveforms. Differential gene expression, validated by qRT-PCR and western blotting, reveals that lumican, a small leucine-rich proteoglycan, is the most significantly downregulated gene in endothelial cells exposed to steady, disturbed flow. Knocking down lumican expression reduces barrier function in the presence of steady, fully developed flow. Moreover, adding purified lumican into the hydrogel of the 3D blood-brain barrier model recovers barrier function in the region exposed to fully developed flow. Overall, these findings emphasize the importance of flow regimes exhibiting spatial and temporal heterogeneous shear stress profiles on cell-matrix interaction in endothelial cells lining the blood-brain barrier, while also identifying lumican as a contributor to the formation and maintenance of an intact barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Bouhrira
- grid.262671.60000 0000 8828 4546Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ USA
| | - Brandon J. DeOre
- grid.262671.60000 0000 8828 4546Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ USA
| | - Kiet A. Tran
- grid.262671.60000 0000 8828 4546Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ USA
| | - Peter A. Galie
- grid.262671.60000 0000 8828 4546Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ USA
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Rice O, Surian A, Chen Y. Modeling the blood-brain barrier for treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. J Tissue Eng 2022; 13:20417314221095997. [PMID: 35586265 PMCID: PMC9109496 DOI: 10.1177/20417314221095997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the most specialized biological barrier in the body. This configuration of specialized cells protects the brain from invasion of molecules and particles through formation of tight junctions. To learn more about transport to the brain, in vitro modeling of the BBB is continuously advanced. The types of models and cells selected vary with the goal of each individual study, but the same validation methods, quantification of tight junctions, and permeability assays are often used. With Transwells and microfluidic devices, more information regarding formation of the BBB has been observed. Disease models have been developed to examine the effects on BBB integrity. The goal of modeling is not only to understand normal BBB physiology, but also to create treatments for diseases. This review will highlight several recent studies to show the diversity in model selection and the many applications of BBB models in in vitro research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Rice
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Allison Surian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Yupeng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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Galpayage Dona KNU, Hale JF, Salako T, Anandanatarajan A, Tran KA, DeOre BJ, Galie PA, Ramirez SH, Andrews AM. The Use of Tissue Engineering to Fabricate Perfusable 3D Brain Microvessels in vitro. Front Physiol 2021; 12:715431. [PMID: 34531761 PMCID: PMC8438211 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.715431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vitro has been rapidly expanding to address the challenges of mimicking the native structure and function of the BBB. Most of these models utilize 2D conventional microfluidic techniques. However, 3D microvascular models offer the potential to more closely recapitulate the cytoarchitecture and multicellular arrangement of in vivo microvasculature, and also can recreate branching and network topologies of the vascular bed. In this perspective, we discuss current 3D brain microvessel modeling techniques including templating, printing, and self-assembling capillary networks. Furthermore, we address the use of biological matrices and fluid dynamics. Finally, key challenges are identified along with future directions that will improve development of next generation of brain microvasculature models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpani N Udeni Galpayage Dona
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jonathan Franklin Hale
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tobi Salako
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Akanksha Anandanatarajan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kiet A Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Brandon J DeOre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Peter Adam Galie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Servio Heybert Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,The Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Allison Michelle Andrews
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,The Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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