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Samadi-Maybodi A, Abbasifar J, Malekaneh M. New Fluorescent Nanosensor for Determination of Diazepam Using Molecularly Imprinted Mn-doped ZnS Quantum Dots. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2022; 21:e127351. [PMID: 36942073 PMCID: PMC10024321 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-127351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, molecularly imprinted Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots were used as nanosensors to determine diazepam and its metabolites. Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots (QDs) capped with L-cysteine were prepared using a sodium thiosulfate precursor and characterized by various methods. Methacrylic acid was used as a precursor for the synthesis of MIP Mn-doped ZnS QDs and then used to measure diazepam in various samples. The linear dynamic range, coefficient of determination, and detection limit were found to be 0.3 - 250 µmol/L, 0.989 and 8.78 × 10-2 µmol/L, respectively. The interference studies showed that the prepared nanosensor was selective for diazepam and its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolraouf Samadi-Maybodi
- Analytical Division, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Analytical Division, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
| | - Javad Abbasifar
- Analytical Division, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
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Bajaj AO, Ly D, Johnson-Davis KL. Retrospective analysis of metabolite patterns of clobazam and N-desmethylclobazam in human plasma by LC-MS/MS. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2022; 24:100-106. [PMID: 35602307 PMCID: PMC9115114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Clobazam is a benzodiazepine drug, used to treat Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in patients aged 2 years and older. Objective To support patient care, our laboratory developed a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of clobazam (CLB) and its major active metabolite N-desmethylclobazam (N-CLB) in human plasma or serum samples. Methods The chromatographic separation was achieved with an Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C-18 RRHD column with mobile phase consisting of 0.05% formic acid in 5 mM ammonium formate, pH 3.0 and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile at a flow rate of 600 µL/minute and an injection volume of 5 µL. The detection was performed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring mode to monitor precursor-to-product ion transitions in positive electrospray ionization mode. Results The method was validated over a concentration range of 20-2000 ng/mL for CLB and 200-10,000 ng/mL for N-CLB. The lower limit of quantification was 20 ng/mL for CLB and 200 ng/mL for N-CLB with good accuracy and precision. The method performance was successfully evaluated by comparison with two different external laboratories. Retrospective data analysis was performed to evaluate the positivity rate and metabolic patterns for clobazam from our patient population, as a reference laboratory. Among the positive samples, both parent and metabolite were detected in 96.4% of the samples. Conclusion The method was developed to support therapeutic drug monitoring and the data generated from retrospective analysis could be useful for result interpretation in conjunction with clinical patient information.
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Key Words
- CLB, Clobazam
- CLIA, Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment
- CLRW, Clinical Laboratory Reagent Water
- Clobazam
- DAD, Diode Array Detector
- ESI, Electrospray ionization
- IRB, Institutional Review Board
- LC-MS/MS
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
- LLOQ, lower limit of quantification
- LOD, limit of detection
- MRM, multiple reaction monitoring
- N-CLB, N-desmethylclobazam
- N-Desmethylclobazam
- Plasma
- Retrospective data analysis
- TDM, Therapeutic drug monitoring
- ULOQ, upper limit of quantification
- UV, Ultraviolet
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol O. Bajaj
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Diane Ly
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kamisha L. Johnson-Davis
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Department of Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Saito J, Ishii M, Miura Y, Yakuwa N, Kawasaki H, Suzuki T, Yamatani A, Sago H, Tachibana Y, Murashima A. Brotizolam During Pregnancy and Lactation: Brotizolam Levels in Maternal Serum, Cord Blood, Breast Milk, and Neonatal Serum. Breastfeed Med 2021; 16:579-582. [PMID: 33666494 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2021.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Brotizolam is a sedative-hypnotic thienotriazolodiazepine that is a benzodiazepine analog used for debilitating insomnia. Anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders occur in about 15% of pregnant and lactating women; however, no studies have examined brotizolam transfer across the placenta or its excretion into breast milk. In this case report, we assessed brotizolam concentrations in maternal and neonatal blood, cord blood, and breast milk. Materials and Methods: Brotizolam concentrations in maternal serum, breast milk, cord blood, and neonatal serum were measured while the mother was taking oral brotizolam 0.25 mg once daily. Case Report: A 28-year-old woman diagnosed with bipolar II disorder received brotizolam during pregnancy (28-40 weeks' gestational age) and lactation, along with sertraline, alprazolam, and trazodone. A male infant weighing 3,412 g was born at 40 weeks of gestation. Neonatal abstinence syndrome manifested as fever, limb tremor, and central cyanosis, requiring oxygenation and intravenous phenobarbital administration for 4 days. No pulmonary dysfunction or birth defects were detected. Brotizolam concentrations in maternal serum at 7.0 and 14.0 hours after maternal dosing were 0.51 and 0.22 ng/mL, respectively. Brotizolam was not detected in cord blood or infant serum 9.2 hours after maternal dosing. The brotizolam concentration in breast milk collected 7.1 hours after maternal dosing was 0.12 ng/mL. The infant developed normally, with no drug-related adverse effects at the 1-, 3-, or 6-month postpartum checkups. Conclusion: Brotizolam transfer into placenta and breast milk was negligible. Further studies should assess the safety of brotizolam in fetuses and breastfed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Saito
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Ishii
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoriko Miura
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naho Yakuwa
- Japan Drug Information Institute in Pregnancy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyo Kawasaki
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomo Suzuki
- Division of Obstetrics, Center for Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akimasa Yamatani
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sago
- Division of Obstetrics, Center for Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Tachibana
- Maternal-Child Psychiatry, Department of Psychosocial Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Murashima
- Japan Drug Information Institute in Pregnancy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Maternal Medicine, Center for Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Furugen A, Nishimura A, Kobayashi M, Umazume T, Narumi K, Iseki K. Quantification of eight benzodiazepines in human breastmilk and plasma by liquid-liquid extraction and liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: Application to evaluation of alprazolam transfer into breastmilk. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 168:83-93. [PMID: 30798209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Breastfeeding is strongly encouraged for infant and maternal health. Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are widely prescribed drugs for symptoms, such as anxiety and insomnia, which many women could experience during the postpartum period. However, limited information is currently available to evaluate the transfer of different BZDs into breastmilk. In order to assess the proprieties of this medication during breastfeeding, robust and sensitive analytical methods to quantify BZDs are required. For this purpose, we developed a method for quantification of BZDs, including alprazolam, bromazepam, clonazepam, clotiazepam, etizolam, flunitrazepam, lorazepam, and CM7116 (a metabolite of ethyl loflazepate), in human breastmilk and plasma using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Sample preparation was performed by a simple liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with ethyl acetate. For sample preparation of CM7116, the pretreatment process to completely obtain the metabolite was added before the LLE step. The BZDs were separated by a C18 column using a gradient elution of acetonitrile in aqueous ammonium acetate solution, and were detected in the positive ion electrospray mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Lower limits of quantification (LLOQs) in breastmilk ranged from 0.25 to 0.5 ng/mL, and those in plasma ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 ng/mL. The intra-day and inter-day precision, and accuracy of data were assessed and found to be acceptable. The developed method was successfully applied to measure the concentration of alprazolam in breastmilk and plasma, which were donated by a lactating woman who had been regularly treated with alprazolam. Milk to plasma (M/P) ratios were calculated as 0.52 (before oral administration) and 0.49 (2 h after administration) 3 days after delivery. The M/P ratio 1 month after delivery was calculated as 0.41 (2 h after administration). We estimated that the relative infant dose (RID) values of alprazolam ranged from 3.11 to 4.61%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Furugen
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Ayako Nishimura
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Umazume
- Department of Obstetrics, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Katsuya Narumi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Ken Iseki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
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Usui K, Mori H, Tachi T, Matsumura T, Mori K, Takeda A, Noguchi Y, Yoshimura T, Teramachi H. A rapid method to screen poisoning causative agents in an acute care hospital in Japan. J Clin Pharm Ther 2017; 42:454-460. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Usui
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; Gifu Japan
| | - H. Mori
- Department of Pharmacy; Oogaki Municipal Hospital; Gifu Japan
| | - T. Tachi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; Gifu Japan
| | - T. Matsumura
- Department of Pharmacy; Oogaki Municipal Hospital; Gifu Japan
| | - K. Mori
- Department of Pharmacy; Oogaki Municipal Hospital; Gifu Japan
| | - A. Takeda
- Department of Pharmacy; Oogaki Municipal Hospital; Gifu Japan
| | - Y. Noguchi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; Gifu Japan
| | - T. Yoshimura
- Department of Pharmacy; Oogaki Municipal Hospital; Gifu Japan
| | - H. Teramachi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; Gifu Japan
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Famiglini G, Termopoli V, Palma P, Cappiello A. Liquid chromatography-electron ionization tandem mass spectrometry with the Direct-EI interface in the fast determination of diazepam and flunitrazepam in alcoholic beverages. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1048-54. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Famiglini
- Department SPeA, LC-MS Laboratory; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- Department SPeA, LC-MS Laboratory; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
| | - Pierangela Palma
- Department SPeA, LC-MS Laboratory; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Department SPeA, LC-MS Laboratory; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
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Persona K, Madej K, Knihnicki P, Piekoszewski W. Analytical methodologies for the determination of benzodiazepines in biological samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 113:239-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Famiglini G, Capriotti F, Palma P, Termopoli V, Cappiello A. The Rapid Measurement of Benzodiazepines in a Milk-Based Alcoholic Beverage Using QuEChERS Extraction and GC-MS Analysis. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 39:306-12. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Saito K, Kikuchi Y, Saito R. Solid-phase dispersive extraction method for analysis of benzodiazepine drugs in serum and urine samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 100:28-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Tsutsumi K, Iwao M, Kotegawa T, Imai H, Ohashi K, Nakano S. Determination of Triazolam and Midazolam in Human Plasma Using Gas Chromatography with Microelectron Capture Detection for Clinical Application. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2014; 134:119-25. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.13-00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Tsutsumi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Miyuki Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Tsutomu Kotegawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Hiromitsu Imai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Kyoichi Ohashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Shigeyuki Nakano
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine
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11
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Terada M, Shinozuka T, Hasegawa C, Tanaka E, Hayashida M, Ohno Y, Kurosaki K. Analysis of quazepam and its metabolites in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: application to a forensic case. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 227:95-9. [PMID: 23290298 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of quazepam and two of its metabolites, 2-oxoquazepam and 3-hydroxy-2-oxoquazepam, in human urine was developed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with an Rtx-5MS capillary column. The quazepam and its metabolites were extracted from human urine using a simple solid-phase extraction Oasis(®) HLB cartridge column, and the 3-hydroxy-2-oxoquazepam was derivatised using BSTFA/1%TMCS and pyridine at 60 °C for 30 min. The mass spectrometric detection of the analytes was performed in the full scan mode, m/z 60-480, and selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode, m/z 386, for quazepam; m/z 342, for 2-oxoquazepam; m/z 429, for 3-hydroxy-2-oxoquazepam-TMS; and m/z 284, for alprazolam-d5 (internal standard), by electron ionization. The calibration curves of quazepam and its metabolites in urine showed good linearity in the concentration range of 2.5-500 ng/0.2 ml of urine. The average recoveries of quazepam and its metabolites from 0.2 ml of urine containing 500 ng and 50 ng of each drug were 71-83% and 88-90%, respectively. The limits of detection of quazepam, 2-oxoquazepam and 3-hydroxy-2-quazepam in urine by the selected ion monitoring mode were 0.096-0.37 ng/ml. This method would be applicable to other forensic biological materials containing low concentrations of quazepam and its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Terada
- Department of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Oomorinishi, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan.
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Morini L, Pozzi F, Risso E, Vignali C, Groppi A. Distribution of embutramide and mebezonium iodide in a suicide after tanax injection. J Anal Toxicol 2012; 36:349-52. [PMID: 22582271 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bks030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanax is a veterinary formulation for euthanasia comprising embutramide, mebezonium iodide and tetracaine. A 37-year-old female was found dead on her bed, with three empty used syringes and a bottle of Tanax beside her body. Three needle puncture marks were observed on the body. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of embutramide and mebezonium iodide in different biological matrices (femoral and cardiac blood, liver, muscle and vitreous humor) using a chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of the two drugs. A direct and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed in multiple reaction monitoring mode with positive ionization. Lidocaine was used as an internal standard. Limits of detection and quantitation of 0.01 and 0.05 mg/L, respectively, were reached for both compounds. Embutramide levels ranged from 2.74 mg/L in vitreous humor to 5.06 mg/L in femoral blood, while mebezonium iodide was found at widely differing concentrations (ranging from 2.80 mg/kg in muscle to 24.80 mg/kg in liver). The chromatographic method developed for this study provides a very simple and sensitive means for the simultaneous determination of embutramide and mebezonium iodide, the emetic concentrations of which were consistent with suicides reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Morini
- Department of Legal Medicine, Forensic and Pharmaco-Toxicological Science, University of Pavia.
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Niessen WMA. Fragmentation of toxicologically relevant drugs in positive-ion liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:626-663. [PMID: 21294151 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The identification of drugs and related compounds by LC-MS-MS is an important analytical challenge in several application areas, including clinical and forensic toxicology, doping control analysis, and environmental analysis. Although target-compound based analytical strategies are most frequently applied, at some point the information content of the MS-MS spectra becomes relevant. In this article, the positive-ion MS-MS spectra of a wide variety of drugs and related substances are discussed. Starting point was an MS-MS mass spectral library of toxicologically relevant compounds, available on the internet. The positive-ion MS-MS spectra of ∼570 compounds were interpreted by chemical and therapeutic class, thus involving a wide variety of drug compound classes, such benzodiazepines, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, phenothiazines, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, diuretics, local anesthetics, vasodilators, as well as various subclasses of anti-diabetic, antidepressant, analgesic, and antihistaminic drugs. In addition, the scientific literature was searched for available MS-MS data of these compound classes and the interpretation thereof. The results of this elaborate study are presented in this article. For each individual compound class, the emphasis is on class-specific fragmentation, as discussing fragmentation of all individual compounds would take far too much space. The recognition of class-specific fragmentation may be quite informative in determining the compound class of a specific unknown, which may further help in the identification. In addition, knowledge on (class-specific) fragmentation may further help in the optimization of the selectivity in targeted analytical approaches of compounds of one particular class.
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Salomone A, Gerace E, Brizio P, Gennaro MC, Vincenti M. A fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for determining benzodiazepines and analogues in urine. Validation and application to real cases of forensic interest. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:582-91. [PMID: 21737221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A fast liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for the simultaneous determination in human urine of seventeen benzodiazepines, four relevant metabolites together plus zolpidem and zopiclone. The sample preparation, optimized to take into account the matrix effect, was based on enzymatic hydrolysis and liquid-liquid extraction. The separation of the twenty-three analytes was achieved in less than eight minutes. The whole methodology was fully validated according to UNI EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 rules and 2006 SOFT/AAFS guidelines. Selectivity, linearity range, identification (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) limits, precision, accuracy and recovery were evaluated. For all the species the signal/concentration linearity was satisfactory in the 50-1000 ng/mL concentration range. The limits of detection ranged from 0.5 to 30 ng/mL and LOQs from 1.7 to 100.0 ng/mL. Precisions were in the ranges 5.0-11.8%, 1.5-11.0% and 1.1-4.4% for low (100 ng/mL), medium (300 ng/mL) and high (1000 ng/mL) concentration, respectively. The accuracy, expressed as bias% was within ± 25 % for all the analytes. The recovery values, evaluated at 300 ng/mL concentration, ranged from 56.2% to 98.8%. The present method for the determination of several benzodiazepines, zolpidem and zopiclone in human urine proved to be simple, fast, specific and sensitive. The quantification by LC-MS/MS was successfully applied to 329 forensic cases among driving re-licensing, car accidents and alleged sexual violence cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Salomone
- Centro Regionale Antidoping A. Bertinaria, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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Simultaneous determination of eight β-lactam antibiotics in human serum by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1038-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kang J, Park YS, Kim SH, Kim SH, Jun MY. Modern methods for analysis of antiepileptic drugs in the biological fluids for pharmacokinetics, bioequivalence and therapeutic drug monitoring. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 15:67-81. [PMID: 21660146 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2011.15.2.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic disease occurring in approximately 1.0% of the world's population. About 30% of the epileptic patients treated with availably antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) continue to have seizures and are considered therapy-resistant or refractory patients. The ultimate goal for the use of AEDs is complete cessation of seizures without side effects. Because of a narrow therapeutic index of AEDs, a complete understanding of its clinical pharmacokinetics is essential for understanding of the pharmacodynamics of these drugs. These drug concentrations in biological fluids serve as surrogate markers and can be used to guide or target drug dosing. Because early studies demonstrated clinical and/or electroencephalographic correlations with serum concentrations of several AEDs, It has been almost 50 years since clinicians started using plasma concentrations of AEDs to optimize pharmacotherapy in patients with epilepsy. Therefore, validated analytical method for concentrations of AEDs in biological fluids is a necessity in order to explore pharmacokinetics, bioequivalence and TDM in various clinical situations. There are hundreds of published articles on the analysis of specific AEDs by a wide variety of analytical methods in biological samples have appears over the past decade. This review intends to provide an updated, concise overview on the modern method development for monitoring AEDs for pharmacokinetic studies, bioequivalence and therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juseop Kang
- Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology Lab, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
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Nakamura M. Analyses of benzodiazepines and their metabolites in various biological matrices by LC-MS(/MS). Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 25:1283-307. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Nakamura
- Laboratory of Drug Informatics; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; 1-25-4, daigaku-nishi; Gifu; 501-1196; Japan
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19
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Figueiredo EC, Sparrapan R, Sanvido GB, Santos MG, Zezzi Arruda MA, Eberlin MN. Quantitation of drugs via molecularly imprinted polymer solid phase extraction and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: benzodiazepines in human plasma. Analyst 2011; 136:3753-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15198c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Xiang P, Sun Q, Shen B, Chen P, Liu W, Shen M. Segmental hair analysis using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry after a single dose of benzodiazepines. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 204:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Couchman L, Morgan PE. LC-MS in analytical toxicology: some practical considerations. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:100-23. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Brown SD, Melton TC. Trends in bioanalytical methods for the determination and quantification of club drugs: 2000-2010. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:300-21. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Zhou G, Shi S, Zhang W, Tan Z, Chen Y, Guo D, Zhou H, Hu H, Tan J. Identification of ilaprazole metabolites in human urine by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS and HPLC-NMR experiments. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 24:1130-5. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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Debruyne D, Pailliet-Loilier M, Lelong-Boulouard V, Coquerel A, Bentué-Ferrer D. [Therapeutic drug monitoring of clonazepam]. Therapie 2010; 65:219-24. [PMID: 20699074 DOI: 10.2515/therapie/2010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Clonazepam is a 1-4 benzodiazepine mainly used to treat epilepsy and epileptiform convulsion state. Rapidly absorbed after oral administration, it is widely distributed in the organism and is extensively converted in metabolites, poorly or not active, eliminated mainly in urine (70%) and feces. Elimination half-life is long, around 40 h. In adult and child, several studies showed a concentration-effect relation. Meanwhile, a large inter-individual variability in the dose-concentration relation was observed. A 15-50 microg/L range of clonazepam blood concentrations appears to be retained as an acceptable target to control a majority of epileptic seizures. The Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) of clonazepam can be considered as possibly useful in case of association with CYP450 inducers or inhibitors, suspicion of poor observance, or toxicity signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danièle Debruyne
- Service de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, CHU Côte de Nacre, Caen, France.
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25
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Bentué-Ferrer D, Tribut O, Verdier MC, Debruyne D. [Therapeutic drug monitoring of clobazam]. Therapie 2010; 65:225-31. [PMID: 20699075 DOI: 10.2515/therapie/2010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Clobazam is a 1,5 benzodiazepine available in France since 1975, used in add-on with the other anticonvulsant drugs in the treatment of refractory epilepsies of child and adult and for the treatment of anxiety of adult. It is mainly metabolized in desmethylclobazam, or norclobazam, active metabolite, present in a concentration approximately eight times superior to that of the parent drug, but with an activity of the order of 20 to 40% of that of clobazam. Elimination half-life of clobazam is of 18 h while that of norclobazam is from 40 to 50 h. There is a large interindividual variability in the plasma concentrations. Furthermore, clobazam being prescribed in add-on with the other anticonvulsant drugs in resistant epilepsies, concentration-effect relationship is difficult to bring to light, since, in many studies, the patients who did not answer received the highest doses. Adverse reactions are moderated, appearing more often for the highest concentrations; also the phenomenon of tolerance seems more frequent in high concentrations. However, because of the kinetic interactions, a dosage of clobazam and norclobazam can be useful in certain cases. There is no validated therapeutic range, but the usual concentrations are in the range of 100-300 microg/L for the parent drug and about ten times more for the metabolite. The level of proof of the interest of the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for this molecule is estimated in: rather useless.
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26
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French D, Stone JA, Chang JS, Wu AH. Choosing the Right Benzodiazepine Assay: Impact on Clinical Decision Making. Lab Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1309/lmdnlg1zvos2r8tv] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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27
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Marin SJ, McMillin GA. LC-MS/MS analysis of 13 benzodiazepines and metabolites in urine, serum, plasma, and meconium. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 603:89-105. [PMID: 20077062 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-459-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We describe a single method for the detection and quantitation of 13 commonly prescribed benzodiazepines and metabolites: alpha-hydroxyalprazolam, alpha-hydroxyethylflurazepam, alpha-hydroxytriazolam, alprazolam, desalkylflurazepam, diazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, nordiazepam, oxazepam, temazepam, clonazepam and 7-aminoclonazepam in urine, serum, plasma, and meconium. The urine and meconium specimens undergo enzyme hydrolysis to convert the compounds of interest to their free form. All specimens are prepared for analysis using solid-phase extraction (SPE), analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and quantified using a three-point calibration curve. Deuterated analogs of all 13 analytes are included as internal standards. The instrument is operated in multiple reaction-monitoring (MRM) mode with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source in positive ionization mode. Urine and meconium specimens have matrix-matched calibrators and controls. The serum and plasma specimens are quantified using the urine calibrators but employing plasma-based controls. Oxazepam glucuronide is used as a hydrolysis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Marin
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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28
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Ishida T, Kudo K, Hayashida M, Ikeda N. Rapid and quantitative screening method for 43 benzodiazepines and their metabolites, zolpidem and zopiclone in human plasma by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with a small particle column. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2652-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis. Drug Test Anal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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