Determination of intraperitoneal mitoxantrone in the serum of cancer patients using a high performance liquid chromatograph coupled to an Advanced Automated Sample Processor (AASP)

An eco-friendly matrix-augmented fluorescence spectroscopic approach for the analysis of mitoxantrone, an oncogenic therapy; application to the dosage form and biological matrices

Mitoxantrone (MXN) is a synthetic anthracenedione oncogenic therapy. It is often prescribed as an anticancer agent to manage a variety of cancers. A green, fast, and easy fluorimetric technique for the assay of MXN as a topoisomerase type II enzyme suppressor. An investigation of MXN's fluorescence behavior in various media and solvents constituted the basis for this new technique. Methanol was shown to enhance the intrinsic fluorescence considerably. After excitation at 610 nm, the highest fluorescence intensity was found at 675 nm. Various experimental parameters, such as media, solvents, and pH levels, were tested and adjusted. ICH (International Conference on Harmonization) guidelines were followed when validating procedures. It was possible to achieve linearity in the 0.02-1.50 μg ml^-1 with the method. The sensitivity (in terms of limit of detection and limit of quantification) was 0.003 and 0.008 μg ml^-1 , indicating low toxicity. As a result, the current technology has a remarkable recovery for detecting residues in diverse bodily fluids. Also, the quantum yield was estimated for the designed system. Finally, the method was rated by eco-scale scoring.

A simple single jar "on-off fluorescence" designed system for the determination of mitoxantrone using an eosin Y dye in raw powder, vial, and human biofluids

In this work, a direct, simple, one-pot, and green spectrofluorimetric approach was applied to measure mitoxantrone, a chemotherapeutic agent, through a green validated method. The suggested approach focused on establishing an easy association complex combining mitoxantrone and the eosin Y reagent in a slightly acidic solution. The fluorometric analysis was dependent on off-mitoxantrone action on the emission intensity of the dye (eosin Y) at 544.5 nm (excitation = 301 nm). The devised system has a linear range of 0.07-2.5 μg mL-1 and a detection limit of 0.016 μg mL-1. All system parameters for the formation of mitoxantrone-eosin Y complexes were modulated analytically. Also, the system was reviewed in agreement with ICH criteria. Furthermore, the proposed model was approached to quantify mitoxantrone in its pharmaceutical vial dosage form with high recoveries. Also, the proposed spectroscopic design was efficiently employed to detect the investigated drug in body fluids (blood and urine). Lastly, the designed method was evaluated from a greenness point of view according to eco-scale.

Investigating the interaction of mitoxantrone with anionic surfactants by spectrofluorimetry and its application for the feasible analysis of pharmaceutical preparation and biological fluids

The behaviour of mitoxantrone (MTX), an anthracenedione antineoplastic agent, in different types of organized medium was explored using molecular spectrofluorometry. The original fluorescence and quantum yield of MTX were augmented by about five-fold in the aqueous buffered solution (Britton-Robinson, pH 3.0) by the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Enhancement in the fluorescence intensity did not come from the boost in the ultraviolet (UV) light absorbance of the drug in the presence of micelles but due to shielding of the lowest excited singlet state of the drug from a radiationless process inside the cavity of the micelle. Accordingly, a versatile, sensitive, and feasible spectrofluorimetric method was constructed and evaluated for MTX determination. Fluorescence measurements were performed at 675 nm (λ_ex 610 nm). A linear relationship was shown between fluorescence intensity and drug concentration within the range 0.01-2.0 μg ml^-1 of MTX with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999 and a detection limit of 2 ng ml^-1 . The developed method was effectively used for analysis of MTX in biological samples and dosage forms. In addition, the method was expanded to study the stability of MTX exposed to different drastic degradations and the kinetic parameters of the degradation were calculated.

The senescence-associated secretory phenotype is potentiated by feedforward regulatory mechanisms involving Zscan4 and TAK1

The senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) can be provoked by side effects of therapeutic agents, fueling advanced complications including cancer resistance. However, the intracellular signal network supporting initiation and development of the SASP driven by treatment-induced damage remains unclear. Here we report that the transcription factor Zscan4 is elevated for expression by an ATM-TRAF6-TAK1 axis during the acute DNA damage response and enables a long term SASP in human stromal cells. Further, TAK1 activates p38 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR to support the persistent SASP signaling. As TAK1 is implicated in dual feedforward mechanisms to orchestrate the SASP development, pharmacologically targeting TAK1 deprives cancer cells of resistance acquired from treatment-damaged stromal cells in vitro and substantially promotes tumour regression in vivo. Together, our study reveals a novel network that links functionally critical molecules associated with the SASP development in therapeutic settings, thus opening new avenues to improve clinical outcomes and advance precision medicine.

In cancer the side effects of therapeutic agents can provoke senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which can drive cancer resistance. During the DNA damage response, transcription factor Zscan4 expression is elevated by an ATM-TRAF6-TAK1 axis leading to long term SASP in human stromal cells.

A novel chemiluminescence assay of mitoxantrone based on diperiodatocuprate(III) oxidation

A novel and strong chemiluminescence (CL) of luminol with diperiodatocuprate (K5[Cu(HIO6)2]) was observed in alkaline medium. After the addition of mitoxantrone (MTX) into this system, the CL intensity could be greatly inhibited by MTX. Based on the phenomenon, a sensitive CL method was established for analysis of MTX combining with flow injection technology. Under optimum experimental conditions, the CL intensity was linearly related to the logarithm concentration of MTX from 5.0×10(-9)-1.0×10(-7) g/ml with the detection limit of 1.1×10(-9) g/ml (S/N=3). The relative standard deviation was 1.2% for 5.0×10(-8) g/ml of MTX. The proposed method was successfully applied for determination of MTX in pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids. The possible CL reaction mechanism was also discussed briefly.

Quantitative analysis of mitoxantrone by surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering

Mitoxantrone is an anticancer agent for which it is important to know the concentration in blood during therapy. Current methods of analysis are cumbersome, requiring a pretreatment stage. A method based on surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) has been developed using a flow cell and silver colloid as the SERRS substrate. It is simple, sensitive, fast, and reliable. Both blood plasma and serum can be analyzed directly, but fresh serum is preferred here due to reduced fluorescence in the clinical samples available. Fluorescence is reduced further by the dilution of the serum in the flow cell and by quenching by the silver of surface-adsorbed material. The effectiveness of the latter process is dependent on the contact time between the serum and the silver. The linear range encompasses the range of concentrations detected previously in patient samples using HPLC methods. In a comparative study of a series of samples taken from a patient at different times, there is good agreement between the results obtained by HPLC and SERRS with no significant difference between them at the 95% limit. The limit of detection in serum using the final optimized procedure for SERRS was 4.0 x 10(-11) M (0.02 ng/mL) mitoxantrone. The ease with which the SERRS analysis can be carried out makes it the preferred choice of technique for mitoxantrone analysis.

High-performance liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of topoisomerase II inhibitors

Various methods for separating eleven different types of topoisomerase II (TOPO-2) inhibitors, including epipodophyllotoxins, anthracyclines, anthracenediones, anthrapyrazoles, anthracenebishydrazones, indole derivatives, aminoacridines, benzisoquinolinediones, isoflavones, bisdioxopiperazines and thiobarbituric acids, are summarized. Proper sample preparation and storage is critical to the successful analysis of some TOPO-2 inhibitors due to difficulties associated with adsorption, instability and complex biological components. Solid-phase and liquid-liquid extractions are widely used to separate TOPO-2 inhibitors from biological samples, although simple deproteinization followed by direct analysis of the supernatant is preferable to extraction based on its speed and simplicity. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the favored method for the bioanalysis of TOPO-2 inhibitors. UV or diode array detection is generally employed for early pharmacokinetic studies, while fluorescence or electrochemical detection is used more frequently for analytes with fluorescent or oxidative-reductive properties. For analyses requiring highly sensitive and/or specific detection, electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS or ESI-MS-MS) provides a suitable alternative. A comprehensive compilation of the HPLC techniques currently used to separate TOPO-2 inhibitors will aid the future development of analytical methods for new TOPO-2 inhibitors.