1
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Syddall KL, Fernandez-Martell A, Cartwright JF, Alexandru-Crivac CN, Hodgson A, Racher AJ, Young RJ, James DC. Directed evolution of biomass intensive CHO cells by adaptation to sub-physiological temperature. Metab Eng 2024; 81:53-69. [PMID: 38007176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple and effective means to increase the biosynthetic capacity of host CHO cells. Lonza proprietary CHOK1SV® cells were evolved by serial sub-culture for over 150 generations at 32 °C. During this period the specific proliferation rate of hypothermic cells gradually recovered to become comparable to that of cells routinely maintained at 37 °C. Cold-adapted cell populations exhibited (1) a significantly increased volume and biomass content (exemplified by total RNA and protein), (2) increased mitochondrial function, (3) an increased antioxidant capacity, (4) altered central metabolism, (5) increased transient and stable productivity of a model IgG4 monoclonal antibody and Fc-fusion protein, and (6) unaffected recombinant protein N-glycan processing. This phenotypic transformation was associated with significant genome-scale changes in both karyotype and the relative abundance of thousands of cellular mRNAs across numerous functional groups. Taken together, these observations provide evidence of coordinated cellular adaptations to sub-physiological temperature. These data reveal the extreme genomic/functional plasticity of CHO cells, and that directed evolution is a viable genome-scale cell engineering strategy that can be exploited to create host cells with an increased cellular capacity for recombinant protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Syddall
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Alejandro Fernandez-Martell
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Joseph F Cartwright
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Cristina N Alexandru-Crivac
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Adam Hodgson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | | | | | - David C James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
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2
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Improved Titer in Late-Stage Mammalian Cell Culture Manufacturing by Re-Cloning. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9040173. [PMID: 35447733 PMCID: PMC9030702 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9040173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving productivity to reduce the cost of biologics manufacturing and ensure that therapeutics can reach more patients remains a major challenge faced by the biopharmaceutical industry. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines are commonly prepared for biomanufacturing by single cell cloning post-transfection and recovery, followed by lead clone screening, generation of a research cell bank (RCB), cell culture process development, and manufacturing of a master cell bank (MCB) to be used in early phase clinical manufacturing. In this study, it was found that an additional round of cloning and clone selection from an established monoclonal RCB or MCB (i.e., re-cloning) significantly improved titer for multiple late phase monoclonal antibody upstream processes. Quality attributes remained comparable between the processes using the parental clones and the re-clones. For two CHO cells expressing different antibodies, the re-clone performance was successfully scaled up at 500-L or at 2000-L bioreactor scales, demonstrating for the first time that the re-clone is suitable for late phase and commercial manufacturing processes for improvement of titer while maintaining comparable product quality to the early phase process.
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3
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Chakrabarti L, Chaerkady R, Wang J, Weng SHS, Wang C, Qian C, Cazares L, Hess S, Amaya P, Zhu J, Hatton D. Mitochondrial membrane potential-enriched CHO host: a novel and powerful tool for improving biomanufacturing capability. MAbs 2022; 14:2020081. [PMID: 35030984 PMCID: PMC8765075 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.2020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aim of increasing protein productivity of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, we sought to generate new CHO hosts with favorable biomanufacturing phenotypes and improved functionality. Here, we present an innovative approach of enriching the CHO host cells with a high mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Stable transfectant pools and clonal cell lines expressing difficult-to-express bispecific molecules generated from the MMP-enriched host outperformed the parental host by displaying (1) improved fed-batch productivity; (2) enhanced long-term cell viability of pools; (3) more favorable lactate metabolism; and (4) improved cell cloning efficiency during monoclonal cell line generation. Proteomic analysis together with Western blot validation were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms by which high MMP influenced production performance. The MMP-enriched host exhibited multifaceted protection against mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Our findings indicate that the MMP-enriched host achieved an overall “fitter” phenotype that contributes to the significant improvement in biomanufacturing capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Chakrabarti
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Junmin Wang
- Dynamic Omics, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Chunlei Wang
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Chen Qian
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Lisa Cazares
- Dynamic Omics, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Sonja Hess
- Dynamic Omics, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Peter Amaya
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jie Zhu
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Diane Hatton
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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4
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Zhang HY, Fan ZL, Wang TY. Advances of Glycometabolism Engineering in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:774175. [PMID: 34926421 PMCID: PMC8675083 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.774175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most widely used mammalian cell line, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells can express various recombinant proteins with a post translational modification pattern similar to that of the proteins from human cells. During industrial production, cells need large amounts of ATP to support growth and protein expression, and since glycometabolism is the main source of ATP for cells, protein production partly depends on the efficiency of glycometabolism. And efficient glycometabolism allows less glucose uptake by cells, reducing production costs, and providing a better mammalian production platform for recombinant protein expression. In the present study, a series of progresses on the comprehensive optimization in CHO cells by glycometabolism strategy were reviewed, including carbohydrate intake, pyruvate metabolism and mitochondrial metabolism. We analyzed the effects of gene regulation in the upstream and downstream of the glucose metabolism pathway on cell’s growth and protein expression. And we also pointed out the latest metabolic studies that are potentially applicable on CHO cells. In the end, we elaborated the application of metabolic models in the study of CHO cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Yu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhen-Lin Fan
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China.,Institutes of Health Central Plain, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
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5
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Factors affecting the quality of therapeutic proteins in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cell culture. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107831. [PMID: 34480988 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most widely used mammalian host cells for the commercial production of therapeutic proteins. Fed-batch culture is widely used to produce therapeutic proteins, including monoclonal antibodies, because of its operational simplicity and high product titer. Despite technical advances in the development of culture media and cell cultures, it is still challenging to maintain high productivity in fed-batch cultures while also ensuring good product quality. In this review, factors that affect the quality attributes of therapeutic proteins in recombinant CHO (rCHO) cell culture, such as glycosylation, charge variation, aggregation, and degradation, are summarized and categorized into three groups: culture environments, chemical additives, and host cell proteins accumulated in culture supernatants. Understanding the factors that influence the therapeutic protein quality in rCHO cell culture will facilitate the development of large-scale, high-yield fed-batch culture processes for the production of high-quality therapeutic proteins.
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6
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Wurm MJ, Wurm FM. Naming CHO cells for bio-manufacturing: Genome plasticity and variant phenotypes of cell populations in bioreactors question the relevance of old names. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2100165. [PMID: 34050613 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chinese Hamster Ovary [CHO] cells are the workhorse for production of modern biopharmaceuticals. They are however immortalized cells with a high propensity for genetic change. Judging from published culture records, CHO cell populations have undergone hundreds of population doublings since their origin in the late 1950s. Different cell populations were established and named from 1 to 3 decades after their generation, such as CHO-Pro-, CHO-K1, CHO-DG44, CHO-S, CHO-DUK, CHO-DXB-11 to indicate origin and certain phenotypic features. These names are commonly used in scientific publications still today. This article discusses the relevance of such names. We argue that they provide a false sense of identity. To substantiate this, we provide the long (and poorly recorded) history of CHO cells as well as their highly complex genetics. Finally, we suggest an alternative naming system for CHO cells which provides more relevant information. While the implementation of a new naming convention will require substantial discussions among members of the relevant community, it should improve interpretation and comparability between laboratories. This, in turn will help scientific communities and industrial users to attain and further the full potential of CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Wurm
- Life Science Faculty, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne [EPFL], Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florian M Wurm
- Life Science Faculty, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne [EPFL], Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Ogata N, Nishimura A, Matsuda T, Kubota M, Omasa T. Single-cell transcriptome analyses reveal heterogeneity in suspension cultures and clonal markers of CHO-K1 cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:944-951. [PMID: 33179258 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell variability in cell populations arises from a combination of intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors related to the milieu. However, the heterogeneity of high cell density suspension cultures for therapeutic protein production remains unknown. Here, we illustrate the increasing heterogeneity in the cellular transcriptome of serum-free adapted CHO K1 cells during high cell density suspension culture over time without concomitant changes in the genomic sequence. Cell cycle-dependent subpopulations and cell clusters, which typically appear in other single-cell transcriptome analyses, were not found in these suspension cultures. Our results indicate that cell division changes the intracellular microenvironment and leads to cell cycle-dependent heterogeneity. Whole mitochondrial single-cell genome sequencing showed cell-to-cell mitochondrial genome variation and heteroplasmy within cells. The mitochondrial genome sequencing method developed here is potentially useful for the validation of cell clonality. The culture time-dependent increase in cellular heterogeneity observed in this study did not show any attenuation in this increasing heterogeneity. Future advances in bioengineering such as culture upscaling, prolonged culturing, and complex culture systems will be confronted with the need to assess and control cellular heterogeneity, and the method described here may prove useful for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norichika Ogata
- Nihon BioData Corporation, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.,Medicale Meccanica, Inc., Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.,Manufacturing Technology Association of Biologics, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Akio Nishimura
- Nihon BioData Corporation, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Matsuda
- Nihon BioData Corporation, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Michi Kubota
- Chitose Laboratory Corporation, Nogawa, Miyamae, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Omasa
- Manufacturing Technology Association of Biologics, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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8
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Bevan S, Schoenfelder S, Young RJ, Zhang L, Andrews S, Fraser P, O'Callaghan PM. High-resolution three-dimensional chromatin profiling of the Chinese hamster ovary cell genome. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:784-796. [PMID: 33095445 PMCID: PMC7894165 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines are the pillars of a multibillion‐dollar biopharmaceutical industry producing recombinant therapeutic proteins. The effects of local chromatin organization and epigenetic repression within these cell lines result in unpredictable and unstable transgene expression following random integration. Limited knowledge of the CHO genome and its higher order chromatin organization has thus far impeded functional genomics approaches required to tackle these issues. Here, we present an integrative three‐dimensional (3D) map of genome organization within the CHOK1SV® 10E9 cell line in conjunction with an improved, less fragmented CHOK1SV 10E9 genome assembly. Using our high‐resolution chromatin conformation datasets, we have assigned ≈90% of sequence to a chromosome‐scale genome assembly. Our genome‐wide 3D map identifies higher order chromatin structures such as topologically associated domains, incorporates our chromatin accessibility data to enhance the identification of active cis‐regulatory elements, and importantly links these cis‐regulatory elements to target promoters in a 3D promoter interactome. We demonstrate the power of our improved functional annotation by evaluating the 3D landscape of a transgene integration site and two phenotypically different cell lines. Our work opens up further novel genome engineering targets, has the potential to inform vital improvements for industrial biotherapeutic production, and represents a significant advancement for CHO cell line development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Bevan
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK.,Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stefan Schoenfelder
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK.,Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert J Young
- R&D Cell Engineering, Lonza Biologics, Little Chesterford, UK
| | - Lin Zhang
- Cell Line Development, World Wide Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioTherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Simon Andrews
- Bioinformatics Facility, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Fraser
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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9
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Sergeeva D, Lee GM, Nielsen LK, Grav LM. Multicopy Targeted Integration for Accelerated Development of High-Producing Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:2546-2561. [PMID: 32835482 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ever-growing biopharmaceutical industry relies on the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The traditional timelines of CHO cell line development can be significantly shortened by the use of targeted gene integration (TI). However, broad use of TI has been limited due to the low specific productivity (qP) of TI-generated clones. Here, we show a 10-fold increase in the qP of therapeutic glycoproteins in CHO cells through the development and optimization of a multicopy TI method. We used a recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) platform to investigate the effect of gene copy number, 5' and 3' gene regulatory elements, and landing pad features on qP. We evaluated the limitations of multicopy expression from a single genomic site as well as multiple genomic sites and found that a transcriptional bottleneck can appear with an increase in gene dosage. We created a dual-RMCE system for simultaneous multicopy TI in two genomic sites and generated isogenic high-producing clones with qP of 12-14 pg/cell/day and product titer close to 1 g/L in fed-batch. Our study provides an extensive characterization of the multicopy TI method and elucidates the relationship between gene copy number and protein expression in mammalian cells. Moreover, it demonstrates that TI-generated CHO cells are capable of producing therapeutic proteins at levels that can support their industrial manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Sergeeva
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Lars Keld Nielsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Lise Marie Grav
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
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10
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A platform for context-specific genetic engineering of recombinant protein production by CHO cells. J Biotechnol 2020; 312:11-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Chi B, Veyssier C, Kasali T, Uddin F, Sellick CA. At-line high throughput site-specific glycan profiling using targeted mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 25:e00424. [PMID: 32071892 PMCID: PMC7016254 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High throughput, site-specific glycan profiling using targeted mass spectrometry. Rapid analysis of glycan profiles directly from culture media. Methodology is fully compatible with automation. Methodology can be integrated into cell line selection and process development. Strategy can be used for multi-attribute product quality screening/monitoring.
Protein post-translational modification (PTM) plays an important role in many biological processes; of which glycosylation is arguably one of the most complex and diverse modifications and is crucial for the safety and efficacy of biotherapeutic proteins. Mass spectrometric characterization of protein glycosylation is well established with clear advantages and disadvantages; on one hand it is precise and information-rich, as well as being relative inexpensive in terms of the reagents and consumables despite the instrumentation cost and, depending on the method, can give site specific information; on the other hand it generally suffers from low throughput, restriction to largely purified samples and is less quantitative, especially for sialylated glycan species. Here, we describe a high throughput, site-specific, targeted mass spectrometric peptide mapping approach to quickly screen/rank candidate production cell lines and culture conditions that give favourable glycosylation profiles directly from conditioned culture media for an Fc-fusion protein. The methodology is fully compatible with automation and combines the speed of ‘top-down’ mass spectrometry with the site-specific information of ‘bottom-up’ mass spectrometry. In addition, this strategy can be used for multi-attribute product quality screening/monitoring as an integral part of cell line selection and process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertie Chi
- MedImmune, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | | | - Toyin Kasali
- MedImmune, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Faisal Uddin
- MedImmune, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
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12
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Mitigating Clonal Variation in Recombinant Mammalian Cell Lines. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:931-942. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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13
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Zhu J, Hatton D. New Mammalian Expression Systems. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 165:9-50. [PMID: 28585079 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are an increasing number of recombinant antibodies and proteins in preclinical and clinical development for therapeutic applications. Mammalian expression systems are key to enabling the production of these molecules, and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell platforms continue to be central to delivery of the stable cell lines required for large-scale production. Increasing pressure on timelines and efficiency, further innovation of molecular formats and the shift to new production systems are driving developments of these CHO cell line platforms. The availability of genome and transcriptome data coupled with advancing gene editing tools are increasing the ability to design and engineer CHO cell lines to meet these challenges. This chapter aims to give an overview of the developments in CHO expression systems and some of the associated technologies over the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Diane Hatton
- MedImmune, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.
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14
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Pekle E, Smith A, Rosignoli G, Sellick C, Smales CM, Pearce C. Application of Imaging Flow Cytometry for the Characterization of Intracellular Attributes in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Lines at the Single-Cell Level. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800675. [PMID: 30925020 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Biopharmaceutical manufacturing using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells requires the generation of high-producing clonal cell lines. During cell line development, cell cloning using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) has the potential to combine isolation of single cells with sorting based on specific cellular attributes that correlate with productivity and/or growth, identifying cell lines with desirable phenotypes for manufacturing. This study describes the application of imaging flow cytometry (IFC) to characterize recombinant cell lines at the single-cell level to identify cell attributes predictive of productivity. IFC assays are developed to quantify the organelle content and recombinant heavy-chain (HC) and light-chain (LC) polypeptide as well as messenger RNA (mRNA) amounts in single cells. The assays are then validated against orthogonal standard flow cytometry, western blot, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) methods. The authors describe how these IFC assays may be used in cell line development and show how cellular properties can be correlated with productivity at the single-cell level, allowing the isolation of such cells during the cloning process. From the analysis, HC polypeptide and mRNA are found to be predictive of productivity early in the culture; however, specific organelle content did not show any correlation with productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Pekle
- MedImmune, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.,Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | | | | | | | - C M Smales
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK
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15
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Structural and In Vitro Functional Comparability Analysis of Altebrel™, a Proposed Etanercept Biosimilar: Focus on Primary Sequence and Glycosylation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12010014. [PMID: 30658444 PMCID: PMC6469174 DOI: 10.3390/ph12010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for reliable comparability studies of biosimilars grows with their increased market share. These studies focus on physicochemical, structural, functional and clinical properties to ensure that a biosimilar has no significant differences to the originator product and can be released into the market without extensive clinical trials. In the current study, Enbrel® (etanercept, the originator) and Altebrel™ (the proposed biosimilar) underwent direct comparison. “Bottom-up” mass spectrometric analysis was used for primary sequence analysis, evaluation of N/O-glycosylation sites and quantification of methionine oxidation. N/O-glycans were analyzed after permethylation derivatization and the effect of N-glycans on in-vitro functionality of etanercept was assayed. Three enzyme peptide mapping resulted in complete identification of the primary structure. It was confirmed that total ion chromatograms are valuable datasets for the analysis of the primary structure of biodrugs. New N/O-glycan structures were identified and all the N-glycans were quantified. Finally, investigation of the functional properties of N-deglycosylated and non-modified etanercept samples using surface plasmon resonance analysis and in-vitro bioassay showed that N-glycosylation has no significant effect on its in-vitro functionality. Analysis of etanercept and its biosimilar, revealed a high similarity in terms of glycosylation, primary structure and in-vitro functionality.
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16
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Lee JS, Park JH, Ha TK, Samoudi M, Lewis NE, Palsson BO, Kildegaard HF, Lee GM. Revealing Key Determinants of Clonal Variation in Transgene Expression in Recombinant CHO Cells Using Targeted Genome Editing. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2867-2878. [PMID: 30388888 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Generation of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cell lines is critical for the production of therapeutic proteins. However, the high degree of phenotypic heterogeneity among generated clones, referred to as clonal variation, makes the rCHO cell line development process inefficient and unpredictable. Here, we investigated the major genomic causes of clonal variation. We found the following: (1) consistent with previous studies, a strong variation in rCHO clones in response to hypothermia (33 vs 37 °C) after random transgene integration; (2) altered DNA sequence of randomly integrated cassettes, which occurred during the integration process, affecting the transgene expression level in response to hypothermia; (3) contrary to random integration, targeted integration of the same expression cassette, without any DNA alteration, into three identified integration sites showed the similar response of transgene expression in response to hypothermia, irrespective of integration site; (4) switching the promoter from CMV to EF1α eliminated the hypothermia response; and (5) deleting the enhancer part of the CMV promoter altered the hypothermia response. Thus, we have revealed the effects of integration methods and cassette design on transgene expression levels, implying that rCHO cell line generation can be standardized through detailed genomic understanding. Further elucidation of such understanding is likely to have a broad impact on diverse fields that use transgene integration, from gene therapy to generation of production cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Seong Lee
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro,
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kwang Ha
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mojtaba Samoudi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nathan E. Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Bernhard O. Palsson
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Helene Faustrup Kildegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro,
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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17
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Kelly PS, Alarcon Miguez A, Alves C, Barron N. From media to mitochondria–rewiring cellular energy metabolism of Chinese hamster ovary cells for the enhanced production of biopharmaceuticals. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Pristovšek N, Hansen HG, Sergeeva D, Borth N, Lee GM, Andersen MR, Kildegaard HF. Using Titer and Titer Normalized to Confluence Are Complementary Strategies for Obtaining Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Lines with High Volumetric Productivity of Etanercept. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700216. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuša Pristovšek
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark; Kemitorvet, Building 220 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Henning Gram Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark; Kemitorvet, Building 220 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Daria Sergeeva
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark; Kemitorvet, Building 220 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Nicole Borth
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB); Muthgasse 11 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark; Kemitorvet, Building 220 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST; 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Mikael Rørdam Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads, Building 221 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Helene Faustrup Kildegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark; Kemitorvet, Building 220 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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19
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Vcelar S, Melcher M, Auer N, Hrdina A, Puklowski A, Leisch F, Jadhav V, Wenger T, Baumann M, Borth N. Changes in Chromosome Counts and Patterns in CHO Cell Lines upon Generation of Recombinant Cell Lines and Subcloning. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700495. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Vcelar
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology; Vienna 1190; Austria
| | - Michael Melcher
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology; Vienna 1190; Austria
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Vienna 1190; Austria
| | - Norbert Auer
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology; Vienna 1190; Austria
| | - Astrid Hrdina
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology; Vienna 1190; Austria
| | - Anja Puklowski
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG; Biberach 88307; Germany
| | - Friedrich Leisch
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology; Vienna 1190; Austria
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Vienna 1190; Austria
| | - Vaibhav Jadhav
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology; Vienna 1190; Austria
| | - Till Wenger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG; Biberach 88307; Germany
| | - Martina Baumann
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology; Vienna 1190; Austria
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Vienna 1190; Austria
| | - Nicole Borth
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology; Vienna 1190; Austria
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Vienna 1190; Austria
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20
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Fernandez-Martell A, Johari YB, James DC. Metabolic phenotyping of CHO cells varying in cellular biomass accumulation and maintenance during fed-batch culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:645-660. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yusuf B. Johari
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Sheffield; Mappin St. Sheffield UK
| | - David C. James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Sheffield; Mappin St. Sheffield UK
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21
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Mahameed M, Tirosh B. Engineering CHO cells with an oncogenic KIT improves cells growth, resilience to stress, and productivity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mahameed
- Institute for Drug Research; The School of Pharmacy; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; POB 12065 Jerusalem, 9112002 Israel
| | - Boaz Tirosh
- Institute for Drug Research; The School of Pharmacy; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; POB 12065 Jerusalem, 9112002 Israel
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22
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Klottrup KJ, Miro-Quesada G, Flack L, Pereda I, Hawley-Nelson P. Measuring the aggregation of CHO cells prior to single cell cloning allows a more accurate determination of the probability of clonality. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 34:593-601. [PMID: 28556621 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The manufacturing process for biotherapeutics is closely regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA) and other regulatory agencies worldwide. To ensure consistency of the product of a manufacturing cell line, International Committee on Harmonization guidelines (Q5D, 1997) state that the cell substrate should be derived from a single cell progenitor, i.e., clonal.Cell lines in suspension culture may naturally revert to cell adhesion in the form of doublets, triplets and higher order structures of clustered cells. We can show evidence of a single colony from limiting dilution cloning or in semi-solid media, but we cannot determine the number of cells from which the colony originated. To address this, we have used the ViCELL® XR (Beckman Coulter, High Wycombe, UK) cell viability analyzer to determine the proportion of clusters of two or more cells in a sample of the cell suspension immediately prior to cloning. Here, we show data to define the accuracy of the ViCELL for characterizing a cell suspension and summarize the statistical model combining two or more rounds of cloning to derive the probability of clonality. The resulting statistical model is applied to cloning in semi-solid medium, but could equally be applied to a limiting dilution cloning process. We also describe approaches to reduce cell clusters to generate a cell line with a high probability of clonality from a CHO host lineage. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:593-601, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerensa J Klottrup
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Guillermo Miro-Quesada
- Data Management and Quantitative Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878
| | | | - Ivan Pereda
- R&D Informatics, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Pamela Hawley-Nelson
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878
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23
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Xu N, Ma C, Ou J, Sun WW, Zhou L, Hu H, Liu XM. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Three Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Host Cells. Biochem Eng J 2017; 124:122-129. [PMID: 28736500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have been widely used to express heterologous genes and produce therapeutic proteins in biopharmaceutical industry. Different CHO host cells have distinct cell growth rates and protein expression characteristics. In this study, the expression of about 1,307 host proteins in three sublines, i.e. CHO K1, CHO S and CHO/dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr)- , were investigated and compared using proteomic analysis. The proteins involved in cell growth, glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, transcription, translation and glycosylation were quantitated using Liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The key host cell proteins that regulate the kinetics of cell growth and the magnitude of protein expression levels were identified. Furthermore, several rational cell engineering strategies on how to combine the desired features of fast cell growth and efficient production of therapeutic proteins into one new super CHO host cell have been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Jianfa Ou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Wanqi Wendy Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama (UA), 245 7th Avenue, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA
| | - Lufang Zhou
- Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 703 19 Street South and 1530 3 Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 845 19 Street South, Birmingham AL 35294, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Margaret Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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24
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Fan L, Rizzi G, Bierilo K, Tian J, Yee JC, Russell R, Das TK. Comparative study of therapeutic antibody candidates derived from mini-pool and clonal cell lines. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:1456-1462. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianchun Fan
- Cellular Molecular Biology; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Pennington NJ 08534
| | - Giovanni Rizzi
- Cellular Molecular Biology; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Pennington NJ 08534
| | - Kathleen Bierilo
- Cellular Molecular Biology; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Pennington NJ 08534
| | - Jun Tian
- Process Development; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens MA 01434
| | - Joon Chong Yee
- Process Development; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens MA 01434
| | - Reb Russell
- Analytical and Process Development; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Pennington NJ 08534
| | - Tapan K Das
- Biologics Characterization & Analytical Development; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Pennington NJ 08534
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25
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Hansen HG, Pristovšek N, Kildegaard HF, Lee GM. Improving the secretory capacity of Chinese hamster ovary cells by ectopic expression of effector genes: Lessons learned and future directions. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:64-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Pace D, Lewis N, Wu T, Gillespie R, Leiske D, Velayudhan J, Rohrbach A, Connell-Crowley L. Characterizing the effect of multiple Fc glycan attributes on the effector functions and FcγRIIIa receptor binding activity of an IgG1 antibody. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1181-1192. [PMID: 27160519 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
N-linked Fc glycosylation of IgG1 monoclonal antibody therapeutics can directly influence their mechanism of action by impacting IgG effector functions such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Therefore, identification and detailed characterization of Fc glycan critical quality attributes (CQAs) provides important information for process design and control. A two-step approach was used to identify and characterize the Fc glycan CQAs for an IgG1 Mab with effector function. First, single factor experiments were performed to identify glycan critical quality attributes that influence ADCC and CDC activities. Next, a full-factorial design of experiment (DOE) to characterize the possible interactions and relative effect of these three glycan species on ADCC, CDC, and FcγRIIIa binding was employed. Additionally, the DOE data were used to develop models to predict ADCC, CDC, and FcγRIIIa binding of a given configuration of the three glycan species for this IgG1 molecule. The results demonstrate that for ADCC, afuco mono/bi has the largest effect, followed by HM and β-gal, while FcγRIIIa binding is affected by afuco mono/bi and β-gal. CDC, in contrast, is affected by β-gal only. This type of glycan characterization and modeling can provide valuable information for development, manufacturing support and process improvements for IgG products that require effector function for efficacy. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1181-1192, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Pace
- Amgen Inc, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA, 98119
| | | | - Tina Wu
- Amgen Inc, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA, 98119
| | - Ron Gillespie
- Amgen Inc, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA, 98119
| | - Dan Leiske
- Amgen Inc, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA, 98119
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