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Duan X, Hou R, Huang Y, Wang C, Liu L, Du H, Shi J. Comprehensive expression, prognostic and validation analysis of necroptosis-related lncRNAs in esophageal cancer. Transl Oncol 2024; 46:101983. [PMID: 38797018 PMCID: PMC11152745 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that necroptosis-related long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) risk models can be used to predict prognosis and immune infiltration in patients with esophageal cancer. However, further analysis of the regulatory mechanisms of necroptosis-related lncRNAs used in risk models remains to be conducted. The purpose of the present study was to identify valuable necroptosis-related lncRNAs in esophageal cancer and to verify their molecular and cellular functions. METHODS Esophageal cancer data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The expression of eight genes (LINC00299, AC090912.2, AC244197.2, AL158166.1, AC079684.1, AP003696.1, AC079684.1 and AP003696.1) in the necroptosis-related lncRNA risk model, their relationships with clinicopathological stage, and their diagnostic receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were analyzed. The prognostic value of these lncRNAs for overall survival (OS) and disease specific survival (DSS) was analyzed, and time-dependent ROC curves were generated. The AP003696.1 target gene (lncRNA ENSG00000253385.1) was further investigated through immune infiltration analysis, Gene Ontology/Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (GO/KEGG) enrichment analyses, and gene coexpression analysis. Finally, in vitro functional assays based on lncRNA ENSG00000253385.1 were conducted to explore its regulatory role in esophageal cancer. RESULTS A bioinformatics approach was used to study the eight genes in the necroptosis-related lncRNA risk model. AP003696.1 (lncRNA ENSG00000253385.1) was highly expressed in esophageal cancer tissues, and its high expression was correlated with poor OS and DFdS. Both univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed that lncRNA ENSG00000253385.1 is an independent prognostic factor. The lncRNA ENSG00000253385.1 gene was demonstrated to play a definite role in the invasion of esophageal cancer immune cells and in signaling pathways in these cells. In vitro cell functional assays revealed that lncRNA ENSG00000253385.1 expression was elevated in the KYSE150 and KYSE410 esophageal cancer cell lines. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of lncRNA ENSG00000253385.1 significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of KYSE150 and KYSE410 cells, as well as promoted their apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The ENSG00000253385.1 gene may be a key gene in the occurrence, development, and prognosis of esophageal cancer. These findings provide new ideas and references for the screening of therapeutic targets, as well as the development of targeted drugs, for esophageal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ran Hou
- Departments of Medical Oncology, PR China
| | | | | | - Lie Liu
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Huazhen Du
- Emergency department The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, PR China.
| | - Jian Shi
- Departments of Medical Oncology, PR China.
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2
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Zhao J, Wu K, Yang Y, Liu D, Zhang C, Li X. Novel Pt(IV) complexes containing salvigenin ligand reverse cisplatin-induced resistance by inhibiting Rap1b-mediated cancer cell stemness in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma treatments. Bioorg Chem 2024; 147:107384. [PMID: 38643568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a malignant tumor that is highly susceptible to metastasis, recurrence and resistance, and few therapeutic targets have been identified and proven effective. Herein, we demonstrated for the first time that Rap1b can positively regulate ESCC cell stemness, as well as designed and synthesized a novel class of Pt(IV) complexes that can effectively inhibit Raplb. In vitro biological studies showed that complex-1 exhibited stronger cytotoxicity than cisplatin and oxaliplatin against a variety of ESCC cells, and effectively reversed cisplatin-induced resistance of TE6 cells by increasing cellular accumulation of platinum and inhibiting cancer cell stemness. Significantly, complex-1 also exhibited strong ability to reversal cisplatin-induced cancer cell resistance and inhibit tumor growth in TE6/cDDP xenograft mice models, with a tumor growth inhibition rate of 73.3 % at 13 mg/kg and did not show significant systemic toxicity. Overall, Rap1b is a promising target to be developed as an effective treatment for ESCC. Complex-1, as the first Pt(IV) complex that can strongly inhibit Rap1b, is also worthy of further in-depth study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China
| | - Donglei Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China
| | - Xiangnan Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China.
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3
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Zhang M, Sun Q, Han Z, Qin X, Gao T, Xu Y, Han S, Zhang Y, Liang Q, Guo Z, Liu J. Construction of a novel disulfidptosis-related lncRNAs signature for prognosis prediction and anti-tumor immunity in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30877. [PMID: 38774325 PMCID: PMC11107247 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Disulfidptosis, an innovative type of controlled cellular death linked to metabolic dysfunction, has garnered attention. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the involvement of disulfidptosisrelated lnRNAs (DRlncRNAs) in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). The objective of our team in this study seeks to establish a DRlncRNAs signature, investigate their prognostic value in LSCC, and explore their associations with immune cell subpopulations, biological signaling pathways, and exploring implications for drug sensitivity. We accessed LSCC patients' RNA-seq data and pertinent clinical data for subsequent further analysis from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) portal. A literature search was conducted focusing on disulfidptosis-related genes. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to identify DRlncRNAs. Differential expression analysis of lncRNAs was performed. Utilizing univariate Cox regression analysis, we identified disulfidptosis-associated prognostic lncRNAs. The LASSO-Cox regression analysis was employed to refine this set of lncRNAs and construct a disulfidptosis-related lncRNAs signature. Various statistical techniques were employed to appraise model predictive performance. Subsequently, risk groups were stratified based on the risk score derived from the DRlncRNAs signature. The superiority of the risk score in prognostication over traditional clinicopathological features in LSCC patients was demonstrated. Evident distinctions emerged between risk groups, particularly in immune cell subpopulations like activated mast cells, eosinophils, and activated NK cells. Finally, the low-risk group demonstrated reduced IC50 values for specific chemotherapeutics like cisplatin and gemcitabine. The in vitro experiments indicated differential behavior of our DRlncRNAs. The DRlncRNAs signature can serve as a robust biomarker with the ability to predict both prognosis and therapeutic responses among patients with LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, PR China
| | - Qing Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201700, PR China
| | - Zhijin Han
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201700, PR China
| | - Tianle Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201700, PR China
| | - Yinwei Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201700, PR China
| | - Shuhui Han
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201700, PR China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201700, PR China
| | - Qian Liang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201700, PR China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201700, PR China
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Yu XW, She PW, Chen FC, Chen YY, Zhou S, Wang XM, Lin XR, Liu QL, Huang ZJ, Qiu Y. Metabolic subtypes and immune landscapes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: prognostic implications and potential for personalized therapies. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:230. [PMID: 38373930 PMCID: PMC10875771 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-11890-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to identify metabolic subtypes in ESCA, explore their relationship with immune landscapes, and establish a metabolic index for accurate prognosis assessment. METHODS Clinical, SNP, and RNA-seq data were collected from 80 ESCA patients from the TCGA database and RNA-seq data from the GSE19417 dataset. Metabolic genes associated with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were selected, and k-means clustering was performed. Immune-related pathways, immune infiltration, and response to immunotherapy were predicted using bioinformatic algorithms. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was conducted to identify metabolic genes associated with co-expression modules. Lastly, cell culture and functional analysis were performed using patient tissue samples and ESCA cell lines to verify the identified genes and their roles. RESULTS Molecular subtypes were identified based on the expression profiles of metabolic genes, and univariate survival analysis revealed 163 metabolic genes associated with ESCA prognosis. Consensus clustering analysis classified ESCA samples into three distinct subtypes, with MC1 showing the poorest prognosis and MC3 having the best prognosis. The subtypes also exhibited significant differences in immune cell infiltration, with MC3 showing the highest scores. Additionally, the MC3 subtype demonstrated the poorest response to immunotherapy, while the MC1 subtype was the most sensitive. WGCNA analysis identified gene modules associated with the metabolic index, with SLC5A1, NT5DC4, and MTHFD2 emerging as prognostic markers. Gene and protein expression analysis validated the upregulation of MTHFD2 in ESCA. MTHFD2 promotes the progression of ESCA and may be a potential therapeutic target for ESCA. CONCLUSION The established metabolic index and identified metabolic genes offer potential for prognostic assessment and personalized therapeutic interventions for ESCA, underscoring the importance of targeting metabolism-immune interactions in ESCA. MTHFD2 promotes the progression of ESCA and may be a potential therapeutic target for ESCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wan Yu
- Clinical Laboratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 362000, Quanzhou, Fujian, P. R. China.
| | - Pei-Wei She
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, P. R. China
- Center for Experimental Research in Clinical Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, 350001, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Fang-Chuan Chen
- Stomatology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 362000, Quanzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Yu Chen
- Stomatology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 362000, Quanzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 362000, Quanzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Min Wang
- Clinical Laboratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 362000, Quanzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Rong Lin
- Clinical Laboratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 362000, Quanzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Ling Liu
- Clinical Laboratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 362000, Quanzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Jun Huang
- Esophageal Surgery Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 362000, Quanzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Reproductive Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 362000, Quanzhou, Fujian, P. R. China.
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Wang J, Zhu L, Zhang Q, Xia T, Yao W, Wei L. LincRNA-P21 knockdown facilitates esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell progression by upregulating cadherin 5 via YTH domain containing 1. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1797-1805. [PMID: 37766459 PMCID: PMC10686791 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
LincRNA-P21 is a tumor suppressor in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Cell adhesion modules play vital roles in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions and malignant cancer progression. In this study, we investigate whether lincRNA-P21 exerts its functions by regulating the cell adhesion molecule cadherin 5 (CDH5) in ESCC. Moreover, the RNA binding protein (RBP) mediators of lincRNA-P21 and CDH5 are further examined. Cell viability, growth and migratory ability are assessed by calcein-AM/PI double staining, CCK-8, EdU, Transwell, and wound healing assays. The expression of collagen I and fibronectin is examined by immunofluorescence (IF). LincRNA-P21 and CDH5 are quantified by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. Potential lincRNA-P21 targets are identified by RNA sequencing. RBPs that can interact with lincRNA-P21 and CDH5 are identified by RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay. LincRNA-P21 knockdown increases cell viability, growth, cell migration, and collagen I and fibronectin expression in ESCC cells. LincRNA-P21 depletion induces the dysregulation of 316 genes, including CDH5, in TE-1 cells. CDH5 is identified as a downstream molecule of lincRNA-P21 given its close correlation with cell adhesion, ECM reconstruction, and cancer progression. LincRNA-P21 exerts its functions by negatively regulating CDH5 expression. YTH domain containing 1 (YTHDC1) mediates the regulatory effect of lincRNA-P21 on CDH5. LincRNA-P21 knockdown elevates cell viability and growth, promotes cell migration, and induces ECM reorganization by upregulating CDH5 via RBP YTHDC1 in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Wang
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryHenan Provincial People’s HospitalPeople’s Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversitySchool of Clinical MedicineHenan UniversityZhengzhou450003China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryZhengzhou University People’s HospitalHenan Provincial People’s HospitalZhengzhou450003China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryHenan Provincial People’s HospitalPeople’s Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversitySchool of Clinical MedicineHenan UniversityZhengzhou450003China
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryHenan Provincial People’s HospitalPeople’s Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversitySchool of Clinical MedicineHenan UniversityZhengzhou450003China
| | - Wenjian Yao
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryHenan Provincial People’s HospitalPeople’s Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversitySchool of Clinical MedicineHenan UniversityZhengzhou450003China
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryHenan Provincial People’s HospitalPeople’s Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversitySchool of Clinical MedicineHenan UniversityZhengzhou450003China
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6
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Zhang ZD, Hou XR, Cao XL, Wang XP. Long non‑coding RNAs, lipid metabolism and cancer (Review). Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:470. [PMID: 37664674 PMCID: PMC10468807 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer has emerged as the most common cause of death in China. The change in lipid metabolism has been confirmed to have a role in several tumor types, such as esophageal, gastric, colorectal and liver cancer. Cancer cells use lipid metabolism for energy and then rapidly proliferate, invade and migrate. The main pathway by which cancer cell lipid metabolism influences cancer progression is increased fatty acid synthesis. Long non-coding (lnc)RNAs are important ncRNAs that were indicated to have significant roles in the development of human tumors. They are considered potential tumor biomarkers. Increased lipid synthesis or uptake due to deregulation of lncRNAs contributes to rapid tumor growth. In the present review, current studies on the relationship between lncRNAs, lipid metabolism and the occurrence and development of tumors were collated and summarized, and their mechanism of action was discussed. The review is expected to provide a theoretical basis for tumor treatment and prognosis evaluation based on the effective regulation of lncRNAs and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Dong Zhang
- Graduate School, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Hypoxia Environment and Life Health, Joint Laboratory for Research on Active Components and Pharmacological Mechanism of Tibetan Medicine, Materia Medica of Tibetan Medical Research Center of Tibet, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Rui Hou
- Graduate School, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Hypoxia Environment and Life Health, Joint Laboratory for Research on Active Components and Pharmacological Mechanism of Tibetan Medicine, Materia Medica of Tibetan Medical Research Center of Tibet, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Lan Cao
- Graduate School, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Hypoxia Environment and Life Health, Joint Laboratory for Research on Active Components and Pharmacological Mechanism of Tibetan Medicine, Materia Medica of Tibetan Medical Research Center of Tibet, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Hypoxia Environment and Life Health, Joint Laboratory for Research on Active Components and Pharmacological Mechanism of Tibetan Medicine, Materia Medica of Tibetan Medical Research Center of Tibet, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, P.R. China
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Luo Z, Ding E, Yu L, Wang W, Guo Q, Li X, Wang Y, Li T, Zhang Y, Zhang X. Identification of hub necroptosis-related lncRNAs for prognosis prediction of esophageal carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:204763. [PMID: 37263709 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a newly identified programmed cell death associated with the biological process of various cancers, including esophageal carcinoma (ESCA). Meanwhile, the dysregulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is greatly implicated in ESCA progression and necroptosis regulation. However, the lncRNAs involved in regulating necroptosis in ESCA are still unclear. In this study, we aim to explore the expression profile of necroptosis-related lncRNAs (NRLs), and evaluate their roles in ESCA prognosis and treatment. In the present study, 198 differentially expressed NRLs were identified between the ESCA and adjacent normal tissues through screening the data extracted from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. And, a prognostic panel consisting of 6 NRLs was constructed using the LASSO algorithm and multivariate Cox regression analysis. The ESCA patients with high risks had a markedly reduced survival time and higher mortality prevalence. Moreover, C-index of 6 NRLs-panel was superior to 48 published prognostic models based on lncRNAs or mRNAs for ESCA. There were significant differences between the high-risk and low-risk groups in tumor-related pathways, genetic mutations, and drug sensitivity responses. In vitro analysis revealed that inhibition of PVT1 impeded the proliferation, migration, and colony formation of ESCA cells, increased the expressions of p-RIP1 and p-MLKL and promoted necroptosis. By contrast, PVT1 overexpression resulted in a decrease in necroptotic cell death events, thus promoting tumor progression. Collectively, the established 6-NRLs panel was a promising biomarker for the prognostic prediction of ESCA. Moreover, our current findings provided potential targets for individualized therapy for ESCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengdong Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - E Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Longchen Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wenwu Wang
- Hangzhou Lin’an District Fourth People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qining Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xinyang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Guo X, Gao C, Yang DH, Li S. Exosomal circular RNAs: A chief culprit in cancer chemotherapy resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2023; 67:100937. [PMID: 36753923 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2023.100937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is one of the primary treatments for malignant tumors. However, the acquired drug resistance hinders clinical efficacy and leads to treatment failure in most patients. Exosomes are cell-derived vesicles with a diameter of 30-150 nm carrying and delivering substances such as DNAs, RNAs, lipids, and proteins for cellular communication in tumor development. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) present covalently closed-loop RNA structures, which regulate tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis by controlling different genes and signaling pathways. CircRNAs are abundant and stably expressed in exosomes. Recent studies have shown that they play critical roles in chemotherapy resistance in various cancers. In this review, we summarized the origin of exosomes and discussed the regulation mechanism of exosomal circRNAs in cancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology,Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110042, China
| | - Congying Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Dong-Hua Yang
- New York College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mineola, NY, USA.
| | - Shenglong Li
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology,Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang Liaoning Province 110042, China.
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9
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Zhu JL, Xue WB, Jiang ZB, Feng W, Liu YC, Nie XY, Jin LY. Long noncoding RNA CDKN2B-AS1 silencing protects against esophageal cancer cell invasion and migration by inactivating the TFAP2A/FSCN1 axis. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2022; 38:1144-1154. [PMID: 36161699 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the most aggressive malignancy in the gastrointestinal tract. Long noncoding RNA cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2 B antisense RNA 1 (CDKN2B-AS1) is implicated in EC development. However, the specific mechanisms involved remain poorly defined. Therefore, this research aimed to explore the mechanism of action of CDKN2B-AS1 in EC. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was conducted to measure CDKN2B-AS1 expression in EC cells and western blotting was utilized to evaluate transcription factor AP-2 alpha (TFAP2A) and fascin actin-bundling protein 1 (FSCN1) expression. After gain-of-function and loss-of-function assays, cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and apoptosis-related protein expression were assessed using cell counting kit-8, scratch tests, Transwell assays, flow cytometry, and western blotting, respectively. The binding relationship between CDKN2B-AS1 and TFAP2A was assessed by RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA pull-down assays. The binding relationship between TFAP2A and FSCN1 was evaluated using dual-luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Tumor xenografts from nude mice were used for in vivo verification. CDKN2B-AS1, TFAP2A, and FSCN1 were upregulated in EC cells. Mechanistically, CDKN2B-AS1 transcriptionally activated FSCN1 by recruiting TFAP2A to the FSCN1 promoter. Silencing CDKN2B-AS1 or TFAP2A suppressed EC cell proliferative, migrating, and invasive properties and augmented apoptosis. TFAP2A was bound to CDKN2B-AS1 and the FSCN1 promoter. Overexpression of TFAP2A or FSCN1 abolished the effects of CDKN2B-AS1-silencing on EC cell function. CDKN2B-AS1 silencing curtailed tumorigenesis in nude mice, which was nullified by the upregulation of TFAP2A or FSCN1. Our findings demonstrated the antioncogenic effects of silencing CDKN2B-AS1 in EC through inactivation of the TFAP2A/FSCN1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Liang Zhu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bo Xue
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Bin Jiang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Cai Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong-Ying Nie
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Long-Yu Jin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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10
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Wu D, Tao T, Eshraghian EA, Lin P, Li Z, Zhu X. Extracellular RNA as a kind of communication molecule and emerging cancer biomarker. Front Oncol 2022; 12:960072. [PMID: 36465402 PMCID: PMC9714358 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.960072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular RNA (exRNA) is a special form of RNA in the body. RNA carries information about genes and metabolic regulation in the body, which can reflect the real-time status of cells. This characteristic renders it a biomarker for disease diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. ExRNA is transported through extracellular vesicles as a signal medium to mediate communication between cells. Tumor cells can release more vesicles than normal cells, thereby promoting tumor development. Depending on its easy detection, the advantages of non-invasive molecular diagnostic technology can be realized. In this systematic review, we present the types, vectors, and biological value of exRNA. We briefly describe new methods of tumor diagnosis and treatment, as well as the difficulties faced in the progress of such research. This review highlights the groundbreaking potential of exRNA as a clinical biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Wu
- Institute of Marine Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Emily A. Eshraghian
- Department of Medicine, University of California (UC) San Diego Health, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Peixu Lin
- Institute of Marine Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zesong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Institute of Marine Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
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11
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Xiao Y, Tang J, Yang D, Zhang B, Wu J, Wu Z, Liao Q, Wang H, Wang W, Su M. Long noncoding RNA LIPH-4 promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression by regulating the miR-216b/IGF2BP2 axis. Biomark Res 2022; 10:60. [PMID: 35971159 PMCID: PMC9380392 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) represents a major malignancy with poor clinical outcomes. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to regulate the development and progression of multiple cancers. However, how lncRNAs are involved in ESCC is currently undefined. Methods LIPH-4 levels in ESCC tissue specimens and cells were assessed by qRT-PCR. The biological function of LIPH-4 was examined in cell and animal studies, applying CCK-8, EdU, colony formation and flow cytometry assays as well as xenograft model experiments. The underlying mechanisms of action of LIPH-4 were explored through bioinformatics, luciferase reporter assay, RNA-immunoprecipitation assay and immunoblot. Results We identified a novel lncRNA, LIPH-4, which showed elevated amounts in ESCC tissues and positive correlations with increased tumor size and poor prognosis in ESCC patients. Functional studies showed that LIPH-4 promoted the growth, mediated cell cycle progression and inhibited apoptosis in ESCC cells in vitro, and promoted tumor growth in mice. In terms of mechanism, LIPH-4 could bind to miR-216b and act as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to induce the expression of miR-216’s target gene IGF2BP2. LIPH-4 played an oncogenic role in ESCC through the miR-216b/IGF2BP2 axis. Conclusions This study suggested that LIPH-4 functions as a novel oncogenic lncRNA by acting as a ceRNA for miR-216b to regulate IGF2BP2, indicating LIPH-4 likely constitutes a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in ESCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40364-022-00408-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Xiao
- Hunan Clinical Medical Research Center of Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment for Esophageal Carcinoma, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinming Tang
- Hunan Clinical Medical Research Center of Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment for Esophageal Carcinoma, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Thoracic Surgery Department 2, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Desong Yang
- Hunan Clinical Medical Research Center of Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment for Esophageal Carcinoma, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Thoracic Surgery Department 2, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Baihua Zhang
- Hunan Clinical Medical Research Center of Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment for Esophageal Carcinoma, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Thoracic Surgery Department 2, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Hunan Clinical Medical Research Center of Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment for Esophageal Carcinoma, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Thoracic Surgery Department 2, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhining Wu
- Hunan Clinical Medical Research Center of Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment for Esophageal Carcinoma, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Thoracic Surgery Department 2, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenxiang Wang
- Hunan Clinical Medical Research Center of Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment for Esophageal Carcinoma, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Thoracic Surgery Department 2, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Su
- Hunan Clinical Medical Research Center of Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment for Esophageal Carcinoma, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,Thoracic Surgery Department 2, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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12
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Wang W, Dai Y, Yang X, Xiong X. Long non-coding RNA TRPM2 antisense RNA as a potential therapeutic target promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis in esophageal cancer. Bioengineered 2022; 13:4397-4410. [PMID: 35156509 PMCID: PMC9208624 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2033412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is one type of aggressive gastrointestinal cancers. The treatment of EC is challenging. Effective therapeutic targets require development. Long non-coding RNA TRPM2 antisense RNA (LncRNA TRPM2-AS) is considering a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for various types of cancer. However, the role of lncRNA TRPM2-AS in EC remains unknown. This study aimed to illustrate effects of LncRNA TRPM2-AS on EC growth and metastasis and potential underlying molecular mechanisms. LncRNA TRPM2-AS expression was determined in both EC tissues and cell lines by quantitative real-time polymerase-chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell proliferation ability was evaluated by cell counting kit-8 and colony formation assays. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell migration and invasion were determined using transwell. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers expression were determined using qRT-PCR and Western blotting. Furthermore, potential lncRNA TRPM2-AS targeting miRNAs were predicted by public databases. The expression of five selected miRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR. We found that lncRNA TRPM2-AS expression was increased in EC tissues and cell lines compared with respective control. Silencing lncRNA TRPM2-AS suppressed EC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion while promoted cell apoptosis. Moreover, lncRNA TRPM2-AS knockdown reduced neural cadherin, vimentin, and matrix metallopeptidase 9 gene and protein expressions while increased epithelial cadherin expression. Furthermore, lncRNA TRPM2-AS knockdown promoted microRNA (miR)-1291, miR-6852-5p, and miR-138-5p expressions. Taken together, this study for the first time demonstrates that upregulation of lncRNA TRPM2-AS in EC promotes the growth and metastasis of EC likely through interacting with miR-1291, miR-6852-5p, and miR-138-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou China
| | - Yukai Dai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou China
| | - Xinming Xiong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou China
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13
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Xu J, Chen Z, Fang Z, Chen S, Guo Y, Liu X, Chen K, Chen S. Long non-coding RNA OIP5-AS1 promotes the progression of esophageal cancer by regulating miR-30a/VOPP1 expression. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:651. [PMID: 34386073 PMCID: PMC8299025 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) serve an important role in the development of esophageal cancer (EC), which is the eighth most common type of cancer worldwide. lncRNA opa-interacting protein 5 antisense transcript 1 (OIP5-AS1) is associated with human malignancy. However, the biological roles of OIP5-AS1 in the development of EC remain unclear. In the present study, transfection was conducted, and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analysis were used for the detection of mRNA and protein expression, respectively. Furthermore, dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays were used to study the interaction between miRNA and lncRNA or genes. The results revealed that OIP5-AS1 expression in EC tissues and cultured EC cells was upregulated, microRNA-30a (miR-30a) expression was downregulated. OIP5-AS1-knockdown suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of EC9706 and EC109 cells. miR-30a was confirmed to interact with OIP5-AS1, and miR-30a-mimics transfection ameliorated the effects of OIP5-AS1 in EC cells. Vesicular overexpressed in cancer prosurvival protein 1 (VOPP1) was verified as the direct target of miR-30a. VOPP1 expression was positively correlated with OIP5-AS1 expression in EC cells. Overexpression of VOPP1 ameliorated the negative effects of OIP5-AS1-knockdown on EC9706 and EC109 cells. In conclusion, OIP5-AS1 promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of EC cells by increasing VOPP1 expression by sponging miR-30a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Jiujiang Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiujiang, Jianxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Zhixi Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jianxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Fang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Jiujiang Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiujiang, Jianxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Shixiong Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Jiujiang Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiujiang, Jianxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Jiujiang Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiujiang, Jianxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Xianfeng Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Jiujiang Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiujiang, Jianxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Jiujiang Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiujiang, Jianxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Shengjia Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Jiujiang Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiujiang, Jianxi 332000, P.R. China
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14
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Xue W, Zheng Y, Shen Z, Li L, Fan Z, Wang W, Zhu Z, Zhai Y, Zhao J, Kan Q. Involvement of long non-coding RNAs in the progression of esophageal cancer. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2021; 41:371-388. [PMID: 33605567 PMCID: PMC8118593 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of the digestive system with high incidence and mortality rate worldwide. Therefore, exploring the pathogenesis of EC and searching for new targeted therapies are the current research hotspot for EC treatment. Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are endogenous RNAs with more than 200 nucleotides, but without protein‐coding function. In recent years, lncRNAs have gradually become the focuses in the field of non‐coding RNA. Some lncRNAs have been proved to be closely related to the pathogenesis of EC. Many lncRNAs are abnormally expressed in EC and participate in many biological processes including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis by inhibiting or promoting target gene expression. LncRNAs can also regulate the progression of EC through epithelial‐mesenchymal transformation (EMT), which is closely related to the occurrence, development, and prognosis of EC. In this article, we review and discuss the involvement of lncRNAs in the progression of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, P. R. China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, P. R. China.,Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Zhibo Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, P. R. China.,Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, P. R. China.,Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Li
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, P. R. China.,Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Zhirui Fan
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Zijia Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Yunkai Zhai
- Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, P. R. China.,Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Quancheng Kan
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, P. R. China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, P. R. China
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