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Desanker M, He X, Lu J, Liu P, Pickens DB, Delferro M, Marks TJ, Chung YW, Wang QJ. Alkyl-Cyclens as Effective Sulfur- and Phosphorus-Free Friction Modifiers for Boundary Lubrication. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:9118-9125. [PMID: 28219241 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Modern automotive engines operate at higher power densities than ever before, driving a need for new lubricant additives capable of reducing friction and wear further than ever before while not poisoning the catalytic converter. Reported in this paper is a new class of molecular friction modifier (FM), represented by 1,4,7,10-tetradodecyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (1a), designed to employ thermally stable, sulfur- and phosphorus-free alkyl-substituted nitrogen heterocycles with multiple nitrogen centers per molecule. The multiple nitrogen centers enable cooperative binding to a surface which provides strong surface adsorption and lubricant film durability in the boundary lubrication (BL) regime. A 1 wt % loading of the cyclen FM 1a in Group III base oil exhibits strong surface adsorption, leading to excellent reductions in friction (70%) and wear (95%) versus the pure Group III oil across a wide temperature range. The lubricant with the new FM additive also outperforms two commercially available noncyclic amine-based FMs and a fully formulated commercial 5W30 motor oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Desanker
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xingliang He
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Pinzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - David B Pickens
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Massimiliano Delferro
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yip-Wah Chung
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Q Jane Wang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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