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Yang X, Yang Y, Guo J, Meng Y, Li M, Yang P, Liu X, Aung LHH, Yu T, Li Y. Targeting the epigenome in in-stent restenosis: from mechanisms to therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 23:1136-1160. [PMID: 33664994 PMCID: PMC7896131 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. The introduction of percutaneous revascularization has revolutionized the therapy of patients with CAD. Despite the advent of drug-eluting stents, restenosis remains the main challenge in treating patients with CAD. In-stent restenosis (ISR) indicates the reduction in lumen diameter after percutaneous coronary intervention, in which the vessel's lumen re-narrowing is attributed to the aberrant proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and dysregulation of endothelial cells (ECs). Increasing evidence has demonstrated that epigenetics is involved in the occurrence and progression of ISR. In this review, we provide the latest and comprehensive analysis of three separate but related epigenetic mechanisms regulating ISR, namely, DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNAs. Initially, we discuss the mechanism of restenosis. Furthermore, we discuss the biological mechanism underlying the diverse epigenetic modifications modulating gene expression and functions of VSMCs, as well as ECs in ISR. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic targets of the small molecule inhibitors of cardiovascular epigenetic factors. A more detailed understanding of epigenetic regulation is essential for elucidating this complex biological process, which will assist in developing and improving ISR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Road No. 59 Haier, Qingdao 266100, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junjie Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Road No. 59 Haier, Qingdao 266100, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Meng
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Panyu Yang
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Road No. 59 Haier, Qingdao 266100, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lynn Htet Htet Aung
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266000, People’s Republic of China
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Road No. 59 Haier, Qingdao 266100, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
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Salehi B, Gültekin-Özgüven M, Kirkin C, Özçelik B, Morais-Braga MFB, Carneiro JNP, Bezerra CF, da Silva TG, Coutinho HDM, Amina B, Armstrong L, Selamoglu Z, Sevindik M, Yousaf Z, Sharifi-Rad J, Muddathir AM, Devkota HP, Martorell M, Jugran AK, Cho WC, Martins N. Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anticancer Effects of Anacardium Plants: An Ethnopharmacological Perspective. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:295. [PMID: 32595597 PMCID: PMC7303264 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anacardium plants have received increasing recognition due to its nutritional and biological properties. A number of secondary metabolites are present in its leaves, fruits, and other parts of the plant. Among the diverse Anacardium plants' bioactive effects, their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities comprise those that have gained more attention. Thus, the present article aims to review the Anacardium plants' biological effects. A special emphasis is also given to their pharmacological and clinical efficacy, which may trigger further studies on their therapeutic properties with clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Mine Gültekin-Özgüven
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Celale Kirkin
- Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, School of Applied Sciences, Özyegin University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beraat Özçelik
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Bioactive Research & Innovation Food Manufac. Indust. Trade Ltd., Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Joara Nalyda Pereira Carneiro
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology of Cariri, Department of Biological Sciences, Cariri Regional University, Crato, Brazil
| | - Camila Fonseca Bezerra
- Laboratory of Planning and Synthesis of Drugs, Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Teresinha Gonçalves da Silva
- Laboratory of Planning and Synthesis of Drugs, Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Brazil
| | - Benabdallah Amina
- Department of Agronomy, SAPVESA Laboratory, Nature and Life Sciences Faculty, University Chadli Bendjedid, El-Tarf, Algeria
| | - Lorene Armstrong
- State University of Ponta Grossa, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Zeliha Selamoglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nigde Ömer Halisdemir University, Campus, Nigde, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Sevindik
- Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Bahçe Vocational School, Department of Food Processing, Osmaniye, Turkey
| | - Zubaida Yousaf
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mahmoud Muddathir
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Sudan
| | - Hari Prasad Devkota
- School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Program for Leading Graduate Schools, Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented (HIGO) Program, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad de Concepción UDT, Concepción, Chile
| | - Arun Kumar Jugran
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Garhwal Regional Centre, Uttarakhand, India
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Mondal J, Sarkar R, Sen P, Goswami RK. Total Synthesis and Stereochemical Assignment of Sunshinamide and Its Anticancer Activity. Org Lett 2020; 22:1188-1192. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rademaker MT, Richards AM. Urocortins: Actions in health and heart failure. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 474:76-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Behera AK, Swamy MM, Natesh N, Kundu TK. Garcinol and Its Role in Chronic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 928:435-452. [PMID: 27671827 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41334-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The various bioactive compounds isolated from leaves and fruits of Garcinia sps plants, have been characterized and experimentally demonstrated to be anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer in nature. Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone, obtained from plant Garcinia indica has been found to be an effective inhibitor of several key regulatory pathways (e.g., NF-kB, STAT3 etc.) in cancer cells, thereby being able to control malignant growth of solid tumours in vivo. Despite its high potential as an anti-neoplastic modulator of several cancer types such as head and neck cancer, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer etc., it is still in preclinical stage due to lack of systematic and conclusive evaluation of pharmacological parameters. While it is promising anti-cancer effects are being positively ascertained for therapeutic development, studies on its effectiveness in ameliorating other chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, allergy, neurodegenerative diseases etc., though seem favourable, are very recent and require in depth scientific investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Behera
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P.O., Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Mahadeva M Swamy
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P.O., Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Nagashayana Natesh
- Central Government Health Scheme Dispensary, No. 3, Basavanagudi, Bangalore, India
| | - Tapas K Kundu
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P.O., Bangalore, 560064, India.
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Alcohol-induced histone H3K9 hyperacetylation and cardiac hypertrophy are reversed by a histone acetylases inhibitor anacardic acid in developing murine hearts. Biochimie 2015; 113:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Le JM, Squarize CH, Castilho RM. Histone modifications: Targeting head and neck cancer stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:511-525. [PMID: 25426249 PMCID: PMC4178252 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i5.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide, and is responsible for a quarter of a million deaths annually. The survival rate for HNSCC patients is poor, showing only minor improvement in the last three decades. Despite new surgical techniques and chemotherapy protocols, tumor resistance to chemotherapy remains a significant challenge for HNSCC patients. Numerous mechanisms underlie chemoresistance, including genetic and epigenetic alterations in cancer cells that may be acquired during treatment and activation of mitogenic signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer-of activated B cell, that cause reduced apoptosis. In addition to dysfunctional molecular signaling, emerging evidence reveals involvement of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in tumor development and in tumor resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. These observations have sparked interest in understanding the mechanisms involved in the control of CSC function and fate. Post-translational modifications of histones dynamically influence gene expression independent of alterations to the DNA sequence. Recent findings from our group have shown that pharmacological induction of post-translational modifications of tumor histones dynamically modulates CSC plasticity. These findings suggest that a better understanding of the biology of CSCs in response to epigenetic switches and pharmacological inhibitors of histone function may directly translate to the development of a mechanism-based strategy to disrupt CSCs. In this review, we present and discuss current knowledge on epigenetic modifications of HNSCC and CSC response to DNA methylation and histone modifications. In addition, we discuss chromatin modifications and their role in tumor resistance to therapy.
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Hemshekhar M, Sebastin Santhosh M, Kemparaju K, Girish KS. Emerging roles of anacardic acid and its derivatives: a pharmacological overview. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 110:122-32. [PMID: 22103711 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anacardic acid (AA) is a bioactive phytochemical found in nutshell of Anacardium occidentale. Chemically, it is a mixture of several closely related organic compounds, each consisting of salicylic acid substituted with an alkyl chain. The traditional Ayurveda depicts nutshell oil as a medicinal remedy for alexeritic, amebicidal, gingivitis, malaria and syphilitic ulcers. However, the enduring research and emerging evidence suggests that AA could be a potent target molecule with bactericide, fungicide, insecticide, anti-termite and molluscicide properties and as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of the most serious pathophysiological disorders like cancer, oxidative damage, inflammation and obesity. Furthermore, AA was found to be a common inhibitor of several clinically targeted enzymes such as NFκB kinase, histone acetyltransferase (HATs), lipoxygenase (LOX-1), xanthine oxidase, tyrosinase and ureases. In view of this, we have made an effort to summarize the ongoing research on the therapeutical role of AA and its derivatives. The current MiniReview sheds light on the pharmacological applications, toxicity and allergic responses associated with AA and its derivatives. Although the available records are promising, much more detailed investigations into the therapeutical properties, particularly the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities, are urgently needed. We hope the present MiniReview will attract and encourage further research on elucidating and appreciating the possible curative properties of AA and its derivatives in the management of multifactorial diseases.
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Benelkebir H, Donlevy AM, Packham G, Ganesan A. Total synthesis and stereochemical assignment of burkholdac B, a depsipeptide HDAC inhibitor. Org Lett 2011; 13:6334-7. [PMID: 22091906 DOI: 10.1021/ol202197q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Three diastereomers of burkholdac B were prepared by total synthesis, enabling the full stereochemical assignment of the natural product. It is proposed that burkholdac B is identical to thailandepsin A independently isolated by Cheng from the same strain of Burkholderia thailandensis . Burkholdac B is the most potent among depsipeptide histone deacetylase inhibitors in growth inhibition of the MCF7 breast cancer cell line with an IC(50) of 60 pM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanae Benelkebir
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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Total synthesis of largazole and analogues: HDAC inhibition, antiproliferative activity and metabolic stability. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:3650-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Perez DM, Doze VA. Cardiac and neuroprotection regulated by α(1)-adrenergic receptor subtypes. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2011; 31:98-110. [PMID: 21338248 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2010.550008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sympathetic nervous system regulation by the α(1)-adrenergic receptor (AR) subtypes (α(1A), α(1B), α(1D)) is complex, whereby chronic activity can be either detrimental or protective for both heart and brain function. This review will summarize the evidence that this dual regulation can be mediated through the different α(1)-AR subtypes in the context of cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, apoptosis, ischemic preconditioning, neurogenesis, locomotion, neurodegeneration, cognition, neuroplasticity, depression, anxiety, epilepsy, and mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne M Perez
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, NB50, The Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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Arif M, Vedamurthy BM, Choudhari R, Ostwal YB, Mantelingu K, Kodaganur GS, Kundu TK. Nitric oxide-mediated histone hyperacetylation in oral cancer: target for a water-soluble HAT inhibitor, CTK7A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 17:903-13. [PMID: 20797619 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Altered histone acetylation is associated with several diseases, including cancer. We report here that, unlike in most cancers, histones are found to be highly hyperacetylated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC; oral cancer) patient samples. Mechanistically, overexpression, as well as enhanced autoacetylation, of p300 induced by nucleophosmin (NPM1) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) causes the hyperacetylation, which is nitric oxide (NO) signal dependent. Inhibition of the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity of p300 by a water-soluble, small molecule inhibitor, Hydrazinocurcumin (CTK7A), substantially reduced the xenografted oral tumor growth in mice. These results, therefore, not only establish an epigenetic target for oral cancer, but also implicate a HAT inhibitor (HATi) as a potential therapeutic molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Arif
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, JNCASR, Jakkur PO, Bangalore-560 064, Karnataka, India
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Barry SP, Townsend PA. What causes a broken heart--molecular insights into heart failure. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 284:113-79. [PMID: 20875630 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(10)84003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular processes which regulate cardiac function has grown immeasurably in recent years. Even with the advent of β-blockers, angiotensin inhibitors and calcium modulating agents, heart failure (HF) still remains a seriously debilitating and life-threatening condition. Here, we review the molecular changes which occur in the heart in response to increased load and the pathways which control cardiac hypertrophy, calcium homeostasis, and immune activation during HF. These can occur as a result of genetic mutation in the case of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) or as a result of ischemic or hypertensive heart disease. In the majority of cases, calcineurin and CaMK respond to dysregulated calcium signaling and adrenergic drive is increased, each of which has a role to play in controlling blood pressure, heart rate, and left ventricular function. Many major pathways for pathological remodeling converge on a set of transcriptional regulators such as myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), nuclear factors of activated T cells (NFAT), and GATA4 and these are opposed by the action of the natriuretic peptides ANP and BNP. Epigenetic modification has emerged in recent years as a major influence cardiac physiology and histone acetyl transferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) are now known to both induce and antagonize hypertrophic growth. The newly emerging roles of microRNAs in regulating left ventricular dysfunction and fibrosis also has great potential for novel therapeutic intervention. Finally, we discuss the role of the immune system in mediating left ventricular dysfunction and fibrosis and ways this can be targeted in the setting of viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seán P Barry
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
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Wen S, Packham G, Ganesan A. Macrolactamization versus macrolactonization: total synthesis of FK228, the depsipeptide histone deacetylase inhibitor. J Org Chem 2010; 73:9353-61. [PMID: 18991384 DOI: 10.1021/jo801866z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic depsipeptide FK228 is the only natural product histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor that has advanced to clinical trials as an anticancer agent. While currently obtained by fermentation, total synthesis is an attractive alternative that will facilitate the preparation of unnatural analogues. The previous total syntheses of FK228 featured macrocylization by ester bond formation from a seco-hydroxy acid. Such routes are operationally jeopardized by the steric hindrance of the carboxylic acid and the sensitivity of the allylic alcohol toward elimination. We report a strategically different approach whereby the ester bond is formed intermolecularly at an early stage and macrocyclization is efficiently achieved by amide bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Wen
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Small molecule modulators of histone acetylation and methylation: a disease perspective. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2010; 1799:810-28. [PMID: 20888936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 09/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin modifications have gained immense significance in the past few decades as key regulators of gene expression. The enzymes responsible for these modifications along with the other non-histone proteins, remodeling factors and small RNAs modulate the chromatin dynamicity, which in turn directs the chromatin function. A concerted action of different modifying enzymes catalyzes these modifications, which are read by effector modules and converted to functional outcomes by various protein complexes. Several small molecules in the physiological system such as acetyl CoA, NAD(+), and ATP are actively involved in regulating these functional outcomes. Recent understanding in the field of epigenetics indicate the possibility of the existence of a network, 'the epigenetic language' involving cross talk among different modifications that could regulate cellular processes like transcription, replication and repair. Hence, these modifications are essential for the cellular homeostasis, and any alteration in this balance leads to a pathophysiological condition or disease manifestation. Therefore, it is becoming more evident that modulators of these modifying enzymes could be an attractive therapeutic strategy, popularly referred to as 'Epigenetic therapy.' Although this field is currently monopolized by DNA methylation and histone deacetylase inhibitors, this review highlights the modulators of the other modifications namely histone acetylation, lysine methylation and arginine methylation and argues in favor of their therapeutic potential.
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Rohini A, Agrawal N, Koyani CN, Singh R. Molecular targets and regulators of cardiac hypertrophy. Pharmacol Res 2010; 61:269-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 11/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Song S, Kang SW, Choi C. Trichostatin A enhances proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells by downregulating thioredoxin 1. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 85:241-9. [PMID: 19633316 PMCID: PMC2791053 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims A reduction in the level of thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) has been proposed as a possible mechanism for the tumor-specific growth arrest caused by inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs). In this study, we investigated the effect of trichostatin A (TSA), a potent HDAC inhibitor, on the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and we examined the role of reduced Trx1 levels in this effect. Methods and results TSA treatment time-dependently decreased Trx1 expression in rat VSMCs at both the mRNA and protein levels. It also enhanced platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced proliferation and migration of the VSMCs. By potentiating Akt phosphorylation, the siRNA-induced downregulation of Trx1 also enhanced VSMC proliferation and migration in response to PDGF or serum treatment. Consistent with these results, TSA administration increased neointimal thickening in a murine model of post-angioplastic restenosis. Conclusion These data demonstrate that TSA enhances vascular proliferative activity by downregulating Trx1, thus activating an Akt-dependent pathway. Our results indicate that, in addition to its apoptotic effects in tumour cells, the downregulation of Trx1 has a proliferative role in primary VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjeong Song
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, 335 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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Narita K, Kikuchi T, Watanabe K, Takizawa T, Oguchi T, Kudo K, Matsuhara K, Abe H, Yamori T, Yoshida M, Katoh T. Total synthesis of the bicyclic depsipeptide HDAC inhibitors spiruchostatins A and B, 5''-epi-spiruchostatin B, FK228 (FR901228) and preliminary evaluation of their biological activity. Chemistry 2010; 15:11174-86. [PMID: 19760730 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The bicyclic depsipeptide histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors spiruchostatins A and B, 5''-epi-spiruchostatin B and FK228 were efficiently synthesized in a convergent and unified manner. The synthetic method involved the following crucial steps: i) a Julia-Kocienski olefination of a 1,3-propanediol-derived sulfone and a L- or D-malic acid-derived aldehyde to access the most synthetically challenging unit, (3S or 3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-7-mercaptohept-4-enoic acid, present in a D-alanine- or D-valine-containing segment; ii) a condensation of a D-valine-D-cysteine- or D-allo-isoleucine-D-cysteine-containing segment with a D-alanine- or D-valine-containing segment to directly assemble the corresponding seco-acids; and iii) a macrocyclization of a seco-acid using the Shiina method or the Mitsunobu method to construct the requisite 15- or 16-membered macrolactone. The present synthesis has established the C5'' stereochemistry of spiruchostatin B. In addition, HDAC inhibitory assay and the cell-growth inhibition analysis of the synthesized depsipeptides determined the order of their potency and revealed some novel aspects of structure-activity relationships. It was also found that unnatural 5''-epi-spiruchostatin B shows extremely high selectivity (ca. 1600-fold) for class I HDAC1 (IC(50)=2.4 nM) over class II HDAC6 (IC(50)=3900 nM) with potent cell-growth-inhibitory activity at nanomolar levels of IC(50) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Narita
- Laboratory of Synthetic Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemical Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan
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Ravindra KC, Selvi BR, Arif M, Reddy BAA, Thanuja GR, Agrawal S, Pradhan SK, Nagashayana N, Dasgupta D, Kundu TK. Inhibition of lysine acetyltransferase KAT3B/p300 activity by a naturally occurring hydroxynaphthoquinone, plumbagin. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:24453-64. [PMID: 19570987 PMCID: PMC2782038 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.023861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysine acetyltransferases (KATs), p300 (KAT3B), and its close homologue CREB-binding protein (KAT3A) are probably the most widely studied KATs with well documented roles in various cellular processes. Hence, the dysfunction of p300 may result in the dysregulation of gene expression leading to the manifestation of many disorders. The acetyltransferase activity of p300/CREB-binding protein is therefore considered as a target for new generation therapeutics. We describe here a natural compound, plumbagin (RTK1), isolated from Plumbago rosea root extract, that inhibits histone acetyltransferase activity potently in vivo. Interestingly, RTK1 specifically inhibits the p300-mediated acetylation of p53 but not the acetylation by another acetyltransferase, p300/CREB-binding protein -associated factor, PCAF, in vivo. RTK1 inhibits p300 histone acetyltransferase activity in a noncompetitive manner. Docking studies and site-directed mutagenesis of the p300 histone acetyltransferase domain suggest that a single hydroxyl group of RTK1 makes a hydrogen bond with the lysine 1358 residue of this domain. In agreement with this, we found that indeed the hydroxyl group-substituted plumbagin derivatives lost the acetyltransferase inhibitory activity. This study describes for the first time the chemical entity (hydroxyl group) required for the inhibition of acetyltransferase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodihalli C. Ravindra
- From the Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064
| | - B. Ruthrotha Selvi
- From the Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064
| | - Mohammed Arif
- From the Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064
| | - B. A. Ashok Reddy
- From the Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064
| | - Gali R. Thanuja
- From the Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064
| | - Shipra Agrawal
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, International Technology Park Bangalore, Whitefield Road, Bangalore 560066
| | - Suman Kalyan Pradhan
- Biophysics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, I/AF, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Natesh Nagashayana
- Central Government Health Scheme Dispensary Number 3, Basavanagudi, Bangalore 560004, and
| | - Dipak Dasgupta
- Biophysics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, I/AF, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Tapas K. Kundu
- From the Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064
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20
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Iijima Y, Munakata A, Shin-ya K, Ganesan A, Doi T, Takahashi T. A solid-phase total synthesis of the cyclic depsipeptide HDAC inhibitor spiruchostatin A. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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21
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Kim MK, Shin JM, Eun HC, Chung JH. The role of p300 histone acetyltransferase in UV-induced histone modifications and MMP-1 gene transcription. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4864. [PMID: 19287485 PMCID: PMC2653645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 promotes ultraviolet (UV)-triggered long-term detrimental effects such as cancer formation and premature skin aging. Although histone modifications may play a crucial role in the transcriptional regulation of MMP-1, the relationship between UV-induced histone modification and MMP-1 expression is not completely understood. Here, we identify regulators of histone acetylation that may link UV-mediated DNA damage and MMP-1 induction by UV in cultured human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) in vitro. UV irradiation of HDFs induced MMP-1 expression and increased the level of phosphorylation of H2AX (γ-H2AX), p53 and the acetylation of histone H3 (acetyl-H3). Total histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymatic activity was decreased by UV irradiation, while histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity was increased. Suppression of p300 histone acetyltransferase (p300HAT) activity by the p300HAT inhibitor anacardic acid (AA) or by down-regulation of p300 by siRNA prevented UV-induced MMP-1 expression and inhibited UV-enhanced γ-H2AX, p53 level, and acetyl-H3. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we observed that γ-H2AX, p53, acetyl-H3, p300 and c-Jun were consistently recruited by UV to a distinct region (−2067/−1768) adjacent to the p300 binding site (−1858/−1845) in the MMP-1 promoter. In addition, these recruitments of γ-H2AX, p53, acetyl-H3, p300 and c-Jun to the p300-2 site were significantly abrogated by post-treatment with AA. Furthermore, overexpression of p300 increased the basal and UV-induced MMP-1 promoter activity. Our results suggest that p300HAT plays a critical role in the transcriptional regulation of MMP-1 by UV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Dermatological Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Min Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Dermatological Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Chul Eun
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Dermatological Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Dermatological Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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22
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Davidson SM, Rybka AE, Townsend PA. The powerful cardioprotective effects of urocortin and the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) family. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:141-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2008] [Revised: 08/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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23
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Zhang C, Zhang MX, Shen YH, Burks JK, Li XN, LeMaire SA, Yoshimura K, Aoki H, Matsuzaki M, An FS, Engler DA, Matsunami RK, Coselli JS, Zhang Y, Wang XL. Role of NonO-histone interaction in TNFalpha-suppressed prolyl-4-hydroxylase alpha1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2008; 1783:1517-28. [PMID: 18439917 PMCID: PMC2587084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a key process in cardiovascular diseases. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the vasculature is a major target of inflammatory cytokines, and TNFalpha regulates ECM metabolism by affecting collagen production. In this study, we have examined the pathways mediating TNFalpha-induced suppression of prolyl-4 hydroxylase alpha1 (P4Halpha1), the rate-limiting isoform of P4H responsible for procollagen hydroxylation, maturation, and organization. Using human aortic smooth muscle cells, we found that TNFalpha activated the MKK4-JNK1 pathway, which induced histone (H) 4 lysine 12 acetylation within the TNFalpha response element in the P4Halpha1 promoter. The acetylated-H4 then recruited a transcription factor, NonO, which, in turn, recruited HDACs and induced H3 lysine 9 deacetylation, thereby inhibiting transcription of the P4Halpha1 promoter. Furthermore, we found that TNFalpha oxidized DJ-1, which may be essential for the NonO-P4Halpha1 interaction because treatment with gene specific siRNA to knockout DJ-1 eliminated the TNFalpha-induced NonO-P4Halpha1 interaction and its suppression. Our findings may be relevant to aortic aneurysm and dissection and the stability of the fibrous cap of atherosclerotic plaque in which collagen metabolism is important in arterial remodeling. Defining this cytokine-mediated regulatory pathway may provide novel molecular targets for therapeutic intervention in preventing plaque rupture and acute coronary occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, the Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ming-Xiang Zhang
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, the Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ying H. Shen
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, the Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jared K. Burks
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, the Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiao-Nan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Scott A. LeMaire
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, the Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Koichi Yoshimura
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroki Aoki
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Masunori Matsuzaki
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Feng-Shuang An
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - David A. Engler
- Molecular Biology and Proteomics, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Risë K. Matsunami
- Molecular Biology and Proteomics, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Joseph S. Coselli
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, the Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xing Li Wang
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, the Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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24
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The structural basis of protein acetylation by the p300/CBP transcriptional coactivator. Nature 2008; 451:846-50. [PMID: 18273021 DOI: 10.1038/nature06546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional coactivator p300/CBP (CREBBP) is a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that regulates gene expression by acetylating histones and other transcription factors. Dysregulation of p300/CBP HAT activity contributes to various diseases including cancer. Sequence alignments, enzymology experiments and inhibitor studies on p300/CBP have led to contradictory results about its catalytic mechanism and its structural relation to the Gcn5/PCAF and MYST HATs. Here we describe a high-resolution X-ray crystal structure of a semi-synthetic heterodimeric p300 HAT domain in complex with a bi-substrate inhibitor, Lys-CoA. This structure shows that p300/CBP is a distant cousin of other structurally characterized HATs, but reveals several novel features that explain the broad substrate specificity and preference for nearby basic residues. Based on this structure and accompanying biochemical data, we propose that p300/CBP uses an unusual 'hit-and-run' (Theorell-Chance) catalytic mechanism that is distinct from other characterized HATs. Several disease-associated mutations can also be readily accounted for by the p300 HAT structure. These studies pave the way for new epigenetic therapies involving modulation of p300/CBP HAT activity.
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25
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Anacardic acid (6-nonadecyl salicylic acid), an inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase, suppresses expression of nuclear factor-kappaB-regulated gene products involved in cell survival, proliferation, invasion, and inflammation through inhibition of the inhibitory subunit of nuclear factor-kappaBalpha kinase, leading to potentiation of apoptosis. Blood 2008; 111:4880-91. [PMID: 18349320 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-10-117994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anacardic acid (6-pentadecylsalicylic acid) is derived from traditional medicinal plants, such as cashew nuts, and has been linked to anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and radiosensitization activities through a mechanism that is not yet fully understood. Because of the role of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation in these cellular responses, we postulated that anacardic acid might interfere with this pathway. We found that this salicylic acid potentiated the apoptosis induced by cytokine and chemotherapeutic agents, which correlated with the down-regulation of various gene products that mediate proliferation (cyclin D1 and cyclooxygenase-2), survival (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, cFLIP, cIAP-1, and survivin), invasion (matrix metalloproteinase-9 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1), and angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor), all known to be regulated by the NF-kappaB. We found that anacardic acid inhibited both inducible and constitutive NF-kappaB activation; suppressed the activation of IkappaBalpha kinase that led to abrogation of phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha; inhibited acetylation and nuclear translocation of p65; and suppressed NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene expression. Down-regulation of the p300 histone acetyltransferase gene by RNA interference abrogated the effect of anacardic acid on NF-kappaB suppression, suggesting the critical role of this enzyme. Overall, our results demonstrate a novel role for anacardic acid in potentially preventing or treating cancer through modulation of NF-kappaB signaling pathway.
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26
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Urocortin2 inhibits tumor growth via effects on vascularization and cell proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:3939-44. [PMID: 18308934 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0712366105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor CRFR2 is expressed widely in peripheral tissues and in the vasculature, although its functional roles in those tissues have only recently begun to be elucidated. Previously we found that genetic deletion of CRFR2 resulted in profound postnatal hypervascularization in mice, characterized by both an increase in total vessel number and a dramatic increase in vessel diameter. These data strongly suggested that ligands for CRFR2 act to limit tissue vascularity, perhaps as a counterbalance to factors that promote neovascularization. Urocortin 2 (Ucn2) is a specific ligand for the CRFR2. We hypothesized that activation of CRFR2 by Ucn2 might thus suppress tumor vascularization and consequently limit tumor growth. Here, we show that viral-mediated expression of Ucn2 strikingly inhibits the growth and vascularization of Lewis Lung Carcinoma Cell (LLCC) tumors in vivo. Further, we found that this effect on tumor growth inhibition was independent of whether exposure to Ucn2 occurred before or after establishment of measurable tumors. In vitro, Ucn2 directly inhibited the proliferation of LLCC, suggesting that the tumor-suppressing effects of CRFR2 activation involve a dual mechanism of both a direct inhibition of tumor cell cycling and the suppression of tumor vascularization. These results establish that Ucn2 inhibits tumor growth, suggesting a potential therapeutic role for CRFR2 ligands in clinical malignancies.
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27
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Barry SP, Davidson SM, Townsend PA. Molecular regulation of cardiac hypertrophy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40:2023-39. [PMID: 18407781 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure is one of the leading causes of mortality in the western world and encompasses a wide spectrum of cardiac pathologies. When the heart experiences extended periods of elevated workload, it undergoes hypertrophic enlargement in response to the increased demand. Cardiovascular disease, such as that caused by myocardial infarction, obesity or drug abuse promotes cardiac myocyte hypertrophy and subsequent heart failure. A number of signalling modulators in the vasculature milieu are known to regulate heart mass including those that influence gene expression, apoptosis, cytokine release and growth factor signalling. Recent evidence using genetic and cellular models of cardiac hypertrophy suggests that pathological hypertrophy can be prevented or reversed and has promoted an enormous drive in drug discovery research aiming to identify novel and specific regulators of hypertrophy. In this review we describe the molecular characteristics of cardiac hypertrophy such as the aberrant re-expression of the fetal gene program. We discuss the various molecular pathways responsible for the co-ordinated control of the hypertrophic program including: natriuretic peptides, the adrenergic system, adhesion and cytoskeletal proteins, IL-6 cytokine family, MEK-ERK1/2 signalling, histone acetylation, calcium-mediated modulation and the exciting recent discovery of the role of microRNAs in controlling cardiac hypertrophy. Characterisation of the signalling pathways leading to cardiac hypertrophy has led to a wealth of knowledge about this condition both physiological and pathological. The challenge will be translating this knowledge into potential pharmacological therapies for the treatment of cardiac pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Barry
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N IEH, United Kingdom.
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28
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Takizawa T, Watanabe K, Narita K, Oguchi T, Abe H, Katoh T. Total synthesis of spiruchostatin B, a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor, from a microorganism. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:1677-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b718310k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Yurek-George A, Cecil ARL, Mo AHK, Wen S, Rogers H, Habens F, Maeda S, Yoshida M, Packham G, Ganesan A. The first biologically active synthetic analogues of FK228, the depsipeptide histone deacetylase inhibitor. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5720-6. [PMID: 17958342 DOI: 10.1021/jm0703800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The FK228 and spiruchostatin bicyclic depsipeptide natural products are among the most potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors known. Although FK228 is in advanced clinical trials, the complexity of the natural products has precluded mechanistic studies and the discovery of structure-activity relationships. By total synthesis, we have prepared the first depsipeptide analogues. Our results prove that the dehydrobutyrine residue in FK228 is not essential, and other residues can be substituted without loss of HDAC inhibitory activity. Conformational restriction by the macrocyclic scaffold is important, as a linear peptide was inactive. The intramolecular disulfide formed with a cysteine side chain can be removed provided the zinc-binding thiol is protected to ensure good cellular availability. Like the natural products, the analogues are selective against class I isoforms, with nanomolar inhibition of class I HDAC1 and significantly less potency against class II HDAC6.
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30
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McKinsey TA, Kass DA. Small-molecule therapies for cardiac hypertrophy: moving beneath the cell surface. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007; 6:617-35. [PMID: 17643091 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathological stress from cardiovascular disease stimulates hypertrophy of heart cells, which increases the risk of cardiac morbidity and mortality. Recent evidence has indicated that inhibiting such hypertrophy could be beneficial, encouraging drug discovery and development efforts for agents that could achieve this goal. Most existing therapies that have antihypertrophic effects target outside-in signalling in cardiac cells, but their effectiveness seems limited, and so attention has recently turned to the potential of targeting intracellular signalling pathways. Here, we focus on new developments with small-molecule inhibitors of cardiac hypertrophy, summarizing both agents that have been in or are poised for clinical testing, and pathways that offer further promising potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A McKinsey
- Gilead Colorado, Inc., 7575 West 103rd Avenue, Westminster, Colorado 80021, USA.
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31
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Fekete ÉM, Zorrilla EP. Physiology, pharmacology, and therapeutic relevance of urocortins in mammals: ancient CRF paralogs. Front Neuroendocrinol 2007; 28:1-27. [PMID: 17083971 PMCID: PMC2730896 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Urocortins, three paralogs of the stress-related peptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) found in bony fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals, have unique phylogenies, pharmacologies, and tissue distributions. As a result and despite a structural family resemblance, the natural functions of urocortins and CRF in mammalian homeostatic responses differ substantially. Endogenous urocortins are neither simply counterpoints nor mimics of endogenous CRF action. In their own right, urocortins may be clinically relevant molecules in the pathogenesis or management of many conditions, including congestive heart failure, hypertension, gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders (irritable bowel syndrome, active gastritis, gastroparesis, and rheumatoid arthritis), atopic/allergic disorders (dermatitis, urticaria, and asthma), pregnancy and parturition (preeclampsia, spontaneous abortion, onset, and maintenance of effective labor), major depression and obesity. Safety trials for intravenous urocortin treatment have already begun for the treatment of congestive heart failure. Further understanding the unique functions of urocortin 1, urocortin 2, and urocortin 3 action may uncover other therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva M. Fekete
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Pécs University Medical School, 7602 Pécs,
Hungary
| | - Eric P. Zorrilla
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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32
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Wen S, Carey KL, Nakao Y, Fusetani N, Packham G, Ganesan A. Total synthesis of azumamide A and azumamide E, evaluation as histone deacetylase inhibitors, and design of a more potent analogue. Org Lett 2007; 9:1105-8. [PMID: 17311393 DOI: 10.1021/ol070046y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented diastereoselective Mannich reaction of a Z-allylsulfoximine was a key step in the total synthesis of the marine natural products azumamide A and E, and an unnatural analogue. Their relative potency as histone deacetylase inhibitors was evaluated and found to correlate with predicted zinc-binding affinity. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Wen
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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33
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McKinsey TA. Derepression of pathological cardiac genes by members of the CaM kinase superfamily. Cardiovasc Res 2006; 73:667-77. [PMID: 17217938 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2006.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to pathologic stresses such as hypertension or myocardial infarction, the heart undergoes a remodeling process that is characterized by myocyte hypertrophy, myocyte death and fibrosis, resulting in impaired cardiac function and heart failure. Cardiac remodeling is associated with derepression of genes that contribute to disease progression. This review focuses on evidence linking members of the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) superfamily, specifically CaMKII, protein kinase D (PKD) and microtubule associated kinase (MARK), to stress-induced derepression of pathological cardiac gene expression through their effects on class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A McKinsey
- Myogen, Inc./Gilead Colorado, Inc., 7575 West 103rd Ave., Westminster, Colorado 80021, USA.
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34
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Miyamoto S, Kawamura T, Morimoto T, Ono K, Wada H, Kawase Y, Matsumori A, Nishio R, Kita T, Hasegawa K. Histone acetyltransferase activity of p300 is required for the promotion of left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in adult mice in vivo. Circulation 2006; 113:679-90. [PMID: 16461841 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.585182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left ventricular (LV) remodeling after myocardial infarction is associated with hypertrophy of surviving myocytes and represents a major process that leads to heart failure. One of the intrinsic histone acetyltransferases, p300, serves as a coactivator of hypertrophy-responsive transcriptional factors such as a cardiac zinc finger protein GATA-4 and is involved in its hypertrophic stimulus-induced acetylation and DNA binding. However, the role of p300-histone acetyltransferase activity in LV remodeling after myocardial infarction in vivo is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS To solve this problem, we have generated transgenic mice overexpressing intact p300 or mutant p300 in the heart. As the result of its 2-amino acid substitution in the p300-histone acetyltransferase domain, this mutant lost its histone acetyltransferase activity and was unable to activate GATA-4-dependent transcription. The two kinds of transgenic mice and the wild-type mice were subjected to myocardial infarction or sham operation at the age of 12 weeks. Intact p300 transgenic mice showed significantly more progressive LV dilation and diminished systolic function after myocardial infarction than wild-type mice, whereas mutant p300 transgenic mice did not show this. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that cardiac overexpression of p300 promotes LV remodeling after myocardial infarction in adult mice in vivo and that histone acetyltransferase activity of p300 is required for these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Miyamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Anacardic Acid Biosynthesis and Bioactivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-9920(06)80040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Rademaker MT, Charles CJ, Espiner EA, Frampton CM, Lainchbury JG, Richards AM. Four-day urocortin-I administration has sustained beneficial haemodynamic, hormonal, and renal effects in experimental heart failure. Eur Heart J 2005; 26:2055-62. [PMID: 15961410 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the subacute effects of a sustained intravenous infusion of urocortin-I (Ucn-I) in experimental heart failure (HF). METHODS AND RESULTS In eight sheep with pacing-induced HF, a 4-day infusion of Ucn-I (0.3 microg/kg/h) induced prompt (30 min) and sustained (4-day) increases in cardiac output (CO, Day 4: 1.8+/-0.2 vs. 2.3+/-0.2 L/min, P<0.001) and stroke volume (7.8+/-0.8 vs. 10.2+/-1.0 mL/beat, P=0.0011), and reductions in mean arterial pressure (MAP, 72+/-3 vs. 70+/-3 mmHg, P=0.0305), left atrial pressure (26+/-1 vs. 11+/-2 mmHg, P<0.001), and total calculated peripheral resistance (43+/-6 vs. 32+/-4 mmHg/L/min, P<0.001). Ucn-I also induced persistent falls in plasma renin (1.34+/-0.23 vs. 0.77+/-0.10 nmol/L/min, P=0.048), aldosterone (3273+/-1172 vs. 382+/-44 pmol/L, P=0.0098), endothelin-1 (4.6+/-0.3 vs. 2.7+/-0.3 pmol/L, P<0.001), vasopressin (24+/-4 vs. 14+/-2 pmol/L, P=0.0028) and atrial (184+/-14 vs. 154+/-29 pmol/L, P=0.0226) and brain (43+/-5 vs. 32+/-6 pmol/L, P=0.0016) natriuretic peptides. Plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone and cortisol rose transiently on Day 0. Ucn-I enhanced urinary sodium excretion (5.3-fold, P=0.0001) and creatinine clearance (1.3-fold, P=0.0055) long-term, and tended to increase urine output (P=0.0748). Food intake was attenuated over the first 2 days of treatment (P=0.0283). CONCLUSION Four-day administration of Ucn-I induces sustained reductions in cardiac preload and MAP, improvements in CO and renal function, and inhibition of a range of vasoconstrictor/volume-retaining factors. These findings support Ucn-I's therapeutic potential in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam T Rademaker
- Christchurch Cardioendocrine Research Group, Department of Medicine, The Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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