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Deshmukh R, Sethi P, Singh B, Shiekmydeen J, Salave S, Patel RJ, Ali N, Rashid S, Elossaily GM, Kumar A. Recent Review on Biological Barriers and Host-Material Interfaces in Precision Drug Delivery: Advancement in Biomaterial Engineering for Better Treatment Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:1076. [PMID: 39204421 PMCID: PMC11360117 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16081076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that precision therapy has a broad variety of treatment applications, making it an interesting research topic with exciting potential in numerous sectors. However, major obstacles, such as inefficient and unsafe delivery systems and severe side effects, have impeded the widespread use of precision medicine. The purpose of drug delivery systems (DDSs) is to regulate the time and place of drug release and action. They aid in enhancing the equilibrium between medicinal efficacy on target and hazardous side effects off target. One promising approach is biomaterial-assisted biotherapy, which takes advantage of biomaterials' special capabilities, such as high biocompatibility and bioactive characteristics. When administered via different routes, drug molecules deal with biological barriers; DDSs help them overcome these hurdles. With their adaptable features and ample packing capacity, biomaterial-based delivery systems allow for the targeted, localised, and prolonged release of medications. Additionally, they are being investigated more and more for the purpose of controlling the interface between the host tissue and implanted biomedical materials. This review discusses innovative nanoparticle designs for precision and non-personalised applications to improve precision therapies. We prioritised nanoparticle design trends that address heterogeneous delivery barriers, because we believe intelligent nanoparticle design can improve patient outcomes by enabling precision designs and improving general delivery efficacy. We additionally reviewed the most recent literature on biomaterials used in biotherapy and vaccine development, covering drug delivery, stem cell therapy, gene therapy, and other similar fields; we have also addressed the difficulties and future potential of biomaterial-assisted biotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohitas Deshmukh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India;
| | - Pranshul Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Shri Venkateshwara University, Gajraula 244236, India;
| | - Bhupendra Singh
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248002, India;
- Department of Pharmacy, S.N. Medical College, Agra 282002, India
| | | | - Sagar Salave
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, India;
| | - Ravish J. Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Anand 388421, India;
| | - Nemat Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Gehan M. Elossaily
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Arun Kumar
- School of Pharmacy, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
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2
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Kenison JE, Stevens NA, Quintana FJ. Therapeutic induction of antigen-specific immune tolerance. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:338-357. [PMID: 38086932 PMCID: PMC11145724 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic approaches for the induction of robust, long-lasting and antigen-specific immune tolerance remains an important unmet clinical need for the management of autoimmunity, allergy, organ transplantation and gene therapy. Recent breakthroughs in our understanding of immune tolerance mechanisms have opened new research avenues and therapeutic opportunities in this area. Here, we review mechanisms of immune tolerance and novel methods for its therapeutic induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Kenison
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikolas A Stevens
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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3
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Zareein A, Mahmoudi M, Jadhav SS, Wilmore J, Wu Y. Biomaterial engineering strategies for B cell immunity modulations. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:1981-2006. [PMID: 38456305 PMCID: PMC11019864 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01841e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
B cell immunity has a penetrating effect on human health and diseases. Therapeutics aiming to modulate B cell immunity have achieved remarkable success in combating infections, autoimmunity, and malignancies. However, current treatments still face significant limitations in generating effective long-lasting therapeutic B cell responses for many conditions. As the understanding of B cell biology has deepened in recent years, clearer regulation networks for B cell differentiation and antibody production have emerged, presenting opportunities to overcome current difficulties and realize the full therapeutic potential of B cell immunity. Biomaterial platforms have been developed to leverage these emerging concepts to augment therapeutic humoral immunity by facilitating immunogenic reagent trafficking, regulating T cell responses, and modulating the immune microenvironment. Moreover, biomaterial engineering tools have also advanced our understanding of B cell biology, further expediting the development of novel therapeutics. In this review, we will introduce the general concept of B cell immunobiology and highlight key biomaterial engineering strategies in the areas including B cell targeted antigen delivery, sustained B cell antigen delivery, antigen engineering, T cell help optimization, and B cell suppression. We will also discuss our perspective on future biomaterial engineering opportunities to leverage humoral immunity for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zareein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- The BioInspired Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Mina Mahmoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- The BioInspired Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Shruti Sunil Jadhav
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Joel Wilmore
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Yaoying Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- The BioInspired Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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4
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Shi Y, Bashian EE, Hou Y, Wu P. Chemical immunology: Recent advances in tool development and applications. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:S2451-9456(24)00080-1. [PMID: 38508196 PMCID: PMC11393185 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Immunology was one of the first biological fields to embrace chemical approaches. The development of new chemical approaches and techniques has provided immunologists with an impressive arsenal of tools to address challenges once considered insurmountable. This review focuses on advances at the interface of chemistry and immunobiology over the past two decades that have not only opened new avenues in basic immunological research, but also revolutionized drug development for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. These include chemical approaches to understand and manipulate antigen presentation and the T cell priming process, to facilitate immune cell trafficking and regulate immune cell functions, and therapeutic applications of chemical approaches to disease control and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Shi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eleanor E Bashian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yingqin Hou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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5
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Scotland BL, Shaw JR, Dharmaraj S, Caprio N, Cottingham AL, Joy Martín Lasola J, Sung JJ, Pearson RM. Cell and biomaterial delivery strategies to induce immune tolerance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 203:115141. [PMID: 37980950 PMCID: PMC10842132 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of immune-mediated disorders, including autoimmune conditions and allergies, is steadily increasing. However, current therapeutic approaches are often non-specific and do not address the underlying pathogenic condition, often resulting in impaired immunity and a state of generalized immunosuppression. The emergence of technologies capable of selectively inhibiting aberrant immune activation in a targeted, antigen (Ag)-specific manner by exploiting the body's intrinsic tolerance pathways, all without inducing adverse side effects, holds significant promise to enhance patient outcomes. In this review, we will describe the body's natural mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance as well as innovative delivery strategies using cells and biomaterials targeting innate and adaptive immune cells to promote Ag-specific immune tolerance. Additionally, we will discuss the challenges and future opportunities that warrant consideration as we navigate the path toward clinical implementation of tolerogenic strategies to treat immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna L Scotland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Jacob R Shaw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Shruti Dharmaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Nicholas Caprio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Andrea L Cottingham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Jackline Joy Martín Lasola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Junsik J Sung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Ryan M Pearson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
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6
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Johnson SN, Brucks SD, Apley KD, Farrell MP, Berkland CJ. Multivalent Scaffolds to Promote B cell Tolerance. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:3741-3756. [PMID: 37410969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by aberrant immune responses toward self-antigens. Current treatments lack specificity, promoting adverse effects by broadly suppressing the immune system. Therapies that specifically target the immune cells responsible for disease are a compelling strategy to mitigate adverse effects. Multivalent formats that display numerous binding epitopes off a single scaffold may enable selective immunomodulation by eliciting signals through pathways unique to the targeted immune cells. However, the architecture of multivalent immunotherapies can vary widely, and there is limited clinical data with which to evaluate their efficacy. Here, we set forth to review the architectural properties and functional mechanisms afforded by multivalent ligands and evaluate four multivalent scaffolds that address autoimmunity by altering B cell signaling pathways. First, we address both synthetic and natural polymer backbones functionalized with a variety of small molecule, peptide, and protein ligands for probing the effects of valency and costimulation. Then, we review nanoparticles composed entirely from immune signals which have been shown to be efficacious. Lastly, we outline multivalent liposomal nanoparticles capable of displaying high numbers of protein antigens. Taken together, these examples highlight the versatility and desirability of multivalent ligands for immunomodulation and illuminate strengths and weaknesses of multivalent scaffolds for treating autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Spencer D Brucks
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Kyle D Apley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Mark P Farrell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Cory J Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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7
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Leusmann S, Ménová P, Shanin E, Titz A, Rademacher C. Glycomimetics for the inhibition and modulation of lectins. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:3663-3740. [PMID: 37232696 PMCID: PMC10243309 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00954d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are essential mediators of many processes in health and disease. They regulate self-/non-self- discrimination, are key elements of cellular communication, cancer, infection and inflammation, and determine protein folding, function and life-times. Moreover, they are integral to the cellular envelope for microorganisms and participate in biofilm formation. These diverse functions of carbohydrates are mediated by carbohydrate-binding proteins, lectins, and the more the knowledge about the biology of these proteins is advancing, the more interfering with carbohydrate recognition becomes a viable option for the development of novel therapeutics. In this respect, small molecules mimicking this recognition process become more and more available either as tools for fostering our basic understanding of glycobiology or as therapeutics. In this review, we outline the general design principles of glycomimetic inhibitors (Section 2). This section is then followed by highlighting three approaches to interfere with lectin function, i.e. with carbohydrate-derived glycomimetics (Section 3.1), novel glycomimetic scaffolds (Section 3.2) and allosteric modulators (Section 3.3). We summarize recent advances in design and application of glycomimetics for various classes of lectins of mammalian, viral and bacterial origin. Besides highlighting design principles in general, we showcase defined cases in which glycomimetics have been advanced to clinical trials or marketed. Additionally, emerging applications of glycomimetics for targeted protein degradation and targeted delivery purposes are reviewed in Section 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Leusmann
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates (CBCH), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petra Ménová
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Shanin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Titz
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates (CBCH), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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8
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Keshavarz M, Mohammad Miri S, Behboudi E, Arjeini Y, Dianat-Moghadam H, Ghaemi A. Oncolytic virus delivery modulated immune responses toward cancer therapy: Challenges and perspectives. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108882. [PMID: 35623296 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) harness the hallmarks of tumor cells and cancer-related immune responses for the lysis of malignant cells, modulation of the tumor microenvironment, and exertion of vaccine-like activities. However, efficient clinical exploitation of these potent therapeutic modules requires their systematic administration, especially against metastatic and solid tumors. Therefore, developing methods for shielding a virus from the neutralizing environment of the bloodstream while departing toward tumor sites is a must. This paper reports the latest advancements in the employment of chemical and biological compounds aimed at safe and efficient delivery of OVs to target tissues or tumor deposits within the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Keshavarz
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Miri
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Emad Behboudi
- Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Yaser Arjeini
- Department of Research and Development, Production and Research Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hassan Dianat-Moghadam
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Srivastava A, Arlian BM, Pang L, Kishimoto TK, Paulson JC. Tolerogenic Nanoparticles Impacting B and T Lymphocyte Responses Delay Autoimmune Arthritis in K/BxN Mice. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1985-1993. [PMID: 34037371 PMCID: PMC8526371 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for unwanted antibody responses largely rely on immunosuppressive drugs compromising overall immunity. New approaches to achieve antigen-specific tolerance are desirable to avoid unwanted side effects. Several nanoparticle-based approaches that utilize different mechanisms to tolerize the B or T cell arms of the humoral immune response have shown promise for induction of antigen-specific tolerance, raising the possibility that they could work synergistically if combined. Earlier we showed that Siglec-engaging tolerance-inducing antigenic liposomes (STALs) that display both an antigen (Ag) and glycan ligands of the inhibitory co-receptor CD22 (CD22L) lead to robust antigen-specific B cell tolerance to protein antigens in naive mice. In another approach, administration of free Ag with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-rapamycin nanoparticles (PLGA-R) induced robust antigen-specific tolerance through production of regulatory T cells. Here we illustrate that coadministration of STALs together with PLGA-R to naive mice induced more robust tolerance to multiple antigen challenges than either nanoparticle alone. Moreover, in K/BxN mice that develop spontaneous autoimmune arthritis to the self-antigen glucose-6-phosphate-isomerase (GPI), co-delivery of GPI-LP-CD22L and PLGA-R delayed onset of disease and in some mice prevented the disease indefinitely. The results show synergy between B cell-tolerizing STALs and T cell-tolerizing PLGA-R and the potential to induce tolerance in early stage autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Srivastava
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Britni M. Arlian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lijuan Pang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - James C. Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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10
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Abstract
Carbohydrates are the most abundant and one of the most important biomacromolecules in Nature. Except for energy-related compounds, carbohydrates can be roughly divided into two categories: Carbohydrates as matter and carbohydrates as information. As matter, carbohydrates are abundantly present in the extracellular matrix of animals and cell walls of various plants, bacteria, fungi, etc., serving as scaffolds. Some commonly found polysaccharides are featured as biocompatible materials with controllable rigidity and functionality, forming polymeric biomaterials which are widely used in drug delivery, tissue engineering, etc. As information, carbohydrates are usually referred to the glycans from glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans, which bind to proteins or other carbohydrates, thereby meditating the cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. These glycans could be simplified as synthetic glycopolymers, glycolipids, and glycoproteins, which could be afforded through polymerization, multistep synthesis, or a semisynthetic strategy. The information role of carbohydrates can be demonstrated not only as targeting reagents but also as immune antigens and adjuvants. The latter are also included in this review as they are always in a macromolecular formulation. In this review, we intend to provide a relatively comprehensive summary of carbohydrate-based macromolecular biomaterials since 2010 while emphasizing the fundamental understanding to guide the rational design of biomaterials. Carbohydrate-based macromolecules on the basis of their resources and chemical structures will be discussed, including naturally occurring polysaccharides, naturally derived synthetic polysaccharides, glycopolymers/glycodendrimers, supramolecular glycopolymers, and synthetic glycolipids/glycoproteins. Multiscale structure-function relationships in several major application areas, including delivery systems, tissue engineering, and immunology, will be detailed. We hope this review will provide valuable information for the development of carbohydrate-based macromolecular biomaterials and build a bridge between the carbohydrates as matter and the carbohydrates as information to promote new biomaterial design in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Su
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Yingle Feng
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Kongchang Wei
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Department of Materials meet Life, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland
| | - Xuyang Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rongying Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guosong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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11
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Anderluh M, Berti F, Bzducha‐Wróbel A, Chiodo F, Colombo C, Compostella F, Durlik K, Ferhati X, Holmdahl R, Jovanovic D, Kaca W, Lay L, Marinovic‐Cincovic M, Marradi M, Ozil M, Polito L, Reina‐Martin JJ, Reis CA, Sackstein R, Silipo A, Švajger U, Vaněk O, Yamamoto F, Richichi B, van Vliet SJ. Emerging glyco-based strategies to steer immune responses. FEBS J 2021; 288:4746-4772. [PMID: 33752265 PMCID: PMC8453523 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycan structures are common posttranslational modifications of proteins, which serve multiple important structural roles (for instance in protein folding), but also are crucial participants in cell-cell communications and in the regulation of immune responses. Through the interaction with glycan-binding receptors, glycans are able to affect the activation status of antigen-presenting cells, leading either to induction of pro-inflammatory responses or to suppression of immunity and instigation of immune tolerance. This unique feature of glycans has attracted the interest and spurred collaborations of glyco-chemists and glyco-immunologists to develop glycan-based tools as potential therapeutic approaches in the fight against diseases such as cancer and autoimmune conditions. In this review, we highlight emerging advances in this field, and in particular, we discuss on how glycan-modified conjugates or glycoengineered cells can be employed as targeting devices to direct tumor antigens to lectin receptors on antigen-presenting cells, like dendritic cells. In addition, we address how glycan-based nanoparticles can act as delivery platforms to enhance immune responses. Finally, we discuss some of the latest developments in glycan-based therapies, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells to achieve targeting of tumor-associated glycan-specific epitopes, as well as the use of glycan moieties to suppress ongoing immune responses, especially in the context of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Anderluh
- Chair of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of LjubljanaSlovenia
| | | | - Anna Bzducha‐Wróbel
- Department of Biotechnology and Food MicrobiologyWarsaw University of Life Sciences‐SGGWPoland
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and ImmunologyCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam Infection and Immunity InstituteAmsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit AmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Cinzia Colombo
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo)University of MilanItaly
| | - Federica Compostella
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational MedicineUniversity of MilanItaly
| | - Katarzyna Durlik
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyJan Kochanowski UniversityKielcePoland
| | - Xhenti Ferhati
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’University of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Division of Medical Inflammation ResearchDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Dragana Jovanovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences ‐ National Institute of the Republic of SerbiaUniversity of BelgradeSerbia
| | - Wieslaw Kaca
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyJan Kochanowski UniversityKielcePoland
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo)University of MilanItaly
| | - Milena Marinovic‐Cincovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences ‐ National Institute of the Republic of SerbiaUniversity of BelgradeSerbia
| | - Marco Marradi
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’University of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Musa Ozil
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Arts and SciencesRecep Tayyip Erdogan University RizeTurkey
| | | | | | - Celso A. Reis
- I3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoPortugal
- IPATIMUP‐Institute of Molecular Pathology and ImmunologyInstituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel SalazarUniversity of PortoPortugal
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Department of Translational Medicinethe Translational Glycobiology InstituteHerbert Wertheim College of MedicineFlorida International UniversityMiamiFLUSA
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Naples Federico IIComplesso Universitario Monte Sant’AngeloNapoliItaly
| | - Urban Švajger
- Blood Transfusion Center of SloveniaLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Ondřej Vaněk
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Fumiichiro Yamamoto
- Immunohematology & Glycobiology LaboratoryJosep Carreras Leukaemia Research InstituteBadalonaSpain
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’University of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Sandra J. van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and ImmunologyCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam Infection and Immunity InstituteAmsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit AmsterdamNetherlands
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12
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Mastrobattista E. Formulation and delivery solutions for the next generation biotherapeutics. J Control Release 2021; 336:583-597. [PMID: 34174354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In 2018 I was appointed full professor of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & Delivery at the Pharmaceutics division of the department of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Utrecht University, The Netherlands. In this contribution to the Orations - New Horizons of the Journal of Controlled Release I will introduce my research group (see also www.uu.nl/pharmaceutics) and will highlight my current and future research projects. In coming years the focus of my research will be on the administration of biotherapeutics, aiming to control their fate from the site of injection to the site of action. I will discuss issues related to formulation of biotherapeutics into nanomedicines (NMs), intracellular delivery of nucleic acids as well as protein therapeutics, and targeted delivery of biotherapeutics beyond the liver. In addition, I will provide a forward view on how current developments in the drug delivery and gene therapy field may result in sustainable and cost-effective dosing regimens for biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Mastrobattista
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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13
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Horwitz DA, Bickerton S, La Cava A. Strategies to Use Nanoparticles to Generate CD4 and CD8 Regulatory T Cells for the Treatment of SLE and Other Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:681062. [PMID: 34211471 PMCID: PMC8239238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.681062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are disorders of immune regulation where the mechanisms responsible for self-tolerance break down and pathologic T cells overcome the protective effects of T regulatory cells (Tregs) that normally control them. The result can be the initiation of chronic inflammatory diseases. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases are generally treated with pharmacologic or biological agents that have broad suppressive effects. These agents can halt disease progression, yet rarely cure while carrying serious adverse side effects. Recently, nanoparticles have been engineered to correct homeostatic regulatory defects and regenerate therapeutic antigen-specific Tregs. Some approaches have used nanoparticles targeted to antigen presenting cells to switch their support from pathogenic T cells to protective Tregs. Others have used nanoparticles targeted directly to T cells for the induction and expansion of CD4+ and CD8+ Tregs. Some of these T cell targeted nanoparticles have been formulated to act as tolerogenic artificial antigen presenting cells. This article discusses the properties of these various nanoparticle formulations and the strategies to use them in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The restoration and maintenance of Treg predominance over effector cells should promote long-term autoimmune disease remission and ultimately prevent them in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Horwitz
- General Nanotherapeutics, LLC, Santa Monica, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sean Bickerton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Antonio La Cava
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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14
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Nagy NA, de Haas AM, Geijtenbeek TBH, van Ree R, Tas SW, van Kooyk Y, de Jong EC. Therapeutic Liposomal Vaccines for Dendritic Cell Activation or Tolerance. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674048. [PMID: 34054859 PMCID: PMC8155586 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are paramount in initiating and guiding immunity towards a state of activation or tolerance. This bidirectional capacity of DCs sets them at the center stage for treatment of cancer and autoimmune or allergic conditions. Accordingly, many clinical studies use ex vivo DC vaccination as a strategy to boost anti-tumor immunity or to suppress immunity by including vitamin D3, NF-κB inhibitors or retinoic acid to create tolerogenic DCs. As harvesting DCs from patients and differentiating these cells in vitro is a costly and cumbersome process, in vivo targeting of DCs has huge potential as nanoparticulate platforms equipped with activating or tolerogenic adjuvants can modulate DCs in their natural environment. There is a rapid expansion of the choices of nanoparticles and activation- or tolerance-promoting adjuvants for a therapeutic vaccine platform. In this review we highlight the most recent nanomedical approaches aimed at inducing immune activation or tolerance via targeting DCs, together with novel fundamental insights into the mechanisms inherent to fostering anti-tumor or tolerogenic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Anna Nagy
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aram M. de Haas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Teunis B. H. Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander W. Tas
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther C. de Jong
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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15
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Shin DH, Nguyen T, Ozpolat B, Lang F, Alonso M, Gomez-Manzano C, Fueyo J. Current strategies to circumvent the antiviral immunity to optimize cancer virotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-002086. [PMID: 33795384 PMCID: PMC8021759 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer virotherapy is a paradigm-shifting treatment modality based on virus-mediated oncolysis and subsequent antitumor immune responses. Clinical trials of currently available virotherapies showed that robust antitumor immunity characterizes the remarkable and long-term responses observed in a subset of patients. These data suggest that future therapies should incorporate strategies to maximize the immunotherapeutic potential of oncolytic viruses. In this review, we highlight the recent evidence that the antiviral immunity of the patients may limit the immunotherapeutic potential of oncolytic viruses and summarize the most relevant approaches to strategically redirect the immune response away from the viruses and toward tumors to heighten the clinical impact of viro-immunotherapy platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ho Shin
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Teresa Nguyen
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bulent Ozpolat
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Frederick Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marta Alonso
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Candelaria Gomez-Manzano
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Juan Fueyo
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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16
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Strategies for Mast Cell Inhibition in Food Allergy. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 93:719-731. [PMID: 33380934 PMCID: PMC7757070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are tissue resident allergic effector cells that drive IgE-mediated food allergies. There are several steps leading to mast cell activation in the context of allergic disease that can be targeted to prevent mast cell activation and degranulation. These include blocking IgE-FcεRI crosslinking and type 2 cytokine receptor activation; modulating cell-surface neural chemical receptors; stabilizing mast cell membranes to prevent co-localization of activating receptors; impeding intracellular signaling; and engaging cell surface inhibitory receptors. This review highlights several ITIM-containing inhibitory mast cell surface receptors that could serve as pharmaceutical targets to prevent mast cell activation and degranulation in the context of food allergy. When activated, these ITIM-containing inhibitory receptors recruit the phosphatases SHP-1, SHP-2, and/or SHIP to dephosphorylate the tyrosine kinases responsible for activation signals downstream of the IgE-FcεRI complex. We describe several members of the Ig and Ig-like inhibitory receptor and C-type lectin inhibitory receptor superfamilies. Fundamental studies exploring the behavior of these receptors within the context of experimental food allergy models are needed. A deeper understanding of how these receptors modulate mast cell-driven food allergic responses will shape future strategies to harness these inhibitory receptors to treat food allergy.
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17
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Abdu-Allah HHM, Wu SC, Lin CH, Tseng YY. Design, synthesis and molecular docking study of α-triazolylsialosides as non-hydrolyzable and potent CD22 ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112707. [PMID: 32942185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ligand 1 was the first reported example of monomeric high-affinity synthetic CD22 ligand that regulated B cell activation in vitro, augmented antibody production and regulated immune responses in mice. Replacing O-glycoside linkage of 1 by nitrogen of triazole by click reaction afforded compounds which are as potent as the parent compound. The synthesis of the new compounds is straightforward with fewer synthetic steps and higher yield. Such a strategy provided stable ligand that can bind avidly and can be conjugated to drugs for B-cell targeting or multimeric formation. The new compounds were screened for their affinity to CD22, using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Compound 12 was obtained as a bioisosteric analogue and an anomerically stable imitation of 1. It was, also, screened for MAG to test for selectivity and analyzed by molecular docking and dynamic simulation to explore the potential binding modes and source of selectivity within CD22. Our results could enable the development of small molecule drug capable of modulating the activity of CD22 in autoimmune diseases and malignancies derived from B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajjaj H M Abdu-Allah
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Shang-Chuen Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yao Tseng
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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18
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Mitchell MJ, Billingsley MM, Haley RM, Wechsler ME, Peppas NA, Langer R. Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 20:101-124. [PMID: 33277608 PMCID: PMC7717100 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2831] [Impact Index Per Article: 707.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the development of nanoparticles has expanded into a broad range of clinical applications. Nanoparticles have been developed to overcome the limitations of free therapeutics and navigate biological barriers — systemic, microenvironmental and cellular — that are heterogeneous across patient populations and diseases. Overcoming this patient heterogeneity has also been accomplished through precision therapeutics, in which personalized interventions have enhanced therapeutic efficacy. However, nanoparticle development continues to focus on optimizing delivery platforms with a one-size-fits-all solution. As lipid-based, polymeric and inorganic nanoparticles are engineered in increasingly specified ways, they can begin to be optimized for drug delivery in a more personalized manner, entering the era of precision medicine. In this Review, we discuss advanced nanoparticle designs utilized in both non-personalized and precision applications that could be applied to improve precision therapies. We focus on advances in nanoparticle design that overcome heterogeneous barriers to delivery, arguing that intelligent nanoparticle design can improve efficacy in general delivery applications while enabling tailored designs for precision applications, thereby ultimately improving patient outcome overall. Advances in nanoparticle design could make substantial contributions to personalized and non-personalized medicine. In this Review, Langer, Mitchell, Peppas and colleagues discuss advances in nanoparticle design that overcome heterogeneous barriers to delivery, as well as the challenges in translating these design improvements into personalized medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | | | - Rebecca M Haley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marissa E Wechsler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas A Peppas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. .,Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. .,Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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19
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O'Sullivan JA, Chang AT, Youngblood BA, Bochner BS. Eosinophil and mast cell Siglecs: From biology to drug target. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:73-81. [PMID: 31965606 PMCID: PMC7531194 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mr0120-352rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells and eosinophils are innate immune cells involved in both acute and chronic inflammatory responses. Siglecs are a family of cell surface receptors that share sialic acid binding activity. Over the past 20 years, our knowledge of the expression and function of Siglecs on cells of the immune system and others has greatly expanded, as has our understanding of their signaling, ligands, and possible roles in disease pathophysiology. Because of this, Siglecs have garnered interest as potential drug targets using strategies ranging from biologics to ligand-directed nanoparticles. This mini-review will highlight the state of our knowledge regarding human eosinophil and mast cell Siglecs, their biology, what they recognize, tools developed for in vitro and preclinical experimentation, and the status of ongoing efforts to develop drugs that engage eosinophil and mast cell Siglecs for potential therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A O'Sullivan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Bruce S Bochner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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20
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Abstract
Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs) are expressed on the majority of white blood cells of the immune system and play critical roles in immune cell signaling. Through recognition of sialic acid-containing glycans as ligands, they help the immune system distinguish between self and nonself. Because of their restricted cell type expression and roles as checkpoints in immune cell responses in human diseases such as cancer, asthma, allergy, neurodegeneration, and autoimmune diseases they have gained attention as targets for therapeutic interventions. In this review we describe the Siglec family, its roles in regulation of immune cell signaling, current efforts to define its roles in disease processes, and approaches to target Siglecs for treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiteng Duan
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, and Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
| | - James C Paulson
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, and Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
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21
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Benne N, Leboux RJT, Glandrup M, van Duijn J, Lozano Vigario F, Neustrup MA, Romeijn S, Galli F, Kuiper J, Jiskoot W, Slütter B. Atomic force microscopy measurements of anionic liposomes reveal the effect of liposomal rigidity on antigen-specific regulatory T cell responses. J Control Release 2019; 318:246-255. [PMID: 31812539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are vital for maintaining a balanced immune response and their dysfunction is often associated with auto-immune disorders. We have previously shown that antigen-loaded anionic liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cholesterol can induce strong antigen-specific Treg responses. We hypothesized that altering the rigidity of these liposomes while maintaining their size and surface charge would affect their capability of inducing Treg responses. The rigidity of liposomes is affected in part by the length and saturation of carbon chains of the phospholipids in the bilayer, and in part by the presence of cholesterol. We used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure the rigidity of anionic OVA323-containing liposomes composed of different types of PC and PG, with or without cholesterol, in a molar ratio of 4:1(:2) distearoyl (DS)PC:DSPG (Young's modulus (YM) 3611 ± 1271 kPa), DSPC:DSPG:CHOL (1498 ± 531 kPa), DSPC:dipalmitoyl (DP)PG:CHOL (1208 ± 538), DPPC:DPPG:CHOL (1195 ± 348 kPa), DSPC:dioleoyl (DO)PG:CHOL (825 ± 307 kPa), DOPC:DOPG:CHOL (911 ± 447 kPa), and DOPC:DOPG (494 ± 365 kPa). Next, we assessed if rigidity affects the association of liposomes to bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) in vitro. Aside from DOPC:DOPG liposomes, we observed a positive correlation between liposomal rigidity and cellular association. Finally, we show that rigidity positively correlates with Treg responses in vitro in murine DCs and in vivo in mice. Our findings underline the suitability of AFM to measure liposome rigidity and the importance of this parameter when designing liposomes as a vaccine delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Benne
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Romain J T Leboux
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Glandrup
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Janine van Duijn
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Fernando Lozano Vigario
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Malene Aaby Neustrup
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Romeijn
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Slütter
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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22
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Enterina JR, Jung J, Macauley MS. Coordinated roles for glycans in regulating the inhibitory function of CD22 on B cells. Biomed J 2019; 42:218-232. [PMID: 31627864 PMCID: PMC6818156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
CD22 is an inhibitory B cell co-receptor that recognizes sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates as ligands. Interactions with its glycan ligands are key to regulating the ability of CD22 to modulate B cell function, the most widely explored of which is antagonizing B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Most importantly, interactions of CD22 with ligands on the same cell (cis) control the organization of CD22 on the cell surface, which minimizes co-localization with the BCR. In contrast with the modest ability of CD22 to intrinsically dampen BCR signaling, glycan ligands presented on another cell (trans) along with an antigen drawn CD22 and the BCR together within an immunological synapse, strongly inhibiting BCR signaling. New concepts are emerging for how CD22 controls B cell function, such as changes in glycosylation at different stages of B cell differentiation, specifically on GC B cells. Related to these changes, new players, such galectin-9, have been discovered that regulate cell surface nanoclusters of CD22. Roles of glycan ligands in controlling CD22 are the primary focus of this review as we highlight the ability of CD22 to modulate B cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhon R Enterina
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jaesoo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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23
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Nycholat CM, Duan S, Knuplez E, Worth C, Elich M, Yao A, O'Sullivan J, McBride R, Wei Y, Fernandes SM, Zhu Z, Schnaar RL, Bochner BS, Paulson JC. A Sulfonamide Sialoside Analogue for Targeting Siglec-8 and -F on Immune Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14032-14037. [PMID: 31460762 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Siglec family of cell surface receptors have emerged as attractive targets for cell-directed therapies due to their restricted expression on immune cells, endocytic properties, and ability to modulate receptor signaling. Human Siglec-8, for instance, has been identified as a therapeutic target for the treatment of eosinophil and mast cell disorders. A promising strategy to target Siglecs involves the use of liposomal nanoparticles with a multivalent display of Siglec ligands. A key challenge for this approach is the identification of a high affinity ligand for the target Siglec. Here, we report the development of a ligand of Siglec-8 and its closest murine functional orthologue Siglec-F that is capable of targeting liposomes to cells expressing Siglec-8 or -F. A glycan microarray library of synthetic 9-N-sulfonyl sialoside analogues was screened to identify potential lead compounds. The best ligand, 9-N-(2-naphthyl-sulfonyl)-Neu5Acα2-3-[6-O-sulfo]-Galβ1-4GlcNAc (6'-O-sulfo NSANeu5Ac) combined the lead 2-naphthyl sulfonyl C-9 substituent with the preferred sulfated scaffold. The ligand 6'-O-sulfo NSANeu5Ac was conjugated to lipids for display on liposomes to evaluate targeted delivery to cells. Targeted liposomes showed strong in vitro binding/uptake and selectivity to cells expressing Siglec-8 or -F and, when administered to mice, exhibit in vivo targeting to Siglec-F+ eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corwin M Nycholat
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Shiteng Duan
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Eva Knuplez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
| | - Charli Worth
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Mila Elich
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Anzhi Yao
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Jeremy O'Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
| | - Ryan McBride
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Yadong Wei
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
| | - Steve M Fernandes
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
| | - Ronald L Schnaar
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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24
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Emerging approaches and technologies in transplantation: the potential game changers. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:334-342. [PMID: 30760918 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0207-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly emerging technologies are rapidly changing conventional approaches to organ transplantation. In the modern era, the key challenges to transplantation include (1) how to best individualize and possibly eliminate the need for life-long immunosuppression and (2) how to expand the donor pool suitable for human transplantation. This article aims to provide readers with an updated review of three new technologies that address these challenges. First, single-cell RNA sequencing technology is rapidly evolving and has recently been employed in settings related to transplantation. The new sequencing data indicate an unprecedented cellular heterogeneity within organ transplants, as well as exciting new molecular signatures involved in alloimmune responses. Second, sophisticated nanotechnology platforms provide a means of therapeutically delivering immune modulating reagents to promote transplant tolerance. Tolerogenic nanoparticles with regulatory molecules and donor antigens are capable of targeting host immune responses with tremendous precision, which, in some cases, results in donor-specific tolerance. Third, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology has the potential to precisely remove immunogenic molecules while inserting desirable regulatory molecules. This technology is particularly useful in generating genetically modified pigs for xenotransplantation to solve the issue of the shortage of human organs. Collectively, these new technologies are positioning the transplant community for major breakthroughs that will significantly advance transplant medicine.
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Ben-Akiva E, Est Witte S, Meyer RA, Rhodes KR, Green JJ. Polymeric micro- and nanoparticles for immune modulation. Biomater Sci 2018; 7:14-30. [PMID: 30418444 PMCID: PMC6664797 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01285g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
New advances in biomaterial-based approaches to modulate the immune system are being applied to treat cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmunity. Particulate systems are especially well-suited to deliver immunomodulatory factors to immune cells since their small size allows them to engage cell surface receptors or deliver cargo intracellularly after internalization. Biodegradable polymeric particles are a particularly versatile platform for the delivery of signals to the immune system because they can be easily surface-modified to target specific receptors and engineered to release encapsulated cargo in a precise, sustained manner. Micro- and nanoscale systems have been used to deliver a variety of therapeutic agents including monoclonal antibodies, peptides, and small molecule drugs that function to activate the immune system against cancer or infectious disease, or suppress the immune system to combat autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the development of polymeric micro- and nanoparticulate systems for the presentation and delivery of immunomodulatory agents targeted to a variety of immune cell types including APCs, T cells, B cells, and NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elana Ben-Akiva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Lübbers J, Rodríguez E, van Kooyk Y. Modulation of Immune Tolerance via Siglec-Sialic Acid Interactions. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2807. [PMID: 30581432 PMCID: PMC6293876 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the key features of the immune system is its extraordinary capacity to discriminate between self and non-self and to respond accordingly. Several molecular interactions allow the induction of acquired immune responses when a foreign antigen is recognized, while others regulate the resolution of inflammation, or the induction of tolerance to self-antigens. Post-translational signatures, such as glycans that are part of proteins (glycoproteins) and lipids (glycolipids) of host cells or pathogens, are increasingly appreciated as key molecules in regulating immunity vs. tolerance. Glycans are sensed by glycan binding receptors expressed on immune cells, such as C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) and Sialic acid binding immunoglobulin type lectins (Siglecs), that respond to specific glycan signatures by triggering tolerogenic or immunogenic signaling pathways. Glycan signatures present on healthy tissue, inflamed and malignant tissue or pathogens provide signals for “self” or “non-self” recognition. In this review we will focus on sialic acids that serve as “self” molecular pattern ligands for Siglecs. We will emphasize on the function of Siglec-expressing mononuclear phagocytes as sensors for sialic acids in tissue homeostasis and describe how the sialic acid-Siglec axis is exploited by tumors and pathogens for the induction of immune tolerance. Furthermore, we highlight how the sialic acid-Siglec axis can be utilized for clinical applications to induce or inhibit immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Lübbers
- Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ernesto Rodríguez
- Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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27
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Matsubara N, Imamura A, Yonemizu T, Akatsu C, Yang H, Ueki A, Watanabe N, Abdu-Allah H, Numoto N, Takematsu H, Kitazume S, Tedder TF, Marth JD, Ito N, Ando H, Ishida H, Kiso M, Tsubata T. CD22-Binding Synthetic Sialosides Regulate B Lymphocyte Proliferation Through CD22 Ligand-Dependent and Independent Pathways, and Enhance Antibody Production in Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:820. [PMID: 29725338 PMCID: PMC5917077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are expressed in various immune cells and most of them carry signaling functions. High-affinity synthetic sialoside ligands have been developed for various Siglecs. Therapeutic potentials of the nanoparticles and compounds that contain multiple numbers of these sialosides and other reagents such as toxins and antigens have been demonstrated. However, whether immune responses can be regulated by monomeric sialoside ligands has not yet been known. CD22 (also known as Siglec-2) is an inhibitory molecule preferentially expressed in B lymphocytes (B cells) and is constitutively bound and functionally regulated by α2,6 sialic acids expressed on the same cell (cis-ligands). Here, we developed synthetic sialosides GSC718 and GSC839 that bind to CD22 with high affinity (IC50 ~100 nM), and inhibit ligand binding of CD22. When B cells are activated by B cell antigen receptor (BCR) ligation, both GSC718 and GSC839 downregulate proliferation of B cells, and this regulation requires both CD22 and α2,6 sialic acids. This result suggests that these sialosides regulate BCR ligation-induced B cell activation by reversing endogenous ligand-mediated regulation of CD22. By contrast, GSC718 and GSC839 augment B cell proliferation induced by TLR ligands or CD40 ligation, and this augmentation requires CD22 but not α2,6 sialic acids. Thus, these sialosides appear to enhance B cell activation by directly suppressing the inhibitory function of CD22 independently of endogenous ligand-mediated regulation. Moreover, GSC839 augments B cell proliferation that depends on both BCR ligation and CD40 ligation as is the case for in vivo B cell responses to antigens, and enhanced antibody production to the extent comparable to CpG oligonuleotides or a small amount of alum. Although these known adjuvants induce production of the inflammatory cytokines or accumulation of inflammatory cells, CD22-binding sialosides do not. Thus, synthetic sialosides that bind to CD22 with high-affinity modulate B cell activation through endogenous ligand-dependent and independent pathways, and carry an adjuvant activity without inducing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Matsubara
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Imamura
- Department of Applied Bio-Organic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yonemizu
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chizuru Akatsu
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hongrui Yang
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiharu Ueki
- Department of Applied Bio-Organic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Natsuki Watanabe
- Department of Applied Bio-Organic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hajjaj Abdu-Allah
- Department of Applied Bio-Organic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Numoto
- Department of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromu Takematsu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Thomas F Tedder
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jamey D Marth
- Center for Nanomedicine, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Nobutoshi Ito
- Department of Structural Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromune Ando
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideharu Ishida
- Department of Applied Bio-Organic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Makoto Kiso
- Department of Applied Bio-Organic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsubata
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Jones MB. IgG and leukocytes: Targets of immunomodulatory α2,6 sialic acids. Cell Immunol 2018; 333:58-64. [PMID: 29685495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
ST6Gal1 is a critical sialyltransferase enzyme that controls the addition of α2,6-linked sialic acids to the termini of glycans. Attachment of sialic acids to glycoproteins as a posttranslational modification influences cellular responses, and is a well-known modifier of immune cell behavior. ST6Gal1 activity impacts processes such as: effector functions of immunoglobulin G via Fc sialylation, hematopoietic capacity by hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell surface sialylation, and lymphocyte activation thresholds though CD22 engagement and inhibition of galectins. This review summarizes recent studies that suggest α2,6 sialylation by ST6Gal1 has an immunoregulatory effect on immune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Jones
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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Abstract
Antigen-specific immune tolerance has been a long-standing goal for immunotherapy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and allergies and for the prevention of allograft rejection and anti-drug antibodies directed against biologic therapies. Nanoparticles have emerged as powerful tools to initiate and modulate immune responses due to their inherent capacity to target antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and deliver coordinated signals that can elicit an antigen-specific immune response. A wide range of strategies have been described to create tolerogenic nanoparticles (tNPs) that fall into three broad categories. One strategy includes tNPs that provide antigen alone to harness natural tolerogenic processes and environments, such as presentation of antigen in the absence of costimulatory signals, oral tolerance, the tolerogenic environment of the liver, and apoptotic cell death. A second strategy includes tNPs that carry antigen and simultaneously target tolerogenic receptors, such as pro-tolerogenic cytokine receptors, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, FAS receptor, and the CD22 inhibitory receptor. A third strategy includes tNPs that carry a payload of tolerogenic pharmacological agents that can “lock” APCs into a developmental or metabolic state that favors tolerogenic presentation of antigens. These diverse strategies have led to the development of tNPs that are capable of inducing antigen-specific immunological tolerance, not just immunosuppression, in animal models. These novel tNP technologies herald a promising approach to specifically prevent and treat unwanted immune reactions in humans. The first tNP, SEL-212, a biodegradable synthetic vaccine particle encapsulating rapamycin, has reached the clinic and is currently in Phase 2 clinical trials.
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Nisini R, Poerio N, Mariotti S, De Santis F, Fraziano M. The Multirole of Liposomes in Therapy and Prevention of Infectious Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:155. [PMID: 29459867 PMCID: PMC5807682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomes are closed bilayer structures spontaneously formed by hydrated phospholipids that are widely used as efficient delivery systems for drugs or antigens, due to their capability to encapsulate bioactive hydrophilic, amphipathic, and lipophilic molecules into inner water phase or within lipid leaflets. The efficacy of liposomes as drug or antigen carriers has been improved in the last years to ameliorate pharmacokinetics and capacity to release their cargo in selected target organs or cells. Moreover, different formulations and variations in liposome composition have been often proposed to include immunostimulatory molecules, ligands for specific receptors, or stimuli responsive compounds. Intriguingly, independent research has unveiled the capacity of several phospholipids to play critical roles as intracellular messengers in modulating both innate and adaptive immune responses through various mechanisms, including (i) activation of different antimicrobial enzymatic pathways, (ii) driving the fusion–fission events between endosomes with direct consequences to phagosome maturation and/or to antigen presentation pathway, and (iii) modulation of the inflammatory response. These features can be exploited by including selected bioactive phospholipids in the bilayer scaffold of liposomes. This would represent an important step forward since drug or antigen carrying liposomes could be engineered to simultaneously activate different signal transduction pathways and target specific cells or tissues to induce antigen-specific T and/or B cell response. This lipid-based host-directed strategy can provide a focused antimicrobial innate and adaptive immune response against specific pathogens and offer a novel prophylactic or therapeutic option against chronic, recurrent, or drug-resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Nisini
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Noemi Poerio
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Mariotti
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica De Santis
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fraziano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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