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Garcia-Sanz C, Andreu A, Pawlyta M, Vukoičić A, Milivojević A, de las Rivas B, Bezbradica D, Palomo JM. Artificial Manganese Metalloenzymes with Laccase-like Activity: Design, Synthesis, and Characterization. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:4760-4771. [PMID: 38916249 PMCID: PMC11253090 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Laccase is an oxidase of great industrial interest due to its ability to catalyze oxidation processes of phenols and persistent organic pollutants. However, it is susceptible to denaturation at high temperatures, sensitive to pH, and unstable in the presence of high concentrations of solvents, which is a issue for industrial use. To solve this problem, this work develops the synthesis in an aqueous medium of a new Mn metalloenzyme with laccase oxidase mimetic catalytic activity. Geobacillus thermocatenulatus lipase (GTL) was used as a scaffold enzyme, mixed with a manganese salt at 50 °C in an aqueous medium. This leads to the in situ formation of manganese(IV) oxide nanowires that interact with the enzyme, yielding a GTL-Mn bionanohybrid. On the other hand, its oxidative activity was evaluated using the ABTS assay, obtaining a catalytic efficiency 300 times higher than that of Trametes versicolor laccase. This new Mn metalloenzyme was 2 times more stable at 40 °C, 3 times more stable in the presence of 10% acetonitrile, and 10 times more stable in 20% acetonitrile than Novozym 51003 laccase. Furthermore, the site-selective immobilized GTL-Mn showed a much higher stability than the soluble form. The oxidase-like activity of this Mn metalloenzyme was successfully demonstrated against other substrates, such as l-DOPA or phloridzin, in oligomerization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Garcia-Sanz
- Instituto
de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica (ICP), CSIC, c/Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Andreu
- Instituto
de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica (ICP), CSIC, c/Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mirosława Pawlyta
- Faculty
of Mechanical Technology, Silesian Technical
University, Stanisława
Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ana Vukoičić
- Innovation
Center of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Milivojević
- Faculty
of Technology and Metallurgy, University
of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Blanca de las Rivas
- Department
of Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of
Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dejan Bezbradica
- Faculty
of Technology and Metallurgy, University
of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jose M. Palomo
- Instituto
de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica (ICP), CSIC, c/Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Garcia-Sanz C, de Las Rivas B, Palomo JM. Design of a gold nanoparticles site in an engineered lipase: an artificial metalloenzyme with enantioselective reductase-like activity. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:6999-7010. [PMID: 38501793 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00573b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The conjugation of gold complexes with proteins has proved to be interesting and effective in obtaining artificial metalloenzymes as catalysts with improved properties such as higher stability, activity and selectivity. However, the design and precise regulation of their structure as protein nanostructured forms level remains a challenge. Here, we have designed and constructed a gold nanoparticles-enzyme bioconjugate, by tailoring the in situ formation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) at two specific sites on the structure of an alkalophilic lipase from Geobacillus thermocatenulatus (GTL). For this purpose, two genetically modified variants of GTL were created by inserting a unique cysteine residue into the catalytic active site by replacing the active serine (GTL-114) and into the lid site (GTL-193). The enzyme, after a first protein-gold coordination, induced the in situ formation of AuNPs, generating a homogeneous artificial enzyme. The size and morphology of the nanoparticles in the AuNPs-enzyme conjugate have been controlled by specific pH conditions in synthesis and the specific protein region where they are formed. Reductase activity of all of them was confirmed in the hydrogenation of nitroarenes in aqueous media. The protein area seemed to be key for the AuNPs, with the best TOF values obtained for the bioconjugates with AuNPs in the lid site. Finally, the protein environment and the asymmetric properties of the AuNPs were tested in the reduction of acetophenone to 1-phenylethanol in aqueous medium at room temperature. A high reductive conversion and an enantiomeric excess of up to 39% towards (R)-1-phenylethanol was found using Au-Mt@GTL-114 pH 10 as a catalyst. Moderate enantioselectivity towards the opposite isomer was also observed using the Au-Mt@GTL-193 pH 10 conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Garcia-Sanz
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica (ICP), CSIC, c/Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Blanca de Las Rivas
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Palomo
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica (ICP), CSIC, c/Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Carballares D, Morellon-Sterling R, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Design of Artificial Enzymes Bearing Several Active Centers: New Trends, Opportunities and Problems. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5304. [PMID: 35628115 PMCID: PMC9141793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Harnessing enzymes which possess several catalytic activities is a topic where intense research has been carried out, mainly coupled with the development of cascade reactions. This review tries to cover the different possibilities to reach this goal: enzymes with promiscuous activities, fusion enzymes, enzymes + metal catalysts (including metal nanoparticles or site-directed attached organometallic catalyst), enzymes bearing non-canonical amino acids + metal catalysts, design of enzymes bearing a second biological but artificial active center (plurizymes) by coupling enzyme modelling and directed mutagenesis and plurizymes that have been site directed modified in both or in just one active center with an irreversible inhibitor attached to an organometallic catalyst. Some examples of cascade reactions catalyzed by the enzymes bearing several catalytic activities are also described. Finally, some foreseen problems of the use of these multi-activity enzymes are described (mainly related to the balance of the catalytic activities, necessary in many instances, or the different operational stabilities of the different catalytic activities). The design of new multi-activity enzymes (e.g., plurizymes or modified plurizymes) seems to be a topic with unarguable interest, as this may link biological and non-biological activities to establish new combo-catalysis routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Carballares
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.C.); (R.M.-S.)
| | - Roberto Morellon-Sterling
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.C.); (R.M.-S.)
- Student of Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.C.); (R.M.-S.)
- Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academic, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Naapuri JM, Losada-Garcia N, Deska J, Palomo JM. Synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles-enzyme-polymer conjugate hybrids as dual-activity catalysts for chemoenzymatic cascade reactions. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:5701-5715. [PMID: 35343986 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00361a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Novel hybrids containing silver or gold nanoparticles have been synthesized in aqueous media and at room temperature using enzymes or tailor-made enzyme-polymer conjugates, which directly induced the formation of inorganic silver or gold species. The choice of pH, protein, or bioconjugate strongly affected the final metallic nanoparticles hybrid formation. Using Candida antarctica lipase (CALB) in a solution, nanobiohybrids containing Ag2O nanoparticles of 9 nm average diameter were obtained. The use of tailor-made bioconjugates, for example, the CALB modified with dextran-aspartic acid polymer (Dext6kDa), resulted in a nanobiohybrid containing smaller Ag(0)/Ag2O nanoparticles. In the case of nanobiohybrids based on gold, Au(0) species were found in all cases. The Au-CALB hybrid contained spherical nanoparticles with 18 nm average diameter size, with a minor range of larger ones (>100 nm) while the AuNPs-CALB-Dext6kDa hybrid was formed by much smaller nanoparticles (9 nm, minor range of 22 nm), and also nanorods of 20-30/40-50 nm length. Using Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL), apart from the nanoparticle formation, nanoflowers with a diameter range of 100-200 nm were obtained. All nanobiohybrids maintained (dual) enzymatic and metallic activities. For instance, these nanobiohybrids exhibited exquisite dual-activity for hydrolysis/cycloisomerization cascades starting from allenic acetates. By merging the transition metal reactivity with the inherent lipase catalysis, allenic acetates directly converted to the corresponding O-heterocycles in enantiopure form catalysed by AgNPs-CALB-Dext6kDa, taking advantage of a kinetic resolution/cyclization pathway. These results showed the high applicability of these novel hybrids, offering new opportunities for the design of novel reaction cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne M Naapuri
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis (ICP-CSIC), Marie Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Chemistry, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Noelia Losada-Garcia
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis (ICP-CSIC), Marie Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jan Deska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Chemistry, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Jose M Palomo
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis (ICP-CSIC), Marie Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Giri P, Pagar AD, Patil MD, Yun H. Chemical modification of enzymes to improve biocatalytic performance. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107868. [PMID: 34774927 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Improvement in intrinsic enzymatic features is in many instances a prerequisite for the scalable applicability of many industrially important biocatalysts. To this end, various strategies of chemical modification of enzymes are maturing and now considered as a distinct way to improve biocatalytic properties. Traditional chemical modification methods utilize reactivities of amine, carboxylic, thiol and other side chains originating from canonical amino acids. On the other hand, noncanonical amino acid- mediated 'click' (bioorthogoal) chemistry and dehydroalanine (Dha)-mediated modifications have emerged as an alternate and promising ways to modify enzymes for functional enhancement. This review discusses the applications of various chemical modification tools that have been directed towards the improvement of functional properties and/or stability of diverse array of biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Giri
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Amol D Pagar
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahesh D Patil
- Department of Nanomaterials and Application Technology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Sector-81, PO Manauli, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Pagar AD, Patil MD, Flood DT, Yoo TH, Dawson PE, Yun H. Recent Advances in Biocatalysis with Chemical Modification and Expanded Amino Acid Alphabet. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6173-6245. [PMID: 33886302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The two main strategies for enzyme engineering, directed evolution and rational design, have found widespread applications in improving the intrinsic activities of proteins. Although numerous advances have been achieved using these ground-breaking methods, the limited chemical diversity of the biopolymers, restricted to the 20 canonical amino acids, hampers creation of novel enzymes that Nature has never made thus far. To address this, much research has been devoted to expanding the protein sequence space via chemical modifications and/or incorporation of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs). This review provides a balanced discussion and critical evaluation of the applications, recent advances, and technical breakthroughs in biocatalysis for three approaches: (i) chemical modification of cAAs, (ii) incorporation of ncAAs, and (iii) chemical modification of incorporated ncAAs. Furthermore, the applications of these approaches and the result on the functional properties and mechanistic study of the enzymes are extensively reviewed. We also discuss the design of artificial enzymes and directed evolution strategies for enzymes with ncAAs incorporated. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future perspectives for biocatalysis using the expanded amino acid alphabet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol D Pagar
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Mahesh D Patil
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Dillon T Flood
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tae Hyeon Yoo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Philip E Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Biocatalysis at Extreme Temperatures: Enantioselective Synthesis of both Enantiomers of Mandelic Acid by Transesterification Catalyzed by a Thermophilic Lipase in Ionic Liquids at 120 °C. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10091055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of biocatalysts in organic chemistry for catalyzing chemo-, regio- and stereoselective transformations has become an usual tool in the last years, both at lab and industrial scale. This is not only because of their exquisite precision, but also due to the inherent increase in the process sustainability. Nevertheless, most of the interesting industrial reactions involve water-insoluble substrates, so the use of (generally not green) organic solvents is generally required. Although lipases are capable of maintaining their catalytic precision working in those solvents, reactions are usually very slow and consequently not very appropriate for industrial purposes. Increasing reaction temperature would accelerate the reaction rate, but this should require the use of lipases from thermophiles, which tend to be more enantioselective at lower temperatures, as they are more rigid than those from mesophiles. Therefore, the ideal scenario would require a thermophilic lipase capable of retaining high enantioselectivity at high temperatures. In this paper, we describe the use of lipase from Geobacillus thermocatenolatus as catalyst in the ethanolysis of racemic 2-(butyryloxy)-2-phenylacetic to furnish both enantiomers of mandelic acid, an useful intermediate in the synthesis of many drugs and active products. The catalytic performance at high temperature in a conventional organic solvent (isooctane) and four imidazolium-based ionic liquids was assessed. The best results were obtained using 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIMBF4) and 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate (EMIMPF6) at temperatures as high as 120 °C, observing in both cases very fast and enantioselective kinetic resolutions, respectively leading exclusively to the (S) or to the (R)-enantiomer of mandelic acid, depending on the anion component of the ionic liquid.
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Chemical treatments for modification and immobilization to improve the solvent-stability of lipase. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:193. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2777-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Godoy CA, Klett J, Di Geronimo B, Hermoso JA, Guisán JM, Carrasco-López C. Disulfide Engineered Lipase to Enhance the Catalytic Activity: A Structure-Based Approach on BTL2. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215245. [PMID: 31652673 PMCID: PMC6862113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancement, control, and tuning of hydrolytic activity and specificity of lipases are major goals for the industry. Thermoalkaliphilic lipases from the I.5 family, with their native advantages such as high thermostability and tolerance to alkaline pHs, are a target for biotechnological applications. Although several strategies have been applied to increase lipases activity, the enhancement through protein engineering without compromising other capabilities is still elusive. Lipases from the I.5 family suffer a unique and delicate double lid restructuration to transition from a closed and inactive state to their open and enzymatically active conformation. In order to increase the activity of the wild type Geobacillus thermocatenulatus lipase 2 (BTL2) we rationally designed, based on its tridimensional structure, a mutant (ccBTL2) capable of forming a disulfide bond to lock the open state. ccBTL2 was generated replacing A191 and F206 to cysteine residues while both wild type C64 and C295 were mutated to serine. A covalently immobilized ccBTL2 showed a 3.5-fold increment in esterase activity with 0.1% Triton X-100 (2336 IU mg−1) and up to 6.0-fold higher with 0.01% CTAB (778 IU mg−1), both in the presence of oxidizing sulfhydryl agents, when compared to BTL2. The remarkable and industrially desired features of BTL2 such as optimal alkaliphilic pH and high thermal stability were not affected. The designed disulfide bond also conferred reversibility to the enhancement, as the increment on activity observed for ccBTL2 was controlled by redox pretreatments. MD simulations suggested that the most stable conformation for ccBTL2 (with the disulfide bond formed) was, as we predicted, similar to the open and active conformation of this lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- César A Godoy
- Departamento de Química (LIBB), Grupo de Investigación en Ingeniería de los Procesos Agroalimentarios y Biotecnológicos (GIPAB), Universidad del Valle, C.P. 76001 Cali, Colombia.
| | - Javier Klett
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), C/Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Bruno Di Geronimo
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), C/Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan A Hermoso
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry "Rocasolano" (IQFR-CSIC), E_28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José M Guisán
- Departamento de Biocatálisis. Instituto de Catálisis. CSIC. Campus UAM. Cantoblanco. C.P. 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - César Carrasco-López
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hoyt Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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Lopez-Tejedor D, de Las Rivas B, Palomo JM. Ultra-Small Pd(0) Nanoparticles into a Designed Semisynthetic Lipase: An Efficient and Recyclable Heterogeneous Biohybrid Catalyst for the Heck Reaction under Mild Conditions. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092358. [PMID: 30223522 PMCID: PMC6225421 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel heterogeneous enzyme-palladium (Pd) (0) nanoparticles (PdNPs) bionanohybrid has been synthesized by an efficient, green, and straightforward methodology. A designed Geobacillus thermocatenulatus lipase (GTL) variant genetically and then chemically modified by the introduction of a tailor-made cysteine-containing complementary peptide- was used as the stabilizing and reducing agent for the in situ formation of ultra-small PdNPs nanoparticles embedded on the protein structure. This bionanohybrid was an excellent catalyst in the synthesis of trans-ethyl cinnamate by Heck reaction at 65 °C. It showed the best catalytic performance in dimethylformamide (DMF) containing 10–25% of water as a solvent but was also able to catalyze the reaction in pure DMF or with a higher amount of water as co-solvent. The recyclability and stability were excellent, maintaining more than 90% of catalytic activity after five cycles of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lopez-Tejedor
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis (CSIC), Marie Curie 2, Cantoblanco Campus UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Blanca de Las Rivas
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose M Palomo
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis (CSIC), Marie Curie 2, Cantoblanco Campus UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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