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Fan S, Lü X, Wei X, Lü R, Feng C, Jin Y, Yan M, Yang Z. Computational design of α-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis to increase its activity and stability at high temperatures. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:982-989. [PMID: 38404709 PMCID: PMC10883975 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The thermostable α-amylase derived from Bacillus licheniformis (BLA) has multiple advantages, including enhancing the mass transfer rate and by reducing microbial contamination in starch hydrolysis. Nonetheless, the application of BLA is constrained by the accessibility and stability of enzymes capable of achieving high conversion rates at elevated temperatures. Moreover, the thermotolerance of BLA requires further enhancement. Here, we developed a computational strategy for constructing small and smart mutant libraries to identify variants with enhanced thermostability. Initially, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to identify the regions with high flexibility. Subsequently, FoldX, a computational design predictor, was used to design mutants by rigidifying highly flexible residues, whereas the simultaneous decrease in folding free energy assisted in improving thermostability. Through the utilization of MD and FoldX, residues K251, T277, N278, K319, and E336, situated at a distance of 5 Å from the catalytic triad, were chosen for mutation. Seventeen mutants were identified and characterized by evaluating enzymatic characteristics and kinetic parameters. The catalytic efficiency of the E271L/N278K mutant reached 184.1 g L-1 s-1, which is 1.88-fold larger than the corresponding value determined for the WT. Furthermore, the most thermostable mutant, E336S, exhibited a 1.43-fold improvement in half-life at 95 ℃, compared with that of the WT. This study, by combining computational simulation with experimental verification, establishes that potential sites can be computationally predicted to increase the activity and stability of BLA and thus provide a possible strategy by which to guide protein design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Fan
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xudong Lü
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiyu Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ruijie Lü
- School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Cuiyue Feng
- School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jin
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Maocai Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao 276800, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaoyong Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Ndochinwa OG, Wang QY, Amadi OC, Nwagu TN, Nnamchi CI, Okeke ES, Moneke AN. Current status and emerging frontiers in enzyme engineering: An industrial perspective. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32673. [PMID: 38912509 PMCID: PMC11193041 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein engineering mechanisms can be an efficient approach to enhance the biochemical properties of various biocatalysts. Immobilization of biocatalysts and the introduction of new-to-nature chemical reactivities are also possible through the same mechanism. Discovering new protocols that enhance the catalytic active protein that possesses novelty in terms of being stable, active, and, stereoselectivity with functions could be identified as essential areas in terms of concurrent bioorganic chemistry (synergistic relationship between organic chemistry and biochemistry in the context of enzyme engineering). However, with our current level of knowledge about protein folding and its correlation with protein conformation and activities, it is almost impossible to design proteins with specific biological and physical properties. Hence, contemporary protein engineering typically involves reprogramming existing enzymes by mutagenesis to generate new phenotypes with desired properties. These processes ensure that limitations of naturally occurring enzymes are not encountered. For example, researchers have engineered cellulases and hemicellulases to withstand harsh conditions encountered during biomass pretreatment, such as high temperatures and acidic environments. By enhancing the activity and robustness of these enzymes, biofuel production becomes more economically viable and environmentally sustainable. Recent trends in enzyme engineering have enabled the development of tailored biocatalysts for pharmaceutical applications. For instance, researchers have engineered enzymes such as cytochrome P450s and amine oxidases to catalyze challenging reactions involved in drug synthesis. In addition to conventional methods, there has been an increasing application of machine learning techniques to identify patterns in data. These patterns are then used to predict protein structures, enhance enzyme solubility, stability, and function, forecast substrate specificity, and assist in rational protein design. In this review, we discussed recent trends in enzyme engineering to optimize the biochemical properties of various biocatalysts. Using examples relevant to biotechnology in engineering enzymes, we try to expatiate the significance of enzyme engineering with how these methods could be applied to optimize the biochemical properties of a naturally occurring enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obinna Giles Ndochinwa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Qing-Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomass Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Oyetugo Chioma Amadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Tochukwu Nwamaka Nwagu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | | | - Emmanuel Sunday Okeke
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Anene Nwabu Moneke
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Du Z, Huang X, Li H, Zheng M, Hong T, Li Z, Du X, Jiang Z, Ni H, Li Q, Zhu Y. Improvement of thermostability by increasing rigidity in the finger regions and flexibility in the catalytic pocket area of Pseudoalteromonas porphyrae κ-carrageenase. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:216. [PMID: 38802708 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Poor thermostability reduces the industrial application value of κ-carrageenase. In this study, the PoPMuSiC algorithm combined with site-directed mutagenesis was applied to improve the thermostability of the alkaline κ-carrageenase from Pseudoalteromonas porphyrae. The mutant E154A with improved thermal stability was successfully obtained using this strategy after screening seven rationally designed mutants. Compared with the wild-type κ-carrageenase (WT), E154A improved the activity by 29.4% and the residual activity by 51.6% after treatment at 50 °C for 30 min. The melting temperature (Tm) values determined by circular dichroism were 66.4 °C and 64.6 °C for E154A and WT, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulation analysis of κ-carrageenase showed that the flexibility decreased within the finger regions (including F1, F2, F3, F5 and F6) and the flexibility improved in the catalytic pocket area of the mutant E154A. The catalytic tunnel dynamic simulation analysis revealed that E154A led to enlarged catalytic tunnel volume and increased rigidity of the enzyme-substrate complex. The increasing rigidity within the finger regions and more flexible catalytic pocket of P. porphyrae κ-carrageenase might be a significant factor for improvement of the thermostability of the mutant κ-carrageenase E154A. The proposed rational design strategy could be applied to improve the enzyme kinetic stability of other industrial enzymes. Moreover, the hydrolysates of κ-carrageenan digested by the mutant E154A demonstrated increased scavenging activities against hydroxyl (OH) radicals and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals compared with the undigested κ-carrageenan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeping Du
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xiaoyi Huang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Hebin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361008, China
| | - Mingjing Zheng
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Tao Hong
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xiping Du
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Zedong Jiang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yanbing Zhu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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Wang Y, Liu W, Peng S, Chen Y, Chen F, Zhang A, Chen K. Enhancing thermostability of tryptophan hydroxylase via protein engineering and its application in 5-hydroxytryptophan production. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130609. [PMID: 38437933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), as the precursor of serotonin and melatonin in animals, can regulate mood, sleep, and behavior, which is widely used in pharmaceutical and health products industry. The enzymatic production of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) from L-tryptophan (L-Trp) using tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) show huge potential in application due to its advantages, such as mild reaction conditions, avoidance of protection/deprotection processes, excellent regioselectivity and considerable catalytic efficiency, compared with chemical synthesis and natural extraction. However, the low thermostability of TPH restricted its hydroxylation efficiency toward L-Trp. In this study, we aimed to improve the thermostability of TPH via semi-rational design guided by (folding free energy) ΔΔG fold calculation. After two rounds of evolution, two beneficial mutants M1 (S422V) and M30 (V275L/I412K) were obtained. Thermostability evaluation showed that M1 and M30 possessed 5.66-fold and 6.32-fold half-lives (t1/2) at 37 °C, and 4.2 °C and 6.0 °C higher melting temperature (Tm) than the WT, respectively. The mechanism behind thermostability improvement was elucidated with molecular dynamics simulation. Furthermore, biotransformation of 5-HTP from L-Trp was performed, M1 and M30 displayed 1.80-fold and 2.30-fold than that of WT, respectively. This work provides important insights into the thermostability enhancement of TPH and generate key mutants that could be robust candidates for practical production of 5-HTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Shiguo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Feifei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Alei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| | - Kequan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China.
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Sang Y, Huang X, Li H, Hong T, Zheng M, Li Z, Jiang Z, Ni H, Li Q, Zhu Y. Improving the thermostability of Pseudoalteromonas Porphyrae κ-carrageenase by rational design and MD simulation. AMB Express 2024; 14:8. [PMID: 38245573 PMCID: PMC10799840 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-024-01661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The industrial applications of the κ-carrageenases have been restricted by their poor thermostability. In this study, based on the folding free energy change (ΔΔG) and the flexibility analysis using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for the alkaline κ-carrageenase KCgCD from Pseudoalteromonas porphyrae (WT), the mutant S190R was identified with improved thermostability. After incubation at 50 °C for 30 min, the residual activity of S190R was 63.7%, 25.7% higher than that of WT. The Tm values determined by differential scanning calorimetry were 66.2 °C and 64.4 °C for S190R and WT, respectively. The optimal temperature of S190R was 10 °C higher than that of WT. The κ-carrageenan hydrolysates produced by S190R showed higher xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity compared with the untreated κ-carrageenan. MD simulation analysis of S190R showed that the residues (V186-M194 and P196-G197) in F5 and the key residue R150 in F3 displayed the decreased flexibility, and residues of T169-N173 near the catalytic center displayed the increased flexibility. These changed flexibilities might be the reasons for the improved thermostability of mutant S190R. This study provides a useful rational design strategy of combination of ΔΔG calculation and MD simulation to improve the κ-carrageenase's thermostability for its better industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Sang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaoyi Huang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Hebin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiamen Medical College, 361008, Xiamen, China
| | - Tao Hong
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, 361021, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, 361021, Xiamen, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Mingjing Zheng
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, 361021, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, 361021, Xiamen, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, 361021, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, 361021, Xiamen, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Zedong Jiang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, 361021, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, 361021, Xiamen, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, 361021, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, 361021, Xiamen, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, 361021, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, 361021, Xiamen, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanbing Zhu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, 361021, Xiamen, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, 361021, Xiamen, China.
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, 361021, Xiamen, China.
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Zhou H, Cai Y, Long M, Zheng N, Zhang Z, You C, Hussain A, Xia X. Computer-Aided Reconstruction and Application of Bacillus halodurans S7 Xylanase with Heat and Alkali Resistance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:1213-1227. [PMID: 38183306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
β-1,4-Endoxylanase is the most critical hydrolase for xylan degradation during lignocellulosic biomass utilization. However, its poor stability and activity in hot and alkaline environments hinder its widespread application. In this study, BhS7Xyl from Bacillus halodurans S7 was improved using a computer-aided design through isothermal compressibility (βT) perturbation engineering and by combining three thermostability prediction algorithms (ICPE-TPA). The best variant with remarkable improvement in specific activity, heat resistance (70 °C), and alkaline resistance (both pH 9.0 and 70 °C), R69F/E137M/E145L, exhibited a 4.9-fold increase by wild-type in specific activity (1368.6 U/mg), a 39.4-fold increase in temperature half-life (458.1 min), and a 57.6-fold increase in pH half-life (383.1 min). Furthermore, R69F/E137M/E145L was applied to the hydrolysis of agricultural waste (corncob and hardwood pulp) to efficiently obtain a higher yield of high-value xylooligosaccharides. Overall, the ICPE-TPA strategy has the potential to improve the functional performance of enzymes under extreme conditions for the high-value utilization of lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongchao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengfei Long
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zehua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cuiping You
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Asif Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaole Xia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300000, China
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Zhu M, Zhai W, Song R, Lin L, Wei W, Wei D. Enhanced Thermostability of Geobacillus stearothermophilus α-Amylase by Rational Design of Disulfide Bond and Application in Corn Starch Liquefaction and Bread Quality Improvement. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18928-18942. [PMID: 38053503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
α-Amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) from Geobacillus stearothermophilus (generally recognized as safe) exhibited thermal inactivation, hampering its further application in starch-based industries. To address this, we performed structural analyses based on molecular dynamics targeting the flexible regions of α-amylase. Subsequently, we rationally designed a thermostable mutant, AmyS1, by introducing disulfide bonds to stabilize the flexible regions. AmyS1 showed excellent thermostability without any stability-activity trade-off, giving a 40-fold longer T1/2 (1359 min) at 90 °C. Thermostability mechanism analysis revealed that the introduction of disulfide bonds in AmyS1 refined weak spots and reconfigured the protein's force network. Moreover, AmyS1 exhibited improved pH compatibility and enhanced corn starch liquefaction at 100 °C with a 5.1-fold increased product concentration. Baking tests confirmed that AmyS1 enhanced bread quality and extended the shelf life. Therefore, mutant AmyS1 is a robust candidate for the starch-based industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenxin Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Runfei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lin Lin
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
- Research Laboratory for Functional Nanomaterial, National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Chatterjee A, Puri S, Sharma PK, Deepa PR, Chowdhury S. Nature-inspired Enzyme engineering and sustainable catalysis: biochemical clues from the world of plants and extremophiles. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1229300. [PMID: 37409164 PMCID: PMC10318364 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1229300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of enzymes to accelerate chemical reactions for the synthesis of industrially important products is rapidly gaining popularity. Biocatalysis is an environment-friendly approach as it not only uses non-toxic, biodegradable, and renewable raw materials but also helps to reduce waste generation. In this context, enzymes from organisms living in extreme conditions (extremozymes) have been studied extensively and used in industries (food and pharmaceutical), agriculture, and molecular biology, as they are adapted to catalyze reactions withstanding harsh environmental conditions. Enzyme engineering plays a key role in integrating the structure-function insights from reference enzymes and their utilization for developing improvised catalysts. It helps to transform the enzymes to enhance their activity, stability, substrates-specificity, and substrate-versatility by suitably modifying enzyme structure, thereby creating new variants of the enzyme with improved physical and chemical properties. Here, we have illustrated the relatively less-tapped potentials of plant enzymes in general and their sub-class of extremozymes for industrial applications. Plants are exposed to a wide range of abiotic and biotic stresses due to their sessile nature, for which they have developed various mechanisms, including the production of stress-response enzymes. While extremozymes from microorganisms have been extensively studied, there are clear indications that plants and algae also produce extremophilic enzymes as their survival strategy, which may find industrial applications. Typical plant enzymes, such as ascorbate peroxidase, papain, carbonic anhydrase, glycoside hydrolases and others have been examined in this review with respect to their stress-tolerant features and further improvement via enzyme engineering. Some rare instances of plant-derived enzymes that point to greater exploration for industrial use have also been presented here. The overall implication is to utilize biochemical clues from the plant-based enzymes for robust, efficient, and substrate/reaction conditions-versatile scaffolds or reference leads for enzyme engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - P. R. Deepa
- *Correspondence: P. R. Deepa, ; Shibasish Chowdhury,
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Fan F, Liu C, Cao J, Lyu C, Qiu S, Hu S, Sun T, Mei J, Wang H, Li Y, Zhao W, Mei L, Huang J. Turning thermostability of Aspergillus terreus (R)-selective transaminase At-ATA by synthetic shuffling. J Biotechnol 2023; 364:66-74. [PMID: 36708998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As versatile and green biocatalysts for the asymmetric amination of ketones, the insufficient thermostability of transaminases always limits its broad application in the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries. Here, synthetic shuffling technology was used to enhance stability of (R)-selective transaminase from Aspergillus terreus. The results showed that 30 out of 5000 mutants had improved thermostability by color-based screening method, among which mutants with residual enzyme activity higher than 50% at 45 °C for 10 min were selected for further analysis. Especially, the half-inactivation temperature (T5010), half-life (t1/2), and melting temperature (Tm) of the best mutant M14 (M280C-H210N-M150C-F115L) were 13.7 °C, 165.8 min, and 13.9 °C higher than that of the wild type (WT), respectively. M14 also exhibited a significant biocatalytic efficiency toward acetophenone and 1-acetylnaphthalene, the yield of which were 265.6% and 117.5% higher than WT, respectively. Based on molecular dynamics simulation, improved catalytic efficiency of M14 could be attributed to its increased hydrogen bonds interaction around the mutation sites. Additionally, the introduction of disulfide bond combined with above mutations has a synergistic effect on the improved protein thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Processing Technology for Farm Products of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural Biological Resources Biochemical Manufacturing, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Processing Technology for Farm Products of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural Biological Resources Biochemical Manufacturing, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Jiaren Cao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Processing Technology for Farm Products of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural Biological Resources Biochemical Manufacturing, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Changjiang Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Processing Technology for Farm Products of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural Biological Resources Biochemical Manufacturing, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Shuai Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Processing Technology for Farm Products of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural Biological Resources Biochemical Manufacturing, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo Tech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Jiaqi Mei
- Hangzhou Huadong Medicine Group Co. Ltd, Hangzhou 310011, China
| | - Hongpeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Processing Technology for Farm Products of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural Biological Resources Biochemical Manufacturing, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Ye Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Processing Technology for Farm Products of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural Biological Resources Biochemical Manufacturing, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Weirui Zhao
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo Tech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Lehe Mei
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo Tech University, Ningbo 315100, China; Jinhua Advanced Research Institute, Jinhua 321019, China; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Jun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Processing Technology for Farm Products of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural Biological Resources Biochemical Manufacturing, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
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10
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Song Z, Zhang Q, Wu W, Pu Z, Yu H. Rational design of enzyme activity and enantioselectivity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1129149. [PMID: 36761300 PMCID: PMC9902596 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1129149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The strategy of rational design to engineer enzymes is to predict the potential mutants based on the understanding of the relationships between protein structure and function, and subsequently introduce the mutations using the site-directed mutagenesis. Rational design methods are universal, relatively fast and have the potential to be developed into algorithms that can quantitatively predict the performance of the designed sequences. Compared to the protein stability, it was more challenging to design an enzyme with improved activity or selectivity, due to the complexity of enzyme molecular structure and inadequate understanding of the relationships between enzyme structures and functions. However, with the development of computational force, advanced algorithm and a deeper understanding of enzyme catalytic mechanisms, rational design could significantly simplify the process of engineering enzyme functions and the number of studies applying rational design strategy has been increasing. Here, we reviewed the recent advances of applying the rational design strategy to engineer enzyme functions including activity and enantioselectivity. Five strategies including multiple sequence alignment, strategy based on steric hindrance, strategy based on remodeling interaction network, strategy based on dynamics modification and computational protein design are discussed and the successful cases using these strategies are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongdi Song
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qunfeng Zhang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenhui Wu
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongji Pu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haoran Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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11
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Rational Design of a Thermostable 2'-Deoxyribosyltransferase for Nelarabine Production by Prediction of Disulfide Bond Engineering Sites. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911806. [PMID: 36233108 PMCID: PMC9570332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major drawbacks of the industrial implementation of enzymatic processes is the low operational stability of the enzymes under tough industrial conditions. In this respect, the use of thermostable enzymes in the industry is gaining ground during the last decades. Herein, we report a structure-guided approach for the development of novel and thermostable 2′-deoxyribosyltransferases (NDTs) based on the computational design of disulfide bonds on hot spot positions. To this end, a small library of NDT variants from Lactobacillus delbrueckii (LdNDT) with introduced cysteine pairs was created. Among them, LdNDTS104C (100% retained activity) was chosen as the most thermostable variant, displaying a six- and two-fold enhanced long-term stability when stored at 55 °C (t1/255 °C ≈ 24 h) and 60 °C (t1/260 °C ≈ 4 h), respectively. Moreover, the biochemical characterization revealed that LdNDTS104C showed >60% relative activity across a broad range of temperature (30−90 °C) and pH (5−7). Finally, to study the potential application of LdNDTS104C as an industrial catalyst, the enzymatic synthesis of nelarabine was successfully carried out under different substrate conditions (1:1 and 3:1) at different reaction times. Under these experimental conditions, the production of nelarabine was increased up to 2.8-fold (72% conversion) compared with wild-type LdNDT.
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12
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Ni ZF, Li N, Xu P, Guo ZW, Zong MH, Lou WY. Enhancement of thermostability and catalytic properties of ammonia lyase through disulfide bond construction and backbone cyclization. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:804-811. [PMID: 35926674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia lyases have great application potential in food and pharmaceuticals owing to their unique ammonia addition reaction and atom economy. A novel methylaspartate ammonia-lyase, EcMAL, from E. coli O157:H7 showed high catalytic activity. To further strengthen its thermostability and activity, disulfide bond and backbone cyclization (cyclase) variants were constructed by rational design, respectively. Among them, variant M3, with a disulfide bond introduced, exhibited a 2.3-fold increase in half-life at 50 °C, while cyclase variant M8 showed better performance, with 25.9-fold increases. The synergistic promotion effect of this combinational strategy on activity and stability was also investigated, and the combined mutant M9 exhibited a 1.1-fold improvement in catalytic efficiency while maintaining good thermostability. Circular dichroism analysis and molecular dynamics simulation confirmed that the main sources of improved thermostability were reduced atomic fluctuation and a more stable secondary structure. To our knowledge, this is the first example of combining the introduction of disulfide bonds with cyclase construction to improve enzyme stability, which was characterized by modification away from the enzyme active center, and provided a new method for adjusting enzyme thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Fu Ni
- Laboratory of Applied Biocatalysis, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Na Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Pei Xu
- Laboratory of Applied Biocatalysis, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Wang Guo
- Laboratory of Applied Biocatalysis, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Min-Hua Zong
- Laboratory of Applied Biocatalysis, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Yong Lou
- Laboratory of Applied Biocatalysis, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China.
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13
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Anglès F, Wang C, Balch WE. Spatial covariance analysis reveals the residue-by-residue thermodynamic contribution of variation to the CFTR fold. Commun Biol 2022; 5:356. [PMID: 35418593 PMCID: PMC9008016 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the impact of genome variation on the thermodynamic properties of function on the protein fold has been studied in vitro, it remains a challenge to assign these relationships across the entire polypeptide sequence in vivo. Using the Gaussian process regression based principle of Spatial CoVariance, we globally assign on a residue-by-residue basis the biological thermodynamic properties that contribute to the functional fold of CFTR in the cell. We demonstrate the existence of a thermodynamically sensitive region of the CFTR fold involving the interface between NBD1 and ICL4 that contributes to its export from endoplasmic reticulum. At the cell surface a new set of residues contribute uniquely to the management of channel function. These results support a general 'quality assurance' view of global protein fold management as an SCV principle describing the differential pre- and post-ER residue interactions contributing to compartmentalization of the energetics of the protein fold for function. Our results set the stage for future analyses of the quality systems managing protein sequence-to-function-to-structure broadly encompassing genome design leading to protein function in complex cellular relationships responsible for diversity and fitness in biology in response to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Anglès
- Scripps Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Scripps Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - William E Balch
- Scripps Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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14
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Zhao P, Ren SM, Liu F, Zheng YC, Xu N, Pan J, Yu HL, Xu JH. Protein engineering of thioether monooxygenase to improve its thermostability for enzymatic synthesis of chiral sulfoxide. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Growth optimization and identification of an ω-transaminase by a novel native PAGE activity staining method in a Bacillus sp. strain BaH isolated from Iranian soil. AMB Express 2021; 11:46. [PMID: 33759017 PMCID: PMC7988029 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
ω-Transaminases’ (ω-TAs) importance for synthesizing chiral amines led to the development of different methods to quickly identify and characterize new sources of these enzymes. Here we describe the optimization of growth and induction of such an enzyme in a wild type strain of Bacillus sp. strain BaH (IBRC-M 11337) isolated from Iranian soil in shaking flasks by the response surface methodology (RSM). Optimum conditions were set in a multiplexed bench-top bioreactor system (Sixfors). ω-TA activity of obtained biomass was checked by an innovative efficient colorimetric assay for localizing ω-TAs in crude extracts on acrylamide gel by using ortho-xylylenediamine (OXD) as amino donor. The application of the established OXD assay is thereby expanded from high-throughput activity screenings and colony-based screenings of heterologously expressed mutants to a direct identification of ω-TAs in wild-type strains: This assay can be used to detect the protein band of the respective enzyme in crude extracts of novel isolates by visual inspection of native PAGEs without any upstream protein purification, thus enabling subsequent further investigations of a newly discovered enzyme directly from the crude extract.
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16
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Velasco-Lozano S, Jackson E, Ripoll M, López-Gallego F, Betancor L. Stabilization of ω-transaminase from Pseudomonas fluorescens by immobilization techniques. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:4318-4328. [PMID: 32898544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Transaminases are a class of enzymes with promising applications for the preparation and resolution of a vast diversity of valued amines. Their poor operational stability has fueled many investigations on its stabilization due to their biotechnological relevance. In this work, we screened the stabilization of the tetrameric ω-transaminase from Pseudomonas fluorescens (PfωTA) through both carrier-bound and carrier-free immobilization techniques. The best heterogeneous biocatalyst was the PfωTA immobilized as cross-linked enzyme aggregates (PfωTA-CLEA) which resulted after studying different parameters as the precipitant, additives and glutaraldehyde concentrations. The best conditions for maximum recovered activity (29 %) and maximum thermostability at 60 ºC and 70 ºC (100 % and 71 % residual activity after 1 h, respectively) were achieved by enzyme precipitation with 90% acetone or ethanol, in presence of BSA (100 mg/mL) and employing glutaraldehyde (100 mM) as cross-linker. Studies on different conditions for PfωTA-CLEA preparation yielded a biocatalyst that exhibited 31 and 4.6 times enhanced thermal stability at 60 °C and 70 °C, respectively, compared to its soluble counterpart. The PfωTA-CLEA was successfully used in the bioamination of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde to 4-hydroxybenzylamine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing a transaminase cross-linked enzyme aggregates as immobilization strategy to generate a biocatalyst with outstanding thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Velasco-Lozano
- Catálisis Heterogénea en Síntesis Orgánicas Selectivas, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH-CSIC), University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Heterogeneous Biocatalysis Laboratory, CICbiomaGUNE Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón, 182, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Erienne Jackson
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Universidad ORT Uruguay, Cuareim 1441, 11100 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Magdalena Ripoll
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Universidad ORT Uruguay, Cuareim 1441, 11100 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fernando López-Gallego
- Catálisis Heterogénea en Síntesis Orgánicas Selectivas, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH-CSIC), University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Heterogeneous Biocatalysis Laboratory, CICbiomaGUNE Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón, 182, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Lorena Betancor
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Universidad ORT Uruguay, Cuareim 1441, 11100 Montevideo, Uruguay.
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17
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Meng Q, Capra N, Palacio CM, Lanfranchi E, Otzen M, van Schie LZ, Rozeboom HJ, Thunnissen AMWH, Wijma HJ, Janssen DB. Robust ω-Transaminases by Computational Stabilization of the Subunit Interface. ACS Catal 2020; 10:2915-2928. [PMID: 32953233 PMCID: PMC7493286 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Transaminases are attractive catalysts for the production of enantiopure amines. However, the poor stability of these enzymes often limits their application in biocatalysis. Here, we used a framework for enzyme stability engineering by computational library design (FRESCO) to stabilize the homodimeric PLP fold type I ω-transaminase from Pseudomonas jessenii. A large number of surface-located point mutations and mutations predicted to stabilize the subunit interface were examined. Experimental screening revealed that 10 surface mutations out of 172 tested were indeed stabilizing (6% success), whereas testing 34 interface mutations gave 19 hits (56% success). Both the extent of stabilization and the spatial distribution of stabilizing mutations showed that the subunit interface was critical for stability. After mutations were combined, 2 very stable variants with 4 and 6 mutations were obtained, which in comparison to wild type (T m app = 62 °C) displayed T m app values of 80 and 85 °C, respectively. These two variants were also 5-fold more active at their optimum temperatures and tolerated high concentrations of isopropylamine and cosolvents. This allowed conversion of 100 mM acetophenone to (S)-1-phenylethylamine (>99% enantiomeric excess) with high yield (92%, in comparison to 24% with the wild-type transaminase). Crystal structures mostly confirmed the expected structural changes and revealed that the most stabilizing mutation, I154V, featured a rarely described stabilization mechanism: namely, removal of steric strain. The results show that computational interface redesign can be a rapid and powerful strategy for transaminase stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglong Meng
- Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nikolas Capra
- Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cyntia M. Palacio
- Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Lanfranchi
- Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Otzen
- Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Z. van Schie
- Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henriëtte J. Rozeboom
- Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andy-Mark W. H. Thunnissen
- Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hein J. Wijma
- Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dick B. Janssen
- Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Peng M, Mittmann E, Wenger L, Hubbuch J, Engqvist MKM, Niemeyer CM, Rabe KS. 3D-Printed Phenacrylate Decarboxylase Flow Reactors for the Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of 4-Hydroxystilbene. Chemistry 2019; 25:15998-16001. [PMID: 31618489 PMCID: PMC6972603 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow systems for chemical synthesis are becoming a major focus in organic chemistry and there is a growing interest in the integration of biocatalysts due to their high regio- and stereoselectivity. Methods established for 3D bioprinting enable the fast and simple production of agarose-based modules for biocatalytic reactors if thermally stable enzymes are available. We report here on the characterization of four different cofactor-free phenacrylate decarboxylase enzymes suitable for the production of 4-vinylphenol and test their applicability for the encapsulation and direct 3D printing of disk-shaped agarose-based modules that can be used for compartmentalized flow microreactors. Using the most active and stable phenacrylate decarboxylase from Enterobacter spec. in a setup with four parallel reactors and a subsequent palladium(II) acetate-catalysed Heck reaction, 4-hydroxystilbene was synthesized from p-coumaric acid with a total yield of 14.7 % on a milligram scale. We believe that, due to the convenient direct immobilization of any thermostable enzyme and straightforward tuning of the reaction sequence by stacking of modules with different catalytic activities, this simple process will facilitate the establishment and use of cascade reactions and will therefore be of great advantage for many research approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Peng
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Esther Mittmann
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Lukas Wenger
- Institute of Functional InterfacesKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation EngineeringKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Institute of Functional InterfacesKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation EngineeringKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Martin K. M. Engqvist
- Department of Biology and Biological EngineeringDivision of Systems and Synthetic BiologyChalmers University of TechnologyKemivägen 1041296GothenburgSweden
| | - Christof M. Niemeyer
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Kersten S. Rabe
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
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19
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Peng M, Maier M, Esch J, Schug A, Rabe KS. Direct coupling analysis improves the identification of beneficial amino acid mutations for the functional thermostabilization of a delicate decarboxylase. Biol Chem 2019; 400:1519-1527. [PMID: 31472057 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The optimization of enzyme properties for specific reaction conditions enables their tailored use in biotechnology. Predictions using established computer-based methods, however, remain challenging, especially regarding physical parameters such as thermostability without concurrent loss of activity. Employing established computational methods such as energy calculations using FoldX can lead to the identification of beneficial single amino acid substitutions for the thermostabilization of enzymes. However, these methods require a three-dimensional (3D)-structure of the enzyme. In contrast, coevolutionary analysis is a computational method, which is solely based on sequence data. To enable a comparison, we employed coevolutionary analysis together with structure-based approaches to identify mutations, which stabilize an enzyme while retaining its activity. As an example, we used the delicate dimeric, thiamine pyrophosphate dependent enzyme ketoisovalerate decarboxylase (Kivd) and experimentally determined its stability represented by a T50 value indicating the temperature where 50% of enzymatic activity remained after incubation for 10 min. Coevolutionary analysis suggested 12 beneficial mutations, which were not identified by previously established methods, out of which four mutations led to a functional Kivd with an increased T50 value of up to 3.9°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Peng
- Institute for Biological Interfaces I, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Manfred Maier
- Institute for Biological Interfaces I, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jan Esch
- Steinbuch Centre for Computing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alexander Schug
- Institute for Advanced Simulation, Jülich Supercomputing Center, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Kersten S Rabe
- Institute for Biological Interfaces I, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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20
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Screening and Comparative Characterization of Microorganisms from Iranian Soil Samples Showing ω-Transaminase Activity toward a Plethora of Substrates. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, soil microorganisms from Iran were screened for ω-transaminase (ω-TA) activity based on growth on minimal media containing (rac)-α-methylbenzylamine (rac-α-MBA) as a sole nitrogen source. Then, for the selection of strains with high enzyme activity, a colorimetric o-xylylendiamine assay was conducted. The most promising strains were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing. Five microorganisms showing high ω-TA activity were subjected to determine optimal conditions for ω-TA activity, including pH, temperature, co-solvent, and the specificity of the ω-TA toward different amine donors and acceptors. Among the five screened microorganisms, Bacillus halotolerans turned out to be the most promising strain: Its cell-free extract showed a highly versatile amino donor spectrum toward aliphatic, aromatic chiral amines and a broad range of pH activity. Transaminase activity also exhibited excellent solvent tolerance, with maximum turnover in the presence of 30% (v/v) DMSO.
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21
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Tang N, Dehury B, Kepp KP. Computing the Pathogenicity of Alzheimer’s Disease Presenilin 1 Mutations. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:858-870. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kasper P. Kepp
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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22
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Musil M, Konegger H, Hon J, Bednar D, Damborsky J. Computational Design of Stable and Soluble Biocatalysts. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Milos Musil
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), and Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- IT4Innovations Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Information Technology, Brno University of Technology, 612 66 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hannes Konegger
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), and Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Hon
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), and Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- IT4Innovations Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Information Technology, Brno University of Technology, 612 66 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Bednar
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), and Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), and Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
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23
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Rabe K. Thermotolerant biotechnology: biocatalysts for added manufacturing. N Biotechnol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2018.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Chen S, Campillo-Brocal JC, Berglund P, Humble MS. Characterization of the stability of Vibrio fluvialis JS17 amine transaminase. J Biotechnol 2018; 282:10-17. [PMID: 29906477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.06.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The amine transaminase from Vibrio fluvialis (Vf-ATA) is an attractive enzyme with applications within Biocatalysis for the preparation of chiral amines. Various catalytic properties of Vf-ATA have been investigated, but a biophysical characterization of its stability has been lacking. Today, the industrial application of Vf-ATA is limited by its low operational stability. In order to enhance the knowledge regarding the structural stability of ATAs, general characterizations of different ATAs are required. In this work, the stability of Vf-ATA was explored. First, the affinity between enzyme and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) (KD value of 7.9 μM) was determined. Addition of PLP to enzyme preparations significantly improved the enzyme thermal stability by preventing enzyme unfolding. With the aim to understand if this was due to the PLP phosphate group coordination into the phosphate group binding cup, the effect of phosphate buffer on the enzyme stability was compared to HEPES buffer. Low concentrations of phosphate buffer showed a positive effect on the enzyme initial activity, while higher phosphate buffer concentrations prevented cofactor dissociation. Additionally, the effects of various amine or ketone substrates on the enzyme stability were explored. All tested amines caused a concentration dependent enzyme inactivation, while the corresponding ketones showed no or stabilizing effects. The enzyme inactivation due to the presence of amine can be connected to the formation of PMP, which forms in the presence of amines in the absence of ketone. Since PMP is not covalently bound to the enzyme, it could readily leave the enzyme upon formation. Exploring the different stability effects of cofactor, substrates, additives and buffer system on ATAs seems to be important in order to understand and improve the general performance of ATAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Chen
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Department of Industrial Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonatan C Campillo-Brocal
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Department of Industrial Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Berglund
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Department of Industrial Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Svedendahl Humble
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Department of Industrial Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; Pharem Biotech AB, Biovation Park, Forskargatan 20 J, SE-151 36, Södertälje, Sweden.
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25
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Buß O, Voss M, Delavault A, Gorenflo P, Syldatk C, Bornscheuer U, Rudat J. β-Phenylalanine Ester Synthesis from Stable β-Keto Ester Substrate Using Engineered ω-Transaminases. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051211. [PMID: 29783679 PMCID: PMC6100204 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful synthesis of chiral amines from ketones using ω-transaminases has been shown in many cases in the last two decades. In contrast, the amination of β-keto acids is a special and relatively new challenge, as they decompose easily in aqueous solution. To avoid this, transamination of the more stable β-keto esters would be an interesting alternative. For this reason, ω-transaminases were tested in this study, which enabled the transamination of the β-keto ester substrate ethyl benzoylacetate. Therefore, a ω-transaminase library was screened using a coloring o-xylylenediamine assay. The ω-transaminase mutants 3FCR_4M and ATA117 11Rd show great potential for further engineering experiments aiming at the synthesis of chiral (S)- and (R)-β-phenylalanine esters. This alternative approach resulted in the conversion of 32% and 13% for the (S)- and (R)-enantiomer, respectively. Furthermore, the (S)-β-phenylalanine ethyl ester was isolated by performing a semi-preparative synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Buß
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Moritz Voss
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Institute of Biochemistry, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - André Delavault
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Pascal Gorenflo
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Uwe Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Institute of Biochemistry, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Jens Rudat
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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26
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Maier M, Radtke CP, Hubbuch J, Niemeyer CM, Rabe KS. On-Demand Production of Flow-Reactor Cartridges by 3D Printing of Thermostable Enzymes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5539-5543. [PMID: 29466613 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The compartmentalization of chemical reactions is an essential principle of life that provides a major source of innovation for the development of novel approaches in biocatalysis. To implement spatially controlled biotransformations, rapid manufacturing methods are needed for the production of biocatalysts that can be applied in flow systems. Whereas three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques offer high-throughput manufacturing capability, they are usually not compatible with the delicate nature of enzymes, which call for physiological processing parameters. We herein demonstrate the utility of thermostable enzymes in the generation of biocatalytic agarose-based inks for a simple temperature-controlled 3D printing process. As examples we utilized an esterase and an alcohol dehydrogenase from thermophilic organisms as well as a decarboxylase that was thermostabilized by directed protein evolution. We used the resulting 3D-printed parts for a continuous, two-step sequential biotransformation in a fluidic setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Maier
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Carsten P Radtke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Engineering in Life Science, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Engineering in Life Science, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christof M Niemeyer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Kersten S Rabe
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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27
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Maier M, Radtke CP, Hubbuch J, Niemeyer CM, Rabe KS. Herstellung direkt nutzbarer Durchflussreaktorkartuschen durch 3D-Druck von thermostabilen Enzymen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Maier
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG 1); Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Carsten P. Radtke
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Institut für Bio- und Lebensmitteltechnik, Teilinstitut IV: Molekulare Aufarbeitung von Bioprodukten; Fritz-Haber-Weg 2 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Institut für Bio- und Lebensmitteltechnik, Teilinstitut IV: Molekulare Aufarbeitung von Bioprodukten; Fritz-Haber-Weg 2 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Christof M. Niemeyer
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG 1); Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Kersten S. Rabe
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG 1); Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
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28
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Triki D, Billot T, Visseaux B, Descamps D, Flatters D, Camproux AC, Regad L. Exploration of the effect of sequence variations located inside the binding pocket of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5789. [PMID: 29636521 PMCID: PMC5893546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-2 protease (PR2) is naturally resistant to most FDA (Food and Drug Administration)-approved HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs), a major antiretroviral class. In this study, we compared the PR1 and PR2 binding pockets extracted from structures complexed with 12 ligands. The comparison of PR1 and PR2 pocket properties showed that bound PR2 pockets were more hydrophobic with more oxygen atoms and fewer nitrogen atoms than PR1 pockets. The structural comparison of PR1 and PR2 pockets highlighted structural changes induced by their sequence variations and that were consistent with these property changes. Specifically, substitutions at residues 31, 46, and 82 induced structural changes in their main-chain atoms that could affect PI binding in PR2. In addition, the modelling of PR1 mutant structures containing V32I and L76M substitutions revealed a cooperative mechanism leading to structural deformation of flap-residue 45 that could modify PR2 flexibility. Our results suggest that substitutions in the PR1 and PR2 pockets can modify PI binding and flap flexibility, which could underlie PR2 resistance against PIs. These results provide new insights concerning the structural changes induced by PR1 and PR2 pocket variation changes, improving the understanding of the atomic mechanism of PR2 resistance to PIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhoha Triki
- Molécules thérapeutiques in silico (MTi), INSERM UMR-, S973, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Telli Billot
- Molécules thérapeutiques in silico (MTi), INSERM UMR-, S973, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Visseaux
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichât, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Diane Descamps
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichât, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Flatters
- Molécules thérapeutiques in silico (MTi), INSERM UMR-, S973, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Claude Camproux
- Molécules thérapeutiques in silico (MTi), INSERM UMR-, S973, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Leslie Regad
- Molécules thérapeutiques in silico (MTi), INSERM UMR-, S973, Paris, France. .,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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