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Ferretti F, Fouad MA, Abbo C, Ragaini F. Effective Synthesis of 4-Quinolones by Reductive Cyclization of 2'-Nitrochalcones Using Formic Acid as a CO Surrogate. Molecules 2023; 28:5424. [PMID: 37513296 PMCID: PMC10386197 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
4-Quinolones are the structural elements of many pharmaceutically active compounds. Although several approaches are known for their synthesis, the introduction of an aryl ring in position 2 is problematic with most of them. The reductive cyclization of o-nitrochalcones by pressurized CO, catalyzed by ruthenium or palladium complexes, has been previously reported to be a viable synthetic strategy for this aim, but the need for pressurized CO lines and autoclaves has prevented its widespread use. In this paper, we describe the use of the formic acid/acetic anhydride mixture as a CO surrogate, which allows us to perform the reaction in a cheap and commercially available thick-walled glass tube without adding any gaseous reagent. The obtained yields are often high and compare favorably with those previously reported by the use of pressurized CO. The procedure was applied to a three-step synthesis from commercially available and cheap reagents of the alkaloid Graveoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferretti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Manar Ahmed Fouad
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Cecilia Abbo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Ragaini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
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2
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Fouad M, Ferretti F, Ragaini F. Formic Acid as Carbon Monoxide Source in the Palladium-Catalyzed N-Heterocyclization of o-Nitrostyrenes to Indoles. J Org Chem 2023; 88:5108-5117. [PMID: 36655880 PMCID: PMC10127278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The reductive cyclization reaction of o-nitrostyrenes to generate indoles has been investigated for three decades using CO as a cheap reducing agent, but it remains an interesting area of research and improvements. However, using toxic CO gas has several drawbacks. As a result, it is highly preferable to use safe and efficient surrogates for in situ generation of CO from nontoxic and affordable sources. Among several CO sources that have been previously explored for the generation of gaseous CO, here we report the use of cheap and readily available formic acid as an effective reductant for the reductive cyclization of o-nitrostyrenes. The reaction is air and water tolerant and provides the desired indoles in yields up to 99%, at a low catalyst loading (0.5 mol %) and without generating toxic or difficult to separate byproducts. A cheap glass thick-walled "pressure tube" can be used instead of less available autoclaves, even on a 2 g scale, thus widening the applicability of our protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar
Ahmed Fouad
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria
University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Francesco Ferretti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Ragaini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
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3
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Zou D, Wang W, Hu Y, Jia T. Nitroarenes and nitroalkenes as potential amino sources for the synthesis of N-heterocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2254-2271. [PMID: 36825326 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00064h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitro-compounds are one of the cheapest and most readily available materials in the chemical industry and are commonly utilized as versatile building blocks. Previously, the synthesis of N-heterocycles was largely based on anilines. The utilization of nitroarenes and nitroalkenes for the synthesis of N-heterocyclic compounds can save at least one step, however, as compared to anilines. Thus, considerable attention has been paid to nitroarenes and nitroalkenes as new potential amino sources. Significant progress has been made in the reductive cyclization of nitroarenes or nitroalkenes to access various N-heterocycles in recent years. Herein, we comprehensively summarize the recent progress in the construction of N-heterocycles using nitroarenes and nitroalkenes as potential amino sources. The compatibility of the reaction substrate, its mechanism, applications, advantages, and limitations in this field are also discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang, University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Qiantang Campus, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Yaqin Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang, University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
| | - Tingting Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, China.
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4
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Jäger C, Haase M, Koschorreck K, Urlacher VB, Deska J. Aerobic C-N Bond Formation through Enzymatic Nitroso-Ene-Type Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213671. [PMID: 36468873 PMCID: PMC10107922 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The biocatalytic oxidation of acylated hydroxylamines enables the direct and selective introduction of nitrogen functionalities by activation of allylic C-H bonds. Utilizing either laccases or an oxidase/peroxidase couple for the formal dehydrogenation of N-hydroxycarbamates and hydroxamic acids with air as the terminal oxidant, acylnitroso species are generated under particularly mild aqueous conditions. The reactive intermediates undergo C-N bond formation through an ene-type mechanism and provide high yields both in intramolecular and intermolecular enzymatic aminations. Investigations on different pathways of the two biocatalytic systems and labelling studies provide more insight into this unprecedented promiscuity of classical oxidoreductases as catalysts for nitroso-based transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Jäger
- University of HelsinkiDepartment of ChemistryA.I. Virtasen aukio 100560HelsinkiFinland
- Aalto UniversityDepartment of ChemistryKemistintie 102150EspooFinland
| | - Mona Haase
- Aalto UniversityDepartment of ChemistryKemistintie 102150EspooFinland
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstr. 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Katja Koschorreck
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstr. 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Vlada B. Urlacher
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstr. 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Jan Deska
- University of HelsinkiDepartment of ChemistryA.I. Virtasen aukio 100560HelsinkiFinland
- Aalto UniversityDepartment of ChemistryKemistintie 102150EspooFinland
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5
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Phenyl Formate as a CO Surrogate for the Reductive Cyclization of Organic Nitro Compounds to Yield Different N-Heterocycles: No Need for Autoclaves and Pressurized Carbon Monoxide. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The reductive cyclization of different organic nitro compounds by carbon monoxide, catalyzed by transition metal complexes, is a very efficient and clean strategy for the synthesis of many N-heterocycles. However, its use requires the use of autoclaves and pressurized CO lines. In this perspective, the authors will present the results obtained in their laboratories on the use of phenyl formate as a convenient CO surrogate, able to liberate carbon monoxide under the reaction conditions and allowing the use of a cheap glass pressure tube as a reaction vessel. In most cases, yields were better than those previously reported by the use of pressurized CO, proving that the use of CO surrogates can be a viable alternative to the gaseous reagent.
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6
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Yu L, Li W, Tapdara A, Kyne SH, Harode M, Babaahmadi R, Ariafard A, Chan PWH. Chiral Gold Complex Catalyzed Cycloisomerization/Regio- and Enantioselective Nitroso-Diels–Alder Reaction of 1,6-Diyne Esters with Nitrosobenzenes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Wenhai Li
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Organic Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Anyawan Tapdara
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sara Helen Kyne
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Mandeep Harode
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Rasool Babaahmadi
- School of Natural Sciences−Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- School of Natural Sciences−Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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7
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Ramadan DR, Ferretti F, Ragaini F. Catalytic Reductive Cyclization of 2-Nitrobiphenyls Using Phenyl formate as CO Surrogate: a Robust Synthesis of 9H-Carbazoles. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Synthesis of Indoles by Palladium-Catalyzed Reductive Cyclization of β-Nitrostyrenes with Phenyl Formate as a CO Surrogate. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The reductive cyclization of suitably substituted organic nitro compounds by carbon monoxide is a very appealing technique for the synthesis of heterocycles because of its atom efficiency and easiness of separation of the only stoichiometric byproduct CO2, but the need for pressurized CO has hampered its diffusion. We have recently reported on the synthesis of indoles by reductive cyclization of o-nitrostyrenes using phenyl formate as a CO surrogate, using a palladium/1,10-phenanthroline complex as catalyst. However, depending on the desired substituents on the structure, the use of β-nitrostyrenes as alternative reagents may be advantageous. We report here the results of our study on the possibility to use phenyl formate as a CO surrogate in the synthesis of indoles by reductive cyclization of β-nitrostyrenes, using PdCl2(CH3CN)2 + phenanthroline as the catalyst. It turned out that good results can be obtained when the starting nitrostyrene bears an aryl substituent in the alpha position. However, when no such substituent is present, only fair yield of indole can be obtained because the base required to decompose the formate also catalyzes an oligo-polymerization of the starting styrene. The reaction can be performed in a single glass pressure tube, a cheap and easily available piece of equipment.
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9
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Guan X, Zhu H, Driver TG. Cu-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Nitroarenes with Aryl Boronic Acids to Construct Diarylamines. ACS Catal 2021; 11:12417-12422. [PMID: 35433104 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development and study of a simple copper-catalyzed reaction of nitroarenes with aryl boronic acids to form diarylamines that uses phenyl silane as the stoichiometric terminal reductant is described. This cross-coupling reaction requires as little as 2 mol % of CuX and 4 mol% of diphosphine for success and tolerates a broad range of functional groups on either the nitroarene or the aryl boronic acid with to afford the amine in good yield. Mechanistic investigations established that the cross-coupling reaction proceeds via a nitrosoarene intermediate and that copper is required to catalyze both the deoxygenation of the nitroarene to afford the nitrosoarene and C-NAr bond formation of the nitrosoarene with the aryl boronic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Guan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, United States
| | - Haoran Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, United States
| | - Tom G. Driver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, United States
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Ahmed Fouad M, Ferretti F, Formenti D, Milani F, Ragaini F. Synthesis of Indoles by Reductive Cyclization of Nitro Compounds Using Formate Esters as CO Surrogates. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manar Ahmed Fouad
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Alexandria University P.O. Box 426 Alexandria 21321 Egypt
| | - Francesco Ferretti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Dario Formenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie – RWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1a 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Fabio Milani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Fabio Ragaini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
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11
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Son JH, Cheung A, Zhu JS, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Davis-Beirut Reaction Inspired Nitroso Diels-Alder Reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2021; 69:152951. [PMID: 33854257 PMCID: PMC8039969 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.152951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A Davis-Beirut reaction inspired nitroso Diels-Alder protocol is reported. The starting material for the procedure is a nitrophenyl moiety with the para position appropriately substituted with a 2°-amine (see 5) or 2°-alcohol (see 6). Deprotonation at the benzylic position followed by concomitant oxidation of the benzylic position and reduction of the nitro moiety delivers a nitrosophenyl intermediate, which subsequently undergoes a nitroso Diels-Alder reaction. This one-pot procedure delivers aryldihydro-1,2-oxazines in moderate yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ho Son
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616
| | - Amy Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616
| | - Jie S Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616
| | - Makhluf J Haddadin
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, 1107 2020, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616
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12
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An effective non-chromatographic method for the purification of phenanthrolines and related ligands. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Ferretti F, Ramadan DR, Ragaini F. Transition Metal Catalyzed Reductive Cyclization Reactions of Nitroarenes and Nitroalkenes. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferretti
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano via C. Golgi 19 Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Doaa R. Ramadan
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano via C. Golgi 19 Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Fabio Ragaini
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano via C. Golgi 19 Milano 20133 Italy
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