1
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Gardner A, Neri G, Siritanaratkul B, Jang H, Saeed KH, Donaldson PM, Cowan AJ. Potential Dependent Reorientation Controlling Activity of a Molecular Electrocatalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7130-7134. [PMID: 38441442 PMCID: PMC10958496 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The activity of molecular electrocatalysts depends on the interplay of electrolyte composition near the electrode surface, the composition and morphology of the electrode surface, and the electric field at the electrode-electrolyte interface. This interplay is challenging to study and often overlooked when assessing molecular catalyst activity. Here, we use surface specific vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy to study the solvent and potential dependent activation of Mo(bpy)(CO)4, a CO2 reduction catalyst, at a polycrystalline Au electrode. We find that the parent complex undergoes potential dependent reorientation at the electrode surface when a small amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is present. This preactivates the complex, resulting in greater yields at less negative potentials, of the active electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian
M. Gardner
- Department
of Chemistry and Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
- Early
Career Laser Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Gaia Neri
- Department
of Chemistry and Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Bhavin Siritanaratkul
- Department
of Chemistry and Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Hansaem Jang
- Department
of Chemistry and Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Khezar H. Saeed
- Department
of Chemistry and Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Donaldson
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. Cowan
- Department
of Chemistry and Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
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2
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Fate of an SCS-pincer Mo complex beyond the electrodriven CO2 reduction reaction. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2023.113026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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3
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Adrian RA, Rios JJ, Arman HD. Di-chlorido-(4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bi-pyridine-κ 2 N, N')zinc(II) aceto-nitrile monosolvate. IUCRDATA 2022; 7:x221149. [PMID: 36628194 PMCID: PMC9815126 DOI: 10.1107/s241431462201149x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the title complex, [ZnCl2(C12H12N2)]·CH3CN, the zinc(II) atom is fourfold coordinated by two chloride ligands and a bidentate 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bi-pyridine ligand in a distorted tetra-hedral shape with a mol-ecule of aceto-nitrile sitting in the outer coordination sphere of the complex. π-π stacking inter-actions between the pyridyl rings in adjacent mol-ecules contribute to the alignment of the complexes in columns parallel to the a axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A. Adrian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, Texas 78209, USA
| | - Jadan J. Rios
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, Texas 78209, USA
| | - Hadi D. Arman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, USA
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4
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Tran DB, To TH, Tran PD. Mo- and W-molecular catalysts for the H2 evolution, CO2 reduction and N2 fixation. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Taylor J, Culpeck R, Chippindale AM, Calhorda MJ, Hartl F. Effect of the 2-R-Allyl and Chloride Ligands on the Cathodic Paths of [Mo(η 3-2-R-allyl)(α-diimine)(CO) 2Cl] (R = H, CH 3; α-diimine = 6,6'-Dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine, Bis( p-tolylimino)acenaphthene). Organometallics 2021; 40:1598-1613. [PMID: 34295012 PMCID: PMC8289335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The new, formally Mo(II) complexes [Mo(η3-2-R-allyl)(6,6'-dmbipy)(CO)2Cl] (6,6'-dmbipy = 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine; 2-R-allyl = allyl for R = H, 2-methallyl for R = CH3) and [Mo(η3-2-methallyl)(pTol-bian)(CO)2Cl] (pTol-bian = bis(p-tolylimino)acenaphthene) share, in this rare case, the same structural type. The effect of the anionic π-donor ligand X (Cl- vs NCS-) and the 2-R-allyl substituents on the cathodic behavior was explored. Both ligands play a significant role at all stages of the reduction path. While 2e--reduced [Mo(η3-allyl)(6,6'-dmbipy)(CO)2]- is inert when it is ECE-generated from [Mo(η3-allyl)(6,6'-dmbipy)(CO)2(NCS)], the Cl- ligand promotes Mo-Mo dimerization by facilitating the nucleophilic attack of [Mo(η3-allyl)(6,6'-dmbipy)(CO)2]- at the parent complex at ambient temperature. The replacement of the allyl ligand by 2-methallyl has a similar effect. The Cl-/2-methallyl ligand assembly destabilizes even primary radical anions of the complex containing the strongly π-accepting pTol-Bian ligand. Under argon, the cathodic paths of [Mo(η3-2-R-allyl)(6,6'-dmbipy)(CO)2Cl] terminate at ambient temperature with 5-coordinate [Mo(6,6'-dmbipy)(CO)3]2- instead of [Mo(η3-2-R-allyl)(6,6'-dmbipy)(CO)2]-, which is stabilized in chilled electrolyte. [Mo(η3-allyl)(6,6'-dmbipy)(CO)2]- catalyzes CO2 reduction only when it is generated at the second cathodic wave of the parent complex, while [Mo(η3-2-methallyl)(6,6'-dmbipy)(CO)2]- is already moderately active at the first cathodic wave. This behavior is fully consistent with absent dimerization under argon on the cyclic voltammetric time scale. The electrocatalytic generation of CO and formate is hampered by the irreversible formation of anionic tricarbonyl complexes replacing reactive [Mo(η3-2-methallyl)(6,6'-dmbipy)(CO)2]2 along the cathodic route.
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Affiliation(s)
- James
O. Taylor
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DX, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Culpeck
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DX, United Kingdom
| | - Ann M. Chippindale
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DX, United Kingdom
| | - Maria José Calhorda
- BioISI-Biosystems
& Integrative Sciences Institute, Departamento de Química
e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - František Hartl
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DX, United Kingdom
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6
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Kinzel NW, Werlé C, Leitner W. Transition Metal Complexes as Catalysts for the Electroconversion of CO 2 : An Organometallic Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11628-11686. [PMID: 33464678 PMCID: PMC8248444 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic transformation of carbon dioxide has been a topic of interest in the field of CO2 utilization for a long time. Recently, the area has seen increasing dynamics as an alternative strategy to catalytic hydrogenation for CO2 reduction. While many studies focus on the direct electron transfer to the CO2 molecule at the electrode material, molecular transition metal complexes in solution offer the possibility to act as catalysts for the electron transfer. C1 compounds such as carbon monoxide, formate, and methanol are often targeted as the main products, but more elaborate transformations are also possible within the coordination sphere of the metal center. This perspective article will cover selected examples to illustrate and categorize the currently favored mechanisms for the electrochemically induced transformation of CO2 promoted by homogeneous transition metal complexes. The insights will be corroborated with the concepts and elementary steps of organometallic catalysis to derive potential strategies to broaden the molecular diversity of possible products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas W. Kinzel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC)RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 252074AachenGermany
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Ruhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC)RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 252074AachenGermany
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7
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Garcia Bellido C, Álvarez‐Miguel L, Miguel D, Lalaoui N, Cabon N, Gloaguen F, Le Poul N. Electrochemically Driven Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Mediated by Mono‐Reduced Mo‐Diimine Tetracarbonyl Complexes: Electrochemical, Spectroelectrochemical and Theoretical Studies. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Garcia Bellido
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Électrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique (UMR CNRS 6521) Université de Bretagne Occidentale 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu 29238 Brest France
| | - Lucía Álvarez‐Miguel
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Électrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique (UMR CNRS 6521) Université de Bretagne Occidentale 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu 29238 Brest France
| | - Daniel Miguel
- GIR MIOMET-IU CINQUIMA, Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Valladolid 7 Paseo de Belén 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Noémie Lalaoui
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Électrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique (UMR CNRS 6521) Université de Bretagne Occidentale 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu 29238 Brest France
| | - Nolwenn Cabon
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) UMR 6226 F-35000 Rennes France
| | - Frédéric Gloaguen
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Électrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique (UMR CNRS 6521) Université de Bretagne Occidentale 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu 29238 Brest France
| | - Nicolas Le Poul
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Électrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique (UMR CNRS 6521) Université de Bretagne Occidentale 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu 29238 Brest France
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8
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Kinzel NW, Werlé C, Leitner W. Übergangsmetallkomplexe als Katalysatoren für die elektrische Umwandlung von CO
2
– eine metallorganische Perspektive. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas W. Kinzel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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9
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Taylor JO, Wang Y, Hartl F. Photo‐Assisted Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO
2
: A New Strategy for Reducing Catalytic Overpotentials. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James O. Taylor
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Reading Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD UK
| | - Yibo Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Reading Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD UK
| | - František Hartl
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Reading Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD UK
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10
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Abstract
In this Letter, we present first-principles evidence that several higher-lying excited states are responsible for the emission spectrum of [M(CO)4(bpy)] (M = Cr, Mo, W and bpy = 2,2'-bipyrimidine) complexes. These results highlight the violation of Kasha's rule, which states that after irradiation, molecules emit light with appreciable yield only from their lowest energy excited state. Furthermore, in [W(CO)4(bpy)] and [Mo(CO)4(bpy)], the breaking of Kasha's rule is two-fold because at least two different excited states besides T1 are involved in emission. To our knowledge, these are the first transition-metal complexes unambiguously demonstrated to display simultaneous equilibrated and nonequilibrated anti-Kasha emissions. This work also highlights the complexity of the emissive processes of tetracarbonyl-diimine transition-metal complexes, which are controlled via a subtle interplay of electronic and geometrical effects along the excited-state deactivation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Röhrs
- Department of Chemistry, Quantum Chemistry and Physical Chemistry Division , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Heverlee , Belgium
| | - Daniel Escudero
- Department of Chemistry, Quantum Chemistry and Physical Chemistry Division , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Heverlee , Belgium
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11
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Gardner AM, Saeed KH, Cowan AJ. Vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy of electrode surfaces: studying the mechanisms of sustainable fuel generation and utilisation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:12067-12086. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02225b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic oxidation of water coupled to the reduction of carbon dioxide, to make carbon based products, or the reduction of protons to provide hydrogen, offers a sustainable route to generating useful fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M. Gardner
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy and the Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Khezar H. Saeed
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy and the Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Alexander J. Cowan
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy and the Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
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12
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Taylor JO, Veenstra FLP, Chippindale AM, Calhorda MJ, Hartl F. Group 6 Metal Complexes as Electrocatalysts of CO2 Reduction: Strong Substituent Control of the Reduction Path of [Mo(η3-allyl)(CO)2(x,x′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine)(NCS)] (x = 4–6). Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James O. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Florentine L. P. Veenstra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Hönggerberg, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ann M. Chippindale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Maria José Calhorda
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica and BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Departamento de Quı́mica e Bioquı́mica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - František Hartl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
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