1
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Yu Z, Xia G, Diaconescu VM, Simonelli L, LaGrow AP, Tai Z, Xiang X, Xiong D, Liu L. Atomically dispersed dinuclear iridium active sites for efficient and stable electrocatalytic chlorine evolution reaction. Chem Sci 2024; 15:9216-9223. [PMID: 38903208 PMCID: PMC11186302 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01220h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The electrochemical chlorine evolution reaction (CER) is a critical anode reaction in chlor-alkali electrolysis. Although precious metal-based mixed metal oxides (MMOs) have long been used as CER catalysts, they suffer from high cost and poor selectivity due to the competing oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Single-atom catalysts (SACs), featuring high atom utilization efficiency, have captured widespread interest in diverse applications. However, the single-atom sites in SACs are generally recognized as independent motifs and the interplay of adjacent sites is largely overlooked. Herein, we report a "precursor-preselected" cage-encapsulated strategy to synthesize atomically dispersed dinuclear iridium active sites bridged by oxygen that are supported on nitrogen-doped carbon (Ir2-ONC). The dinuclear Ir2-ONC catalyst exhibits a CER onset potential of 1.375 V vs. normal hydrogen electrode, a high faradaic efficiency of >95%, and a high mass activity of 14321.6 A gIr -1, much better than the Ir SACs, which demonstrates the significance of coordination and electronic structure regulation for atomically dispersed catalysts. Density functional theory calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations confirm that the unique dinuclear structure facilitates Cl- adsorption, resulting in improved catalytic CER performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Yu
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan 523808 P. R. China
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL) Avenida Mestre Jose Veiga 4715-330 Braga Portugal
| | - Guangjie Xia
- School of Physical Sciences, Great Bay University Dongguan 523808 P. R. China
- Great Bay Institute for Advanced Study Dongguan 523000 P. R. China
| | | | - Laura Simonelli
- ALBA Synchrotron, Carrer Llum 2-26 Cerdanyola del Valles Barcelona 08290 Spain
| | - Alec P LaGrow
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL) Avenida Mestre Jose Veiga 4715-330 Braga Portugal
- Scientific Imaging Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Kunigami-gun Okinawa 904-0412 Japan
| | - Zhixin Tai
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL) Avenida Mestre Jose Veiga 4715-330 Braga Portugal
| | - Xinyi Xiang
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan 523808 P. R. China
| | - Dehua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan 523808 P. R. China
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL) Avenida Mestre Jose Veiga 4715-330 Braga Portugal
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2
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Xiao M, Wu Q, Ku R, Zhou L, Long C, Liang J, Mavrič A, Li L, Zhu J, Valant M, Li J, Zeng Z, Cui C. Self-adaptive amorphous CoO xCl y electrocatalyst for sustainable chlorine evolution in acidic brine. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5356. [PMID: 37660140 PMCID: PMC10475099 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical chlorine evolution reaction is of central importance in the chlor-alkali industry, but the chlorine evolution anode is largely limited by water oxidation side reaction and corrosion-induced performance decay in strong acids. Here we present an amorphous CoOxCly catalyst that has been deposited in situ in an acidic saline electrolyte containing Co2+ and Cl- ions to adapt to the given electrochemical condition and exhibits ~100% chlorine evolution selectivity with an overpotential of ~0.1 V at 10 mA cm-2 and high stability over 500 h. In situ spectroscopic studies and theoretical calculations reveal that the electrochemical introduction of Cl- prevents the Co sites from charging to a higher oxidation state thus suppressing the O-O bond formation for oxygen evolution. Consequently, the chlorine evolution selectivity has been enhanced on the Cl-constrained Co-O* sites via the Volmer-Heyrovsky pathway. This study provides fundamental insights into how the reactant Cl- itself can work as a promoter toward enhancing chlorine evolution in acidic brine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Xiao
- Molecular Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Qianbao Wu
- Molecular Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Ruiqi Ku
- School of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Liujiang Zhou
- School of Physics, University Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Chang Long
- Molecular Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Junwu Liang
- Optoelectronic Information Research Center, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, Guangxi, 537000, China.
- Center for Applied Mathematics of Guangxi, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, Guangxi, 537000, China.
| | - Andraž Mavrič
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Lei Li
- Molecular Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Matjaz Valant
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Jiong Li
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Zeng
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Chunhua Cui
- Molecular Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
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3
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Cheng W, Liu Y, Wu L, Chen R, Wang J, Chang S, Ma F, Li Y, Ni H. RuO2/IrO2 nanoparticles decorated TiO2 nanotube arrays for improved activity towards chlorine evolution reaction. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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4
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Wang L, Liang H, Zhang K, Huang H, Wang Q. The research on the control of chlorinated by-products by the combined process of three-dimensional electrode system and ultraviolet-photocatalytic oxidation. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 84:3586-3598. [PMID: 34928828 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation technology is considered to be the most potential wastewater treatment technology. As one of the advanced oxidation technologies, the three-dimensional electrochemical system (3DES) is often used to treat industrial wastewater that is difficult to degrade. Sulphonated phenolic resin (SMP) was treated as a characteristic pollutant in sulfonated drilling wastewater. The separate effect of current, the dosage of particle electrodes, chloride ion concentration and initial pH on chlorinated by-products were analyzed by response surface methodology (RSM). Results showed that current is the most dominant factor, followed by the dosage of particle electrodes. The ultraviolet-electrolysis (UVEL) system was implemented by adding ultraviolet light under the optimal electrolysis (EL) system. The chemical oxygen demand (CODcr) and total organic carbon (TOC) removal rates of the UVEL system were respectively increased by 19% and 29.39% compared with the EL system, the concentration of chlorinated by-products was also reduced by 534.4 mg/L when the UV irradiance was 5.24 mW/cm2. These results indicated that the UVEL system degrades SMP more thoroughly. The enhanced reaction mechanism of the UVEL system and the possible degradation pathway for SMP were proposed by controlling free radical quenching experiments and the product of EL and UVEL processes. The results showed that the high degradation efficiency of the UVEL system could be attributed to the synergistic degradation mechanism present in the UVEL system, where the photolysis of active chlorine species (ACl) promotes the increase of hydroxyl radical (·OH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Southwest Petroleum University, 8 Xindu Ave., Xindu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China E-mail:
| | - Hong Liang
- Southwest Petroleum University, 8 Xindu Ave., Xindu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China E-mail:
| | - Kaibin Zhang
- Southwest Petroleum University, 8 Xindu Ave., Xindu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China E-mail:
| | - Hong Huang
- Southwest Petroleum University, 8 Xindu Ave., Xindu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China E-mail:
| | - Qingchun Wang
- Southwest Petroleum University, 8 Xindu Ave., Xindu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China E-mail:
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5
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Lim T, Kim JH, Kim J, Baek DS, Shin TJ, Jeong HY, Lee KS, Exner KS, Joo SH. General Efficacy of Atomically Dispersed Pt Catalysts for the Chlorine Evolution Reaction: Potential-Dependent Switching of the Kinetics and Mechanism. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taejung Lim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyung Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinjong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Du San Baek
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- UNIST Central Research Facilities, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Young Jeong
- UNIST Central Research Facilities, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kug-Seung Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigok-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kai S. Exner
- Faculty of Chemistry, Theoretical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESOLV, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration (CENIDE) Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Sang Hoon Joo
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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6
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Ros C, Murcia-López S, Garcia X, Rosado M, Arbiol J, Llorca J, Morante JR. Facing Seawater Splitting Challenges by Regeneration with Ni-Mo-Fe Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2872-2881. [PMID: 33826792 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen, produced by water splitting, has been proposed as one of the main green energy vectors of the future if produced from renewable energy sources. However, to substitute fossil fuels, large amounts of pure water are necessary, scarce in many world regions. In this work, we fabricate efficient and earth-abundant electrodes, study the challenges of using real seawater, and propose an electrode regeneration method to face undesired salt deposition. Ni-Mo-Fe trimetallic electrocatalyst is deposited on non-expensive graphitic carbon felts both for hydrogen (HER) and oxygen evolution reactions (OER) in seawater and alkaline seawater. Cl- pitting and the chlorine oxidation reaction are suppressed on these substrates and alkalinized electrolyte. Precipitations on the electrodes, mainly CaCO3 , originating from seawater-dissolved components have been studied, and a simple regeneration technique is proposed to rapidly dissolve undesired deposited CaCO3 in acidified seawater. Under alkaline conditions, Ni-Mo-Fe-based catalyst is found to reconfigure, under cathodic bias, into Ni-Mo-Fe alloy with a cubic crystalline structure and Ni : Fe(OH)2 redeposits whereas, under anodic bias, it is transformed into a follicular Ni:FeOOH structure. High productivities over 300 mA cm-2 and voltages down to 1.59 V@10 mA cm-2 for the overall water splitting reaction have been shown, and electrodes are found stable for over 24 h without decay in alkaline seawater conditions and with energy efficiency higher than 61.5 % which makes seawater splitting promising and economically feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Ros
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 08930 Sant Adrià del Besòs, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastian Murcia-López
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 08930 Sant Adrià del Besòs, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xenia Garcia
- Institute of Energy Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcos Rosado
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia (Spain
| | - Jordi Arbiol
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia (Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Llorca
- Institute of Energy Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan R Morante
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 08930 Sant Adrià del Besòs, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Hu J, Xu H, Feng X, Lei L, He Y, Zhang X. Neodymium‐Doped IrO
2
Electrocatalysts Supported on Titanium Plates for Enhanced Chlorine Evolution Reaction Performance. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University 310027 Hangzhou
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou 324000 Quzhou
| | - Haoran Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Efficiency and Pollution Control Technology for Thermal Power Generation 311121 Hangzhou
- Zhejiang Energy Group R&D Co., Ltd. 310003 Hangzhou
| | - Xiangdong Feng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Efficiency and Pollution Control Technology for Thermal Power Generation 311121 Hangzhou
- Zhejiang Energy Group R&D Co., Ltd. 310003 Hangzhou
| | - Lecheng Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University 310027 Hangzhou
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou 324000 Quzhou
| | - Yi He
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University 310027 Hangzhou
| | - Xingwang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University 310027 Hangzhou
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou 324000 Quzhou
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8
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Dieckhöfer S, Öhl D, Junqueira JRC, Quast T, Turek T, Schuhmann W. Probing the Local Reaction Environment During High Turnover Carbon Dioxide Reduction with Ag-Based Gas Diffusion Electrodes. Chemistry 2021; 27:5906-5912. [PMID: 33527522 PMCID: PMC8048634 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Discerning the influence of electrochemical reactions on the electrode microenvironment is an unavoidable topic for electrochemical reactions that involve the production of OH− and the consumption of water. That is particularly true for the carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR), which together with the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) exert changes in the local OH− and H2O activity that in turn can possibly affect activity, stability, and selectivity of the CO2RR. We determine the local OH− and H2O activity in close proximity to a CO2‐converting Ag‐based gas diffusion electrode (GDE) with product analysis using gas chromatography. A Pt nanosensor is positioned in the vicinity of the working GDE using shear‐force‐based scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) approach curves, which allows monitoring changes invoked by reactions proceeding within an otherwise inaccessible porous GDE by potentiodynamic measurements at the Pt‐tip nanosensor. We show that high turnover HER/CO2RR at a GDE lead to modulations of the alkalinity of the local electrolyte, that resemble a 16 m KOH solution, variations that are in turn linked to the reaction selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dieckhöfer
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Denis Öhl
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - João R C Junqueira
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Quast
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Turek
- Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstr 17, 38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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9
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Harris-Lee TR, Zhang Y, Bowen CR, Fletcher PJ, Zhao Y, Guo Z, Innocent JWF, Johnson SAL, Marken F. Photo-Chlorine Production with Hydrothermally Grown and Vacuum-Annealed Nanocrystalline Rutile. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-020-00630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPhoto-generated high-energy surface states can help to produce chlorine in aqueous environments. Here, aligned rutile (TiO2) nanocrystal arrays are grown onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates and activated either by hydrothermal Sr/Ba surface doping and/or by vacuum-annealing. With vacuum-annealing, highly photoactive films are obtained with photocurrents of typically 8 mA cm−2 at 1.0 V vs. SCE in 1 M KCl (LED illumination with λ = 385 nm and approx. 100 mW cm−2). Photoelectrochemical chlorine production is demonstrated at proof-of-concept scale in 4 M NaCl and suggested to be linked mainly to the production of Ti(III) surface species by vacuum-annealing, as detected by post-catalysis XPS, rather than to Sr/Ba doping at the rutile surface. The vacuum-annealing treatment is proposed to beneficially affect (i) bulk semiconductor TiO2 nanocrystal properties and electron harvesting, (ii) surface TiO2 reactivity towards chloride adsorption and oxidation, and (iii) FTO substrate performance.
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10
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Huang J, Hou M, Wang J, Teng X, Niu Y, Xu M, Chen Z. RuO2 nanoparticles decorate belt-like anatase TiO2 for highly efficient chlorine evolution. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Exner KS. Overpotential‐Dependent Volcano Plots to Assess Activity Trends in the Competing Chlorine and Oxygen Evolution Reactions. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai S. Exner
- Sofia University Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy Department of Physical Chemistry 1 James Bourchier Avenue 1164 Sofia Bulgaria
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12
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Beyond thermodynamic-based material-screening concepts: Kinetic scaling relations exemplified by the chlorine evolution reaction over transition-metal oxides. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Lim T, Jung GY, Kim JH, Park SO, Park J, Kim YT, Kang SJ, Jeong HY, Kwak SK, Joo SH. Atomically dispersed Pt-N 4 sites as efficient and selective electrocatalysts for the chlorine evolution reaction. Nat Commun 2020; 11:412. [PMID: 31964881 PMCID: PMC6972710 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorine evolution reaction (CER) is a critical anode reaction in chlor-alkali electrolysis. Although precious metal-based mixed metal oxides (MMOs) have been widely used as CER catalysts, they suffer from the concomitant generation of oxygen during the CER. Herein, we demonstrate that atomically dispersed Pt-N4 sites doped on a carbon nanotube (Pt1/CNT) can catalyse the CER with excellent activity and selectivity. The Pt1/CNT catalyst shows superior CER activity to a Pt nanoparticle-based catalyst and a commercial Ru/Ir-based MMO catalyst. Notably, Pt1/CNT exhibits near 100% CER selectivity even in acidic media, with low Cl- concentrations (0.1 M), as well as in neutral media, whereas the MMO catalyst shows substantially lower CER selectivity. In situ electrochemical X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals the direct adsorption of Cl- on Pt-N4 sites during the CER. Density functional theory calculations suggest the PtN4C12 site as the most plausible active site structure for the CER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejung Lim
- Department of Energy Engineering and School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwan Yeong Jung
- Department of Energy Engineering and School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyung Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering and School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung O Park
- Department of Energy Engineering and School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyun Park
- Department of Energy Engineering and School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Tae Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Ju Kang
- Department of Energy Engineering and School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Young Jeong
- UNIST Central Research Facilities, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Kwak
- Department of Energy Engineering and School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Hoon Joo
- Department of Energy Engineering and School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Exner KS. Design criteria for the competing chlorine and oxygen evolution reactions: avoid the OCl adsorbate to enhance chlorine selectivity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:22451-22458. [PMID: 32996945 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03667f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of gaseous chlorine within chlor-alkali electrolysis is accompanied by a selectivity problem, as the evolution of gaseous oxygen constitutes a detrimental side reaction in the same potential range. As such, the development of electrode materials with high selectivity toward the chlorine evolution reaction is of particular importance to the chemical industry. Insight into the elementary reaction steps is ultimately required to comprehend chlorine selectivity on a molecular level. Commonly, linear scaling relationships are analyzed by the construction of a volcano plot, using the binding energy of oxygen, ΔEO, as a descriptor in the analysis. The present article reinvestigates the selectivity problem of the competing chlorine and oxygen evolution reactions by applying a different strategy compared to previous literature studies. On the one hand, a unifying material-screening framework that, besides binding energies, also includes the applied overpotential, kinetics, and the electrochemical-step symmetry index is used to comprehend trends in this selectivity issue for transition-metal oxide-based electrodes. On the other hand, the free-energy difference between the adsorbed oxygen and adsorbed hydroxide, ΔG2, rather than ΔEO is used as a descriptor in the analysis. It is demonstrated that the formation of the OCl adsorbate within the chlorine evolution reaction inherently limits chlorine selectivity, whereas, in the optimum case, the formation of the Cl intermediate can result in significantly higher chlorine selectivity. This finding is used to derive the design criteria for highly selective chlorine evolution electrocatalysts, which can be used in the future to search for potential electrode compositions by material-screening techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai S Exner
- Sofia University, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Physical Chemistry, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria.
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15
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Exner KS. Electrolyte Engineering as a Key Strategy Towards a Sustainable Energy Scenario? ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201902009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai S. Exner
- Sofia University, Faculty of Chemistry and PharmacyDepartment of Physical Chemistry 1 James Bourchier Avenue 1164 Sofia Bulgaria
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