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Bettens T, Alonso M, De Proft F, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. Ambident Nucleophilic Substitution: Understanding Non-HSAB Behavior through Activation Strain and Conceptual DFT Analyses. Chemistry 2020; 26:3884-3893. [PMID: 31957943 PMCID: PMC7154642 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The ability to understand and predict ambident reactivity is key to the rational design of organic syntheses. An approach to understand trends in ambident reactivity is the hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB) principle. The recent controversy over the general validity of this principle prompted us to investigate the competing gas-phase SN 2 reaction channels of archetypal ambident nucleophiles CN- , OCN- , and SCN- with CH3 Cl (SN 2@C) and SiH3 Cl (SN 2@Si), using DFT calculations. Our combined analyses highlight the inability of the HSAB principle to correctly predict the reactivity trends of these simple, model reactions. Instead, we have successfully traced reactivity trends to the canonical orbital-interaction mechanism and the resulting nucleophile-substrate interaction energy. The HOMO-LUMO orbital interactions set the trend in both SN 2@C and SN 2@Si reactions. We provide simple rules for predicting the ambident reactivity of nucleophiles based on our Kohn-Sham molecular orbital analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Bettens
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC)Vrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 21050BrusselsBelgium
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC)Vrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 21050BrusselsBelgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC)Vrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 21050BrusselsBelgium
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM)Radboud University NijmegenHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
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Dale HJA, Hodges GR, Lloyd-Jones GC. Taming Ambident Triazole Anions: Regioselective Ion Pairing Catalyzes Direct N-Alkylation with Atypical Regioselectivity. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:7181-7193. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harvey J. A. Dale
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - George R. Hodges
- Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, U.K
| | - Guy C. Lloyd-Jones
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K
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Gabsi W, Essalah K, Goumont R, Tangour B, Boubaker T. The ambident electrophilic behavior of 5-nitro-3-X-thiophenes in σ-complexation processes. INT J CHEM KINET 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wahiba Gabsi
- Laboratoire C.H.P.N.R, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir; Université de Monastir; Monastir Tunisia
| | - Khalid Essalah
- Unité de Recherche en Sciences Fondamentales et Didactique; Université de Tunis EL Manar; El Manar II Tunisia
| | - Régis Goumont
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR 8180; Université de Versailles; Versailles Cedex France
| | - Bahoueddine Tangour
- Unité de Recherche en Sciences Fondamentales et Didactique; Université de Tunis EL Manar; El Manar II Tunisia
| | - Taoufik Boubaker
- Laboratoire C.H.P.N.R, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir; Université de Monastir; Monastir Tunisia
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Atabaki H, Nori-Shargh D, Momen-Heravi M. Assessing the effective factors affecting the conformational preferences and the early and late transition states of the unimolecular retro-ene decomposition reactions of ethyl cyanate, ethyl thiocyanate and ethyl selenocyanate. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00520b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The variations of Δ[(HCGAE(X3–C4weakening) – HCGAE(X3–C4strengthening)] parameters correlate well with the variations of the retro-ene decomposition reactions barrier heights going from compound1to compound3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooshang Atabaki
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Islamic Azad University
- Mashhad
- Iran
| | - Davood Nori-Shargh
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Islamic Azad University
- Arak
- Iran
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Byrne PA, Karaghiosoff K, Mayr H. Ambident Reactivity of Acetyl- and Formyl-Stabilized Phosphonium Ylides. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11272-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Byrne
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße
5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße
5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße
5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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Cole CA, Wang ZC, Snow TP, Bierbaum VM. GAS-PHASE CHEMISTRY OF THE CYANATE ION, OCN−. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/812/1/77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sailer CF, Riedle E. Photogeneration and reactions of benzhydryl cations and radicals: A complex sequence of mechanisms from femtoseconds to microseconds. PURE APPL CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-con-13-04-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Benzhydryl radicals and cations are reactive intermediates central to the
understanding of organic reactivity. They can be generated from benzhydryl
halides by UV irradiation. We performed transient absorption (TA) measurements
over the range from femtoseconds to microseconds to unravel the complete
reaction scheme. The 290–720-nm probe range allows the unambiguous monitoring of
all fragments. The appearance of the radical is delayed to the optical
excitation, the onset of the cation signal is found even later. Ab initio
calculations show that this non-rate behavior in the 100 fs range is due to
wavepacket motion from the Franck–Condon region to two distinct conical
intersections. The rise of the optical signal with a quasi-exponential time of
300 fs is assigned to the planarization and solvation of the photoproducts. The
bond cleavage predominantly generates radical pairs. A subsequent electron
transfer (ET) transforms radical pairs into ion pairs. Due to the broad
interradical distance distribution and the distance dependence, the ET is
strongly non-exponential. Part of the ion pairs recombine geminately. The ET and
the recombination are terminated by the depletion of close pairs and diffusional
separation. The remaining free radicals and cations undergo further reactions in
the nanosecond to microsecond regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian F. Sailer
- 1Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare Optik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), München, Germany
| | - Eberhard Riedle
- 1Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare Optik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), München, Germany
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Ammer J, Mayr H. Photogeneration of carbocations: applications in physical organic chemistry and the design of suitable precursors. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ammer
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus F) 81377 München Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus F) 81377 München Germany
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Ammer J, Sailer CF, Riedle E, Mayr H. Photolytic Generation of Benzhydryl Cations and Radicals from Quaternary Phosphonium Salts: How Highly Reactive Carbocations Survive Their First Nanoseconds. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:11481-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3017522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ammer
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus F), 81377
München, Germany
| | - Christian F. Sailer
- Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare
Optik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oettingenstrasse 67, 80538 München, Germany
| | - Eberhard Riedle
- Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare
Optik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oettingenstrasse 67, 80538 München, Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus F), 81377
München, Germany
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Fingerhut BP, Sailer CF, Ammer J, Riedle E, de Vivie-Riedle R. Buildup and Decay of the Optical Absorption in the Ultrafast Photo-Generation and Reaction of Benzhydryl Cations in Solution. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:11064-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jp300986t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Fingerhut
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandt-Strasse 11, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Christian F. Sailer
- Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare
Optik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Oettingenstrasse 67, 80538 München, Germany
| | - Johannes Ammer
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandt-Strasse 11, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Eberhard Riedle
- Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare
Optik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Oettingenstrasse 67, 80538 München, Germany
| | - Regina de Vivie-Riedle
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandt-Strasse 11, 81377 München, Germany
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Mayr H, Breugst M, Ofial AR. Farewell to the HSAB treatment of ambident reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:6470-505. [PMID: 21726020 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The concept of hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB) proved to be useful for rationalizing stability constants of metal complexes. Its application to organic reactions, particularly ambident reactivity, has led to exotic blossoms. By attempting to rationalize all the observed regioselectivities by favorable soft-soft and hard-hard as well as unfavorable hard-soft interactions, older treatments of ambident reactivity, which correctly differentiated between thermodynamic and kinetic control as well as between different coordination states of ionic substrates, have been replaced. By ignoring conflicting experimental results and even referring to untraceable experimental data, the HSAB treatment of ambident reactivity has gained undeserved popularity. In this Review we demonstrate that the HSAB as well as the related Klopman-Salem model do not even correctly predict the behavior of the prototypes of ambident nucleophiles and, therefore, are rather misleading instead of useful guides. An alternative treatment of ambident reactivity based on Marcus theory will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus F), 81377 München, Germany.
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Ammer J, Baidya M, Kobayashi S, Mayr H. Nucleophilic reactivities of tertiary alkylamines. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Breugst
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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Baidya M, Kobayashi S, Mayr H. Nucleophilicity and nucleofugality of phenylsulfinate (PhSO(2)(-)): a key to understanding its ambident reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:4796-805. [PMID: 20225879 DOI: 10.1021/ja9102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Second-order rate constants for the reactions of the phenylsulfinate ion PhSO(2)(-) with benzhydrylium ions Ar(2)CH(+) have been determined in DMSO, acetonitrile, and aqueous acetonitrile solution using laser-flash and stopped-flow techniques. The rate constants follow the correlation equation log k (20 degrees C) = s(N + E), which allows the determination of the nucleophile-specific parameters N and s for PhSO(2)(-) in different solvents. With N = 19.60, PhSO(2)(-) is a slightly weaker nucleophile than malonate and azide ions in DMSO. While PhSO(2)(-) reacts with highly stabilized benzhydrylium ions to give benzhydryl phenyl sulfones exclusively, highly reactive benzhydrylium ions give mixtures of sulfones Ar(2)CH-SO(2)Ph and sulfinates Ar(2)CH-OS(O)Ph; the latter rearrange to the thermodynamically more stable sulfones through an ionization recombination sequence. Sulfones generated from PhSO(2)(-) and stabilized amino-substituted benzhydrylium ions undergo heterolysis in aqueous acetonitrile and the rate of formation of the colored benzhydrylium ions was followed spectrophotometrically by stopped-flow techniques. The ranking of the electrofugalities of the benzhydrylium ions (i.e., the relative ionization rates of Ar(2)CH-SO(2)Ph) was not the inverse of the ranking of their electrophilicities (i.e., the relative reactivities of Ar(2)CH(+) with nucleophiles), which was explained by differences in Marcus intrinsic barriers. While sulfones are thermodynamically more stable than the isomeric sulfinates, the intrinsic barriers for the attack of benzhydrylium ions at the oxygen of PhSO(2)(-) are significantly lower than the intrinsic barriers for S-attack, and the activation energies for the attack of carbocations at sulfur are only slightly smaller than those for attack at oxygen. Because reactions of PhSO(2)(-) with carbocations of an electrophilicity E > -2 (i.e., carbocations which are more reactive than Ph(3)C(+)) are diffusion-controlled, the regioselectivities of the reactions of PhSO(2)(-) with "ordinary" carbocations do not reflect relative activation energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahiuddin Baidya
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
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Breugst M, Zipse H, Guthrie J, Mayr H. Marcus Analysis of Ambident Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:5165-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201001574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Chamorro E, Duque-Noreña M, Pérez P. Further relationships between theoretical and experimental models of electrophilicity and nucleophilicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chamorro E, Duque-Noreña M, Pérez P. A comparison between theoretical and experimental models of electrophilicity and nucleophilicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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