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Agati M, Romi S, Fanetti S, Bini R. High-pressure structure and reactivity of crystalline bibenzyl: Insights and prospects for the synthesis of functional double-core carbon nanothreads. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:244507. [PMID: 38156639 DOI: 10.1063/5.0174157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The high-pressure synthesis of double-core nanothreads derived from pseudo-stilbene crystals represents a captivating approach to isolate within the thread chromophores or functional groups without altering its mechanical properties. These entities can be effectively utilized to finely tune optical properties or as preferential sites for functionalization. Bibenzyl, being isostructural with other members of this class, represents the ideal system for building co-crystals from which we can synthesize double-core nanothreads wherein bridging chromophores, such as the azo or ethylene moieties, are embedded in the desired concentration within a fully saturated environment. To achieve this, a critical step is the preliminary characterization of the high-pressure behavior of crystalline bibenzyl. We report here an accurate investigation performed through state-of-the-art spectroscopic techniques, Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction up to 40 GPa. Our findings reveal a strongly anisotropic compression of the crystal, which determines, at pressures between 1 and 2 GPa, consistent modifications of the vibrational spectrum, possibly related to a torsional distortion of the molecules. A phase transition is detected between 9 and 10 GPa, leading to a high pressure phase where, above 24 GPa, the nanothread formation is observed. However, the observed reaction was limited in extent and required significantly higher pressures in comparison to other members of the pseudo-stilbene family. This comprehensive study is imperative in laying the foundation for future endeavors, aiming to synthesize double-core nanothreads from pseudo-stilbene crystals, and provides crucial insights into the high-pressure behavior and phase transitions of crystalline bibenzyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milo Agati
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Romi
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Samuele Fanetti
- ICCOM-CNR, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Roberto Bini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff," Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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2
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Agati M, Fanetti S, Bini R. Pressure induced modification of the electronic properties of stilbene by two-photon spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:034505. [PMID: 36681651 DOI: 10.1063/5.0133610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanothreads are the most exciting carbon based nanomaterials recently discovered. Obtained by compressing aromatics around 20 GPa, they are characterized by potentially exceptional mechanical properties. The reaction mechanisms have been partly elucidated through computational studies and x-ray diffraction experiments. However, in all these studies, the electronic modifications to which the molecule is subjected with increasing pressure are neglected as also if, and to which extent, the electronic excited states are involved in the high-pressure reactivity. In fact, the pressure increase induces remarkable changes in the electronic properties of molecular crystals, which are often directly related to the reaction's onset and path. We report the pressure evolution of the two-photon induced emission spectrum of crystalline stilbene, the archetype of a class of molecules from which double-core nanothreads are obtained, with the twofold purpose of gaining insight into the reaction mechanism and monitoring if the structural changes observed in x-ray diffraction studies have a detectable counterpart in the electronic properties of the system. The freezing of the spectral diffusion observed on rising pressure is ascribed to a hampered conformational rearrangement because of the larger stiffness of the local environment. The transition to the high pressure phase where the nanothreads form is revealed by the slope change of the pressure shift of all spectral components, while the progressive intensification with pressure of the 0-0 transition suggests a strengthening of the ethylenic bond favoring the charge delocalization on the benzene moieties, which is likely the trigger of the chemical instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Agati
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via N. Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - S Fanetti
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via N. Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - R Bini
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via N. Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019 Firenze, Italy
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3
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Fodor MD, Hughes TS. A simple lattice projection method for estimating conformer strain energies using diamond or Lonsdaleite lattices to identify atomistic steric interactions and dihedral strain. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Fodor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Siena College Loudonville New York USA
| | - Thomas S. Hughes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Siena College Loudonville New York USA
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Romi S, Fanetti S, Alabarse F, Mio AM, Haines J, Bini R. Towards custom built double core carbon nanothreads using stilbene and pseudo-stilbene type systems. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4614-4625. [PMID: 35266485 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08188h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, saturated carbon nanothreads were the missing tile in the world of low-dimension carbon nanomaterials. These one-dimensional fully saturated polymers possess superior mechanical properties by combining high tensile strength with flexibility and resilience. They can be obtained by compressing aromatic and heteroaromatic crystals above 15 GPa exploiting the anisotropic stress that can be achieved by the diamond anvil cell technique. Recently, double-core nanothreads were synthesized by compressing azobenzene crystals, achieving the remarkable result of preserving the azo group as a linker of the resulting double thread. Herein, we demonstrate the generality of these findings through the synthesis of double carbon nanothreads from trans stilbene and azobenzene-stilbene mixed crystals. Employment of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray diffraction enabled a comprehensive characterization of the reactivity identifying threshold conditions, kinetics and structure-reaction relationship. In particular, the reaction is anticipated by a phase transition characterized by a sudden increase of the monoclinic angle and a collapse along the b axis direction. Large bidimensional crystalline areas extending several tens of nanometers are evidenced by transmission electron microscopy also confirming the monoclinic unit cell derived from X-ray diffraction data in which threads possessing the polymer 1 structure, as suggested by density functional theory calculations, are packed. The most exciting result of this study is the demonstration of viable synthesis of double nanothreads where the number and the nature of chromophoric groups linking the threads can be tuned by preparing starting crystals of desired composition, thanks to the isomorphism typical of the pseudo-stilbene molecules. This is extremely important in tailoring nanothreads with tunable optical properties and an adjustable band gap, also exploiting the possibility of introducing substituents in the phenyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Romi
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Samuele Fanetti
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- ICCOM-CNR, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Frederico Alabarse
- ELETTRA, Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonio M Mio
- IMM-CNR, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, VIII Strada 5 - Zona Industriale, 95121 Catania, Italy
| | - Julien Haines
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Roberto Bini
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- ICCOM-CNR, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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Romi S, Fanetti S, Alabarse F, Mio AM, Bini R. Synthesis of double core chromophore-functionalized nanothreads by compressing azobenzene in a diamond anvil cell. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7048-7057. [PMID: 34123332 PMCID: PMC8153222 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06968j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanothreads are likely the most attracting new materials produced under high pressure conditions. Their synthesis is achieved by compressing crystals of different small aromatic molecules, while also exploiting the applied anisotropic stress to favor nontopochemical paths. The threads are nanometric hollow structures of saturated carbon atoms, reminiscent of the starting aromatic molecule, gathered in micron sized bundles. The examples collected so far suggest that their formation can be a general phenomenon, thus enabling the design of functionalities and properties by suitably choosing the starting monomer on the basis of its chemical properties and crystal arrangement. The presence of heteroatoms or unsaturation within the thread is appealing for improving the processability and tuning the electronic properties. Suitable simple chromophores can fulfill these requirements and their controlled insertion along the thread would represent a considerable step forward in tailoring the optical and electronic properties of these mechanically extraordinary materials. Here, we report the synthesis and extensive characterization of double core nanothreads linked by azo groups. This is achieved by compressing azobenzene in a diamond anvil cell, the archetype of a wide class of dyes, and represents a fundamental step in the realization of nanothreads with tailored photochemical and photophysical properties. One-step high-pressure synthesis of 2D crystalline double nanothreads linked by azo groups.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Romi
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy Via N. Carrara 1 I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze Italy +390554572489 +390554572436
| | - Samuele Fanetti
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy Via N. Carrara 1 I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze Italy +390554572489 +390554572436.,ICCOM-CNR, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici Via Madonna del Piano 10 I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze Italy
| | - Frederico Alabarse
- ELETTRA, Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A in AREA Science Park 34149 Basovizza Trieste Italy
| | - Antonio M Mio
- IMM-CNR, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi VIII Strada 5 - Zona Industriale 95121 Catania Italy
| | - Roberto Bini
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy Via N. Carrara 1 I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze Italy +390554572489 +390554572436.,ICCOM-CNR, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici Via Madonna del Piano 10 I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Università di Firenze Via della Lastruccia 3 I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
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Fanetti S, Santoro M, Alabarse F, Enrico B, Bini R. Modulating the H-bond strength by varying the temperature for the high pressure synthesis of nitrogen rich carbon nanothreads. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:5233-5242. [PMID: 32073094 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10716a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanothreads are among the most attractive new materials produced under high pressure conditions. Their synthesis can be achieved by compressing the crystals of aromatic molecules exploiting both the anisotropic stress produced by the unidirectional applied force and that intrinsic to the crystal arrangement. We explored here the transformation of pyridine into a nitrogen rich carbon nanothread crystal by varying the pressure and temperature conditions with the twofold purpose of disclosing the microscopic mechanism of transformation and optimizing the yield and quality of the produced crystalline nanothreads. The best conditions for the synthesis were identified in the 14-18 GPa range at temperatures between 400 and 500 K with a product yield greater than 30%. The comparison of experiments performed under different P-T conditions allowed us to understand the role of high temperature, which is necessary to weaken or even destroy the complex H-bond network characterizing the pyridine crystal and preventing the correct approach of the aromatic rings for nanothread formation. X-ray diffraction data confirm the excellent 2D hexagonal packing of the nanothreads over several tens of microns, whereas the sharp absorption lines observed in the IR spectrum strongly support a substantial order along the threads. Diffraction results suggest a polytwistane structure of the threads derived from a Diels-Alder [4 + 2] polymerization involving molecules arranged in a slipped parallel configuration along the pyridine crystal a and b axes. Electron microscopy evidences an arrangement of the nanothreads in bundles of tens of nanometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Fanetti
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy. and ICCOM, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mario Santoro
- CNR-INO, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy and LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Frederico Alabarse
- ELETTRA, Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, in AREA Science Park 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Berretti Enrico
- ICCOM, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Roberto Bini
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy. and ICCOM, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy and Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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7
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Huang HT, Zhu L, Ward MD, Wang T, Chen B, Chaloux BL, Wang Q, Biswas A, Gray JL, Kuei B, Cody GD, Epshteyn A, Crespi VH, Badding JV, Strobel TA. Nanoarchitecture through Strained Molecules: Cubane-Derived Scaffolds and the Smallest Carbon Nanothreads. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17944-17955. [PMID: 31961671 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Relative to the rich library of small-molecule organics, few examples of ordered extended (i.e., nonmolecular) hydrocarbon networks are known. In particular, sp3 bonded, diamond-like materials represent appealing targets because of their desirable mechanical, thermal, and optical properties. While many covalent organic frameworks (COFs)-extended, covalently bonded, and porous structures-have been realized through molecular architecture with exceptional control, the design and synthesis of dense, covalent extended solids has been a longstanding challenge. Here we report the preparation of a sp3-bonded, low-dimensional hydrocarbon synthesized via high-pressure, solid-state diradical polymerization of cubane (C8H8), which is a saturated, but immensely strained, cage-like molecule. Experimental measurements show that the obtained product is crystalline with three-dimensional order that appears to largely preserve the basic structural topology of the cubane molecular precursor and exhibits high hardness (comparable to fused quartz) and thermal stability up to 300 °C. Among the plausible theoretical candidate structures, one-dimensional carbon scaffolds comprising six- and four-membered rings that pack within a pseudosquare lattice provide the best agreement with experimental data. These diamond-like molecular rods with extraordinarily small thickness are among the smallest members in the carbon nanothread family, and calculations indicate one of the stiffest one-dimensional systems known. These results present opportunities for the synthesis of purely sp3-bonded extended solids formed through the strain release of saturated molecules, as opposed to only unsaturated precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Zhu
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5251 Broad Branch Road Northwest, Washington, DC 20015, United States
| | - Matthew D Ward
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5251 Broad Branch Road Northwest, Washington, DC 20015, United States
| | | | | | - Brian L Chaloux
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5251 Broad Branch Road Northwest, Washington, DC 20015, United States
| | | | | | | | - George D Cody
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5251 Broad Branch Road Northwest, Washington, DC 20015, United States
| | - Albert Epshteyn
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | | | | | - Timothy A Strobel
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5251 Broad Branch Road Northwest, Washington, DC 20015, United States
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Xue J, Xie Y, Peng Q, Chen Y. Thermal transports of one-dimensional ultrathin carbon structures. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:475401. [PMID: 31430722 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab3ce7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon atomic chain, linear benzene polymers, and carbon nanothreads are all one-dimensional (1D) ultrathin carbon structures. They possess excellent electronic and mechanical properties; however, their thermal transport properties have been rarely explored. Here, we systematically study their thermal conductance by combining the nonequilibrium Green's function and force field methods. The thermal conductance varies from 0.24 to 1.00 nW K-1 at 300 K, and phonon transport in the linear benzene polymers and carbon nanothreads is strongly dependent on the connectivity styles between the benzene rings. We propose a simple 1D model, namely force-constant model, that explains the complicated transport processes in these structures. Our study not only reveals intrinsic mechanisms of phonon transport in these carbon structures, but also provides an effective method to analyze thermal properties of other 1D ultrathin structures made of only several atomic chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xue
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, Hunan, People's Republic of China. Faculty of Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Gryn'ova G, Corminboeuf C. Topology-Driven Single-Molecule Conductance of Carbon Nanothreads. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:825-830. [PMID: 30668127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Highly conductive single-molecule junctions typically involve π-conjugated molecular bridges, whose frontier molecular orbital energy levels can be fine-tuned to best match the Fermi level of the leads. Fully saturated wires, e.g., alkanes, are typically thought of as insulating rather than highly conductive. However, in this work, we demonstrate in silico that significant zero-bias conductance can be achieved in such systems by means of topology. Specifically, caged saturated hydrocarbons offering multiple σ-conductance channels afford transmission far beyond what could be expected based upon conventional superposition laws, particularly if these pathways are composed entirely from quaternary carbon atoms. Computed conductance of molecular bridges based on carbon nanothreads, e.g., polytwistane, is not only of appreciable magnitude; it also shows a very slow decay with increasing nanogap, similarly to the case of π-conjugated wires. These findings offer a way to manipulate the transport properties of molecular systems by means of their topology, alternatively to the traditionally invoked electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Gryn'ova
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
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10
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Friedfeld MR, Stein JL, Ritchhart A, Cossairt BM. Conversion Reactions of Atomically Precise Semiconductor Clusters. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:2803-2810. [PMID: 30387984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Clusters are unique molecular species that can be viewed as a bridge between phases of matter and thus between disciplines of chemistry. The structural and compositional complexity observed in cluster chemistry serves as an inspiration to the material science community and motivates our search for new phases of matter. Moreover, the formation of kinetically persistent cluster molecules as intermediates in the nucleation of crystals makes these materials of great interest for determining and controlling mechanisms of crystal growth. Our lab developed a keen interest in clusters insofar as they relate to the nucleation of nanoscale semiconductors and the modeling of postsynthetic reaction chemistry of colloidal materials. In particular, our discovery of a structurally unique In37P20X51 (X = carboxylate) cluster en route to InP quantum dots has catalyzed our interest in all aspects of cluster conversion, including the use of clusters as precursors to larger nanoscale colloids and as platforms for examining postsynthetic reaction chemistry. This Account is presented in four parts. First, we introduce cluster chemistry in a historical context with a focus on main group, metallic, and semiconductor clusters. We put forward the concept of rational, mechanism-driven design of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals as the primary motivation for the studies we have undertaken. Second, we describe the role of clusters as intermediates both in the synthesis of well-known material phases and in the discovery of unprecedented nanomaterial structures. The primary distinction between these two approaches is one of kinetics; in the case of well-known phases, we are often operating under high-temperature thermolysis conditions, whereas for materials discovery, we are discovering strategies to template the growth of kinetic phases as dictated by the starting cluster structure. Third, we describe reactions of clusters as model systems for their larger nanomaterial progeny with a primary focus on cation exchange. In the case of InP, cation exchange in larger nanostructures has been challenging due to the covalent nature of the crystal lattice. However, in the higher energy, strained cluster intermediates, cation exchange can be accomplished even at room temperature. This opens opportunities for accessing doped and alloyed nanomaterials using postsynthetically modified clusters as single-source precursors. Finally, we present surface chemistry of clusters as the gateway to subsequent chemistry and reactivity, and as an integral component of cluster structure and stability. Taken as a whole, we hope to make a compelling case for using clusters as a platform for mechanistic investigation and materials discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max R. Friedfeld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Stein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Andrew Ritchhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Brandi M. Cossairt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Wang T, Duan P, Xu ES, Vermilyea B, Chen B, Li X, Badding JV, Schmidt-Rohr K, Crespi VH. Constraining Carbon Nanothread Structures by Experimental and Calculated Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:4934-4942. [PMID: 29954179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A one-dimensional (1D) sp3 carbon nanomaterial with high lateral packing order, known as carbon nanothreads, has recently been synthesized by slowly compressing and decompressing crystalline solid benzene at high pressure. The atomic structure of an individual nanothread has not yet been determined experimentally. We have calculated the 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts, chemical shielding tensors, and anisotropies of several axially ordered and disordered partially saturated and fully saturated nanothreads within density functional theory and systematically compared the results with experimental solid-state NMR data to assist in identifying the structures of the synthesized nanothreads. In the fully saturated threads, every carbon atom in each progenitor benzene molecule has bonded to a neighboring molecule (i.e., 6 bonds per molecule, a so-called "degree-6" nanothread), while the partially saturated threads examined retain a single double bond per benzene ring ("degree-4"). The most-parsimonious theoretical fit to the experimental 1D solid-state NMR spectrum, constrained by the measured chemical shift anisotropies and key features of two-dimensional NMR spectra, suggests a certain combination of degree-4 and degree-6 nanothreads as plausible components of this 1D sp3 carbon nanomaterial, with intriguing hints of a [4 + 2] cycloaddition pathway toward nanothread formation from benzene columns in the progenitor molecular crystal, based on the presence of nanothreads IV-7, IV-8, and square polymer in the minimal fit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pu Duan
- Department of Chemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02453 , United States
| | | | | | - Bo Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Baker Laboratory , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | | | | | - Klaus Schmidt-Rohr
- Department of Chemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02453 , United States
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Gao J, Zhang G, Yakobson BI, Zhang YW. Kinetic theory for the formation of diamond nanothreads with desired configurations: a strain-temperature controlled phase diagram. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:9664-9672. [PMID: 29761202 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr00308d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diamond nanothreads (DNTs) are a brand-new one-dimensional carbon nanomaterial that was synthesized recently by compressing benzene. Compared with sp2 carbon nanotubes, DNTs may possess a much higher interfacial load-transfer ability. However, previous studies have shown that the mechanical properties of DNTs are highly sensitive to the composition of Stone-Wales (SW) transformed sites. Up to now, it remained unclear what roles SWs play in the structure stability and how to engineer its molecular structure for novel mechanical properties. Using ab initio calculations, here we show that the most stable structure of a DNT is composed of alternative SW and hydrogenated carbon nanotube (3,0) units, suggesting that SW plays an essential role in stabilizing DNT. Interestingly, we found that the SW transition barrier is a nearly linear function of the applied strain, enabling strain engineering of its molecular structure. To do so, we propose a strain-temperature-stretching rate phase diagram to guide the construction of desired molecular structures to achieve superplastic behavior of DNTs. Our findings not only enrich our understanding of this novel carbon material, but also provide a strategy to control its structural and mechanical properties for novel applications, such as energy absorption, energy storage and materials reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Gao
- Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR, Singapore 138632.
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13
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Chen B, Wang T, Crespi VH, Li X, Badding J, Hoffmann R. All the Ways To Have Substituted Nanothreads. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:1131-1140. [PMID: 29266935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We describe a general, symmetry-conditioned way of enumerating isomers of saturated singly substituted one-dimensional nanothreads of the (CH)5E and (CH)5CR type, where E is a heteroatom and R is a substituent. Four nanothreads - so-called tube (3,0), polytwistane, the zipper polymer, and polymer I, are treated in detail. The methodology, combining symmetry arguments and computer-based enumeration, is generally applicable to isomerism problems in polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Baker Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Roald Hoffmann
- Baker Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
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Saha B, Pratik SM, Datta A. Coexistence of Normal and Auxetic Behavior in a Thermally and Chemically Stable sp 3 Nanothread: Poly[5]asterane. Chemistry 2017; 23:12917-12923. [PMID: 28683158 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A one-dimensional nanostructure with sp3 -hybridized carbon atoms, namely, poly[5]asterane (PA), is predicted by means of electronic structure calculations and reactive molecular dynamics simulations. Thermochemical analysis based on homodesmotic reactions showed that the formation of poly[5]asterane is more favorable than that of polytriangulane and comparable to that of polytwistane. A plane-wave DFT approach gave a computed Young's modulus of about 0.84 TPa, which is quite promising and comparable to those of other sp3 -hybridized nanothreads. Simulations of the desorption of hydrogen atoms from PA showed a high activation energy (Ea ≈52 kcal mol-1 ), which again indicates substantial chemical stability. Interestingly, PA was shown to exhibit auxetic behavior (negative Poisson's ratio). Thus, PA is advocated as a new mechanically and chemically stable nanothread with exotic auxetic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Saha
- Department of Spectroscopy, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Saied Md Pratik
- Department of Spectroscopy, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Ayan Datta
- Department of Spectroscopy, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
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15
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Alder RW, Butts CP, Sessions RB. Perhydrohelicenes and other diamond-lattice based hydrocarbons: the choreography of inversion. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6389-6399. [PMID: 29308176 PMCID: PMC5628603 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01759f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Overall inversion in fused cyclohexane oligomers 2, 3, and 4 (all based on cis-decalin 1) occurs by a rolling process involving no more than two adjacent rings in twist-boat conformations at any time. These inverting rings move along the oligomer in processes that are precisely choreographed by the adjacent chairs. Actual inversion mechanisms can be stepwise [CC → TC → TT → C'T → C'C'], as for cis-decalin, but it is shown that a concerted alternative [CC → TC → C'T → C'C'] is enforced in 2. The all-cis,anti,cis-isomers of perhydrohelicenes 4 are based on the diamond lattice and have remarkably low strain energies. Helix inversion in 4 is compared with that in helicenes 5. For both, the intermediates and transition states have shapes broadly like kinked old-style telephone cables. In both cases barriers increase with the length of the system to eventually reach a plateau value of ca. 120 kJ mol-1 for 4, much lower than that for 5 (320-350 kJ mol-1). While rolling inversion only requires two adjacent rings in twist-boat conformations at any instant, inversion in propellane 6 requires all three rings be converted to twist-boats, and the S4 symmetric hydrocarbon 7 requires all four rings to be converted to twist-boats. As a consequence, 7 probably has the highest barrier of any non-oligomeric cis-decalin derived structure (87.3 kJ mol-1 at B3LYP/6-31G*).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger W Alder
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK .
| | - Craig P Butts
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK .
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley D Allen
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Henrik Quanz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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17
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Chen B, Hoffmann R, Ashcroft NW, Badding J, Xu E, Crespi V. Linearly Polymerized Benzene Arrays As Intermediates, Tracing Pathways to Carbon Nanothreads. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14373-86. [PMID: 26488180 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
How might fully saturated benzene polymers of composition [(CH)6]n form under high pressure? In the first approach to answering this question, we examine the stepwise increase in saturation of a one-dimensional stack of benzene molecules by enumerating the partially saturated polymer intermediates, subject to constraints of unit cell size and energy. Defining the number of four-coordinate carbon atoms per benzene formula unit as the degree of saturation, a set of isomers for degree-two and degree-four polymers can be generated by either thinking of the propagation of partially saturated building blocks or by considering a sequence of cycloadditions. There is also one 4 + 2 reaction sequence that jumps directly from a benzene stack to a degree-four polymer. The set of degree-two polymers provides several useful signposts toward achieving full saturation: chiral versus achiral building blocks, certain forms of conformational freedom, and also dead ends to further saturation. These insights allow us to generate a larger set of degree-four polymers and enumerate the many pathways that lead from benzene stacks to completely saturated carbon nanothreads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory , Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory , Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - N W Ashcroft
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
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18
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Nicolaï A, Liu H, Petraglia R, Corminboeuf C. Exploiting Dispersion-Driven Aggregators as a Route to New One-Dimensional Organic Nanowires. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4422-4428. [PMID: 26495880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of charge carrier mobility in organic semiconductors is heavily dependent upon the long-range organization (i.e., morphology) and the local relative arrangement of the transporting molecules. Here, we exploit London dispersion forces as a design principle to construct compact one-dimensional (1-D) assemblies of quaterthiophene cores. We demonstrate that the substitution of quaterthiophene with dispersion-driven aggregators (e.g., [7]ladderanes, hydrogenated pyrenes, etc.) leads to the formation of highly stable and tightly packed 1-D supramolecular assemblies with electronic compactness superior to that of quaterthiophene crystals. Tunability and even tighter stacking arrangements can be achieved by inserting molecular linkers between the quaterthiophene fragments and the dispersion-driven components. The proposed 1-D nanowires represent an original route toward the rational design of efficient organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Nicolaï
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hongguang Liu
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Petraglia
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Camps P, Lozano D, Font-Bardia M. Synthesis of Polycycles by Single or Double Domino Nucleophilic Substitution/Diels-Alder Reaction. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Maryasin B, Olbrich M, Trauner D, Ochsenfeld C. Calculated Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Polytwistane and Related Hydrocarbon Nanorods. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:1020-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ct5011505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Maryasin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Olbrich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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21
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Fitzgibbons TC, Guthrie M, Xu ES, Crespi VH, Davidowski SK, Cody GD, Alem N, Badding JV. Benzene-derived carbon nanothreads. NATURE MATERIALS 2015; 14:43-47. [PMID: 25242532 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials such as fullerenes, nanotubes, graphene and diamondoids have extraordinary physical and chemical properties. Compression-induced polymerization of aromatic molecules could provide a viable synthetic route to ordered carbon nanomaterials, but despite almost a century of study this approach has produced only amorphous products. Here we report recovery to ambient pressure of macroscopic quantities of a crystalline one- dimensional sp(3) carbon nanomaterial formed by high-pressure solid-state reaction of benzene. X-ray and neutron diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, solid-state NMR, transmission electron microscopy and first-principles calculations reveal close- packed bundles of subnanometre-diameter sp(3)-bonded carbon threads capped with hydrogen, crystalline in two dimensions and short-range ordered in the third. These nanothreads promise extraordinary properties such as strength and stiffness higher than that of sp(2) carbon nanotubes or conventional high-strength polymers. They may be the first member of a new class of ordered sp(3) nanomaterials synthesized by kinetic control of high-pressure solid-state reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Fitzgibbons
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA [2] Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Malcolm Guthrie
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington DC 20015, USA
| | - En-shi Xu
- 1] Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA [2] Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Vincent H Crespi
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA [2] Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA [3] Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA [4] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Stephen K Davidowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - George D Cody
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington DC 20015, USA
| | - Nasim Alem
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - John V Badding
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA [2] Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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22
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Olbrich M, Mayer P, Trauner D. Synthetic Studies toward Polytwistane Hydrocarbon Nanorods. J Org Chem 2014; 80:2042-55. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502618g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Olbrich
- Department
of Chemistry and
Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department
of Chemistry and
Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department
of Chemistry and
Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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23
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Heinz-Maier-Leibnitz-Preis: M. D. Walter / Merck-Banyu-Vorlesung: D. Uraguchi / AkzoNobel UK Science Award: J. W. Goodby / Wissenschaftspreis der Deutschen Technion-Gesellschaft: P. Schreiner. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201401128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Prize: M. D. Walter / Merck Banyu Lectureship Award: D. Uraguchi / AkzoNobel UK Science Award: J. W. Goodby / Science Prize of the German Technion Society: P. Schreiner. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201401128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Olbrich M, Mayer P, Trauner D. A step toward polytwistane: synthesis and characterization of C2-symmetric tritwistane. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:108-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42152j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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