1
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Song T, Wang K, Yuan Q, Zhang W. Nickel-Catalyzed Hydroamination and Hydroalkoxylation of Enelactams with Unactivated Amines and Alcohols. Org Lett 2023; 25:6093-6098. [PMID: 37560920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed hydroamination and hydroalkoxylation of enelactams with unactivated amines and alcohols are reported. This method showed good functional group tolerance and delivered the corresponding hydrofunctionalized products in good to excellent yields (≤98%). Furthermore, an intramolecular hydroalkoxylation of an enelactam was also realized, giving a cyclization product in a good yield. Mechanistic studies indicated that tBuI acts as a hydride donor and radical precursor, which is crucial for the success of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Kuiyang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Qianjia Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Wanbin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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2
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Simlandy AK, Alturaifi TM, Nguyen JM, Oxtoby LJ, Wong QN, Chen JS, Liu P, Engle KM. Enantioselective Hydroalkenylation and Hydroalkynylation of Alkenes Enabled by a Transient Directing Group: Catalyst Generality through Rigidification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304013. [PMID: 37141510 PMCID: PMC10524838 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic enantioselective synthesis of α-chiral alkenes and alkynes represents a powerful strategy for rapid generation of molecular complexity. Herein, we report a transient directing group (TDG) strategy to facilitate site-selective palladium-catalyzed reductive Heck-type hydroalkenylation and hydroalkynylation of alkenylaldehyes using alkenyl and alkynyl bromides, respectively, allowing for construction of a stereocenter at the δ-position with respect to the aldehyde. Computational studies reveal the dual beneficial roles of rigid TDGs, such as L-tert-leucine, in promoting TDG binding and inducing high levels of enantioselectivity in alkene insertion with a variety of migrating groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Simlandy
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, CA 92037, La Jolla, USA
| | - Turki M Alturaifi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, PA 15260, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Johny M Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, CA 92037, La Jolla, USA
| | - Lucas J Oxtoby
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, CA 92037, La Jolla, USA
| | - Quynh Nguyen Wong
- Automated Synthesis Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, CA 92037, La Jolla, USA
| | - Jason S Chen
- Automated Synthesis Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, CA 92037, La Jolla, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, PA 15260, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Keary M Engle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, CA 92037, La Jolla, USA
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3
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Braga IB, Angnes RA, de Lucca Júnior EC, Braga AAC, Correia CRD. Enantioselective Synthesis of α,β‐Unsaturated Aryl Lactams by Heck‐Matsuda and Heck‐Mizoroki Arylations of Enelactams. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingredy B. Braga
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas Instituto de Quimica Organic Chemistry BRAZIL
| | - Ricardo A. Angnes
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Campus de Sao Paulo: Universidade de Sao Paulo Química BRAZIL
| | - Emilio C. de Lucca Júnior
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Campus Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz: Universidade Estadual de Campinas Organic Chemistry BRAZIL
| | - Ataualpa A. C. Braga
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Campus de Sao Paulo: Universidade de Sao Paulo Química BRAZIL
| | - Carlos Roque Duarte Correia
- State University of Campinas Organic Chemistry Monteiro Lobato s/nChemistry Institute 13084-971 Campinas BRAZIL
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4
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Zhang M, Ji Y, Zhang C. Transition Metal Catalyzed Enantioselective Migratory Functionalization Reactions of Alkenes through Chain‐walking. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University Weijin Rd. 92 Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yuqi Ji
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University Weijin Rd. 92 Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University Weijin Rd. 92 Tianjin 300072 China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192 China
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5
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Das M, Sharma P, Sunoj RB. Machine learning studies on asymmetric relay Heck reaction—Potential avenues for reaction development. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:114303. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0084432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The integration of machine learning (ML) methods into chemical catalysis is evolving as a new paradigm for cost and time economic reaction development in recent times. Although there have been several successful applications of ML in catalysis, the prediction of enantioselectivity ( ee) remains challenging. Herein, we describe a ML workflow to predict ee of an important class of catalytic asymmetric transformation, namely, the relay Heck (RH) reaction. A random forest ML model, built using quantum chemically derived mechanistically relevant physical organic descriptors as features, is found to predict the ee remarkably well with a low root mean square error of 8.0 ± 1.3. Importantly, the model is effective in predicting the unseen variants of an asymmetric RH reaction. Furthermore, we predicted the ee for thousands of unexplored complementary reactions, including those leading to a good number of bioactive frameworks, by engaging different combinations of catalysts and substrates drawn from the original dataset. Our ML model developed on the available examples would be able to assist in exploiting the fuller potential of asymmetric RH reactions through a priori predictions before the actual experimentation, which would thus help surpass the trial and error loop to a larger degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manajit Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Raghavan B. Sunoj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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6
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Cheng X, Li T, Liu Y, Lu Z. Stereo- and Enantioselective Benzylic C–H Alkenylation via Photoredox/Nickel Dual Catalysis. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokai Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tongtong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhan Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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7
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Xie J, Liang R, Jia Y. Recent Advances of Catalytic Enantioselective Heck Reactions and
Reductive‐Heck
Reactions. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Qi Xie
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green‐Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 China
| | - Ren‐Xiao Liang
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green‐Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 China
| | - Yi‐Xia Jia
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green‐Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 China
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8
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Bonfield HE, Valette D, Lindsay DM, Reid M. Stereoselective Remote Functionalization via Palladium-Catalyzed Redox-Relay Heck Methodologies. Chemistry 2021; 27:158-174. [PMID: 32744766 PMCID: PMC7821197 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exploration of novel, three-dimensional chemical space is of growing interest in the drug discovery community and with this comes the challenge for synthetic chemists to devise new stereoselective methods to introduce chirality in a rapid and efficient manner. This Minireview provides a timely summary of the development of palladium-catalyzed asymmetric redox-relay Heck-type processes. These reactions represent an important class of transformation for the selective introduction of remote stereocenters, and have risen to prominence over the past decade. Within this Minireview, the vast scope of these transformations will be showcased, alongside applications to pharmaceutically relevant chiral building blocks and drug substances. To complement this overview, a mechanistic summary and discussion of the current limitations of the transformation are presented, followed by an outlook on future areas of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly E. Bonfield
- Chemical DevelopmentGlaxoSmithKlineGunnels Wood RoadStevenageHertfordshireSG1 2NYUK
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry WestCHEMUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StreetGlasgowScotlandG1 1XLUK
| | - Damien Valette
- Chemical DevelopmentGlaxoSmithKlineGunnels Wood RoadStevenageHertfordshireSG1 2NYUK
| | - David M. Lindsay
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry WestCHEMUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StreetGlasgowScotlandG1 1XLUK
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry WestCHEMUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StreetGlasgowScotlandG1 1XLUK
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9
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Idzik TJ, Myk ZM, Struk Ł, Perużyńska M, Maciejewska G, Droździk M, Sośnicki JG. Arylation of enelactams using TIPSOTf: reaction scope and mechanistic insight. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01396j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Triisopropylsilyltrifluoromethanesulfonate can be effectively used for the arylation of a wide range of enelactams. The multinuclear NMR study provided deep insights into the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz J. Idzik
- West Pomeranian University of Technology
- Szczecin
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- Szczecin
| | - Zofia M. Myk
- West Pomeranian University of Technology
- Szczecin
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- Szczecin
| | - Łukasz Struk
- West Pomeranian University of Technology
- Szczecin
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- Szczecin
| | - Magdalena Perużyńska
- Pomeranian Medical University
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology
- 70-111 Szczecin
- Poland
| | | | - Marek Droździk
- Pomeranian Medical University
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology
- 70-111 Szczecin
- Poland
| | - Jacek G. Sośnicki
- West Pomeranian University of Technology
- Szczecin
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- Szczecin
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10
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Zhang P, Zhang M, Ji Y, Xing M, Zhao Q, Zhang C. Nickel-Catalyzed Highly Selective Hydroalkenylation of Alkenyl Boronic Esters to Access Allyl Boron. Org Lett 2020; 22:8285-8290. [PMID: 33089688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Allyl boron derivatives are valuable building blocks in the synthesis of natural products and bioactive molecules. Herein, a practical strategy of nickel-catalyzed highly selective hydroalkenylation of alkenyl boronic esters was developed. Under the mild reaction conditions, a variety of allyl boronic esters were accessed with excellent chemo- and regioselectivity. The mechanism of this transformation was illustrated by control experiments and kinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuqi Ji
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mimi Xing
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
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11
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Ratushnyy M, Kvasovs N, Sarkar S, Gevorgyan V. Visible‐Light‐Induced Palladium‐Catalyzed Generation of Aryl Radicals from Aryl Triflates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Ratushnyy
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W. Taylor Street Chicago IL 60607-7061 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell, BSB13 Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Nikita Kvasovs
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W. Taylor Street Chicago IL 60607-7061 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell, BSB13 Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Sumon Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W. Taylor Street Chicago IL 60607-7061 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell, BSB13 Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W. Taylor Street Chicago IL 60607-7061 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell, BSB13 Richardson TX 75080 USA
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12
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Ratushnyy M, Kvasovs N, Sarkar S, Gevorgyan V. Visible-Light-Induced Palladium-Catalyzed Generation of Aryl Radicals from Aryl Triflates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10316-10320. [PMID: 32155303 PMCID: PMC7446712 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A mild visible-light-induced Pd-catalyzed intramolecular C-H arylation of amides is reported. The method operates by cleavage of a C(sp2 )-O bond, leading to hybrid aryl Pd-radical intermediates. The following 1,5-hydrogen atom translocation, intramolecular cyclization, and rearomatization steps lead to valuable oxindole and isoindoline-1-one motifs. Notably, this method provides access to products with readily enolizable functional groups that are incompatible with traditional Pd-catalyzed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Ratushnyy
- Department of Chemistry,University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607-7061 (USA)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell, BSB13, Richardson, TX 75080 (USA)
| | - Nikita Kvasovs
- Department of Chemistry,University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607-7061 (USA)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell, BSB13, Richardson, TX 75080 (USA)
| | - Sumon Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry,University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607-7061 (USA)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell, BSB13, Richardson, TX 75080 (USA)
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry,University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607-7061 (USA)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell, BSB13, Richardson, TX 75080 (USA)
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13
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Li J, Qu S, Zhao W. Rhodium‐Catalyzed Remote C(sp
3
)−H Borylation of Silyl Enol Ethers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:2360-2364. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and ChemometricsCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Shuanglin Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and ChemometricsCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Wanxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and ChemometricsCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
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14
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Li J, Qu S, Zhao W. Rhodium‐Catalyzed Remote C(sp
3
)−H Borylation of Silyl Enol Ethers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and ChemometricsCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Shuanglin Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and ChemometricsCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Wanxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and ChemometricsCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
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15
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Yuan Q, Prater MB, Sigman MS. Enantioselective Synthesis of γ-Functionalized Cyclopentenones and δ-Functionalized Cycloheptenones Utilizing a Redox-Relay Heck Strategy. Adv Synth Catal 2019; 362:326-330. [PMID: 33447174 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this report, the desymmetrization of cyclic enones under relay Heck conditions with an array of aryl boronic acids, alkenyl triflates and indole derivatives is described. This method grants facile access to diverse γ-functionalized cyclopentenones and δ-functionalized cycloheptenones. Using this approach, a formal synthesis of (S)-baclofen was completed in high yield and excellent enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjia Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Matthew B Prater
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112
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