1
|
Kinzelmann M, Fröhlich N, Vogel A, Kivala M, Drewello T. Tandem mass spectrometry of π-expanded triphenylamine and N-heterotriangulene scaffolds: Radical cation versus silver(I) adduct. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e5079. [PMID: 39132903 DOI: 10.1002/jms.5079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Triphenylamine (TPA) and N-heterotriangulene (N-HTA) scaffolds with up to three oligophenyl extensions are investigated by electrospray ionization (tandem) mass spectrometry (ESI-[MS/]MS). Due to their low oxidation potentials, all molecules readily form radical cations in the electrospray process. The energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation behaviour of the molecular ions is contrasted to that of the silver(I) adducts. Complexation with Ag(I) leads to the expected [1:1] and [2:1] complexes (MAg+ and M2Ag+); however, even [1:2] complexes (MAg2 2+) can be detected for molecules with two and three large π-expansions to allow stabilization of two charges. The TPA scaffolds decompose only at high collision energies through the loss of peripheral tert-butyl groups. A general mechanism for this is proposed commencing with a methyl loss and followed by the release of isobutene and butyl radical moieties. The N-HTA-based scaffolds are considerably less stable and molecular ions fragment at low collision energies. This is caused by the facile loss of methyl radicals from the dimethylmethylene-bridged triangulene core. In contrast, complexation with Ag+ leads to a dramatic stabilization. Most interestingly, dissociation eventually proceeds via the loss of neutral AgCH3, which is indicative of strong bidentate, tweezer-like bonding of Ag+ to the molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kinzelmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nina Fröhlich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Vogel
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Drewello
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chuncha V, Achary Balahoju S, Dutta S, Giribabu L, Chitta R. Investigating the role of corrole as an excitation energy relay in light-induced processes in closely connected N,N'-bis(biphenyl-4-yl)aniline functionalized corrole donor-acceptor dyad. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:1041-1054. [PMID: 38549042 DOI: 10.1111/php.13939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
A photosynthetic antenna-reaction center model, BBA-PFCor comprised of N,N'-bis(biphenyl-4-yl)aniline (BBA) covalently functionalized to bis(pentafluoro)corrole moiety has been prepared and the contribution of the BBA as the photoinduced energy transfer antenna was investigated. UV-visible studies have shown that integrating the electron-rich BBA chromophore into the corrole core has broadened the soret band of the corrole moiety with the absorption spanning from 300 to 700 nm. Electrochemical studies, in corroboration with the computational calculations, revealed that, BBA moiety can act as an electron reservoir and, in the excited state, it would transfer the excited energy to the corrole moiety in the dyad. Steady-state fluorescence studies have demonstrated that, upon photoexcitation of the BBA moiety of BBA-PFCor at 310 nm in solvents of varied polarity, the BBA emission centered at 400 nm was observed to be quenched, with the concomitant appearance of the corrole emission from 500 to 700 nm, indicating the happening of photoinduced energy transfer (PEnT) from 1BBA* to corrole moiety. Parallel control experiments involving the excitation of the corrole moiety at 410 nm did not result in the diminishing of the corrole emission, suggesting that the quenching of the BBA emission in BBA-PFCor is majorly due to intramolecular PEnT from 1BBA* to corrole moiety leading to the formation of singlet excited corrole, that is, 1BBA*-PFCor ➔ BBA-1PFCor*. The free energy changes of PEnT, ΔGEnT, were found to be thermodynamically feasible in all the solvents used for the study. Parallel time-resolved fluorescence studies were congruent with the steady-state fluorescence results and provided further evidence for the occurrence of ultrafast PEnT from 1BBA*➔corrole in the dyad with the rates of energy transfer (kEnT) of ~108 s-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijaykumar Chuncha
- Artificial Photosynthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Telangana, India
| | - Shivaprasad Achary Balahoju
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Snigdha Dutta
- Artificial Photosynthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Telangana, India
| | - Lingamallu Giribabu
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Raghu Chitta
- Artificial Photosynthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu CW, Peng CH, Liu MH. Theoretical investigation on action mechanism and mollifying efficacy of propellant stabilizers. J Mol Model 2024; 30:130. [PMID: 38607447 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05919-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT This project performed quantum chemical computation, through kinetic and thermodynamic analyses to compare relative reactivity, reaction rate, and equilibrium composition from the possible pathways in connection with stabilizer-nitrodioxide reactions to determine the stability of the materials for practical application. Corresponding achievements have promoted the use of N-methyl-p-nitroaniline (MNA) and dinitrophenyl malonamide series (M3, M4, and M5) stabilizers as high priorities for selection. METHODS The Gaussian 09 program (G09) (Frisch et al 2009) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations with the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) function were performed to obtain related geometric and thermodynamic energy data for the molecular systems in this study. The synchronous transit-guided quasi-Newton method (STQN) (Peng and Schlegel Isr J Chem 33:49, 1993) was applied through the QST3 procedure to identify single imaginary frequency-valued transition-state species. The related reaction rate constant (k) and pre-exponential factor (A) were obtained, based on transition state theory (Su 2008), using Eqs. 11 and 12.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Wen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Military Academy, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Hsiung Peng
- Department of Applied Materials Science and Technology, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Min-Hsien Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Taiwan, Republic of China.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lasso JD, Castillo-Pazos DJ, Salgado JM, Ruchlin C, Lefebvre L, Farajat D, Perepichka DF, Li CJ. A General Platform for Visible Light Sulfonylation Reactions Enabled by Catalytic Triarylamine EDA Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2583-2592. [PMID: 38232387 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes have recently emerged as a powerful and sustainable alternative to iridium- and ruthenium-based photoredox synthetic methods. Yet, these complexes remain underexplored and reliant on the use of meticulously designed acceptors that require previous installation. Herein, we report a novel EDA complex employing tris(4-methoxyphenyl) amine as a catalytic donor for the sulfonylation of alkenes using inexpensive and readily available sulfonyl chlorides. Applying this operationally simple, visible-light-mediated general platform, we report both the redox-neutral and net-reductive functionalization of more than 60 substrates, encompassing vinylic or allylic sulfonylation, hydrosulfonylation, and sulfamoylation of activated and unactivated alkenes and alkynes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Lasso
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Durbis J Castillo-Pazos
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Jan Michael Salgado
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Cory Ruchlin
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Loric Lefebvre
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Daliah Farajat
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Dmytro F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vasiļevska A, Slanina T. Structure-property-function relationships of stabilized and persistent C- and N-based triaryl radicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:252-264. [PMID: 38086625 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05706b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Structurally similar C- and N-based triaryl radicals are among the most commonly used structural motifs in stable, open-shell, organic molecules. The application of such species is associated with their stability, properties and structural design. This study summarizes the basic stabilization and persistence principles of C- and N-based triaryl radicals and highlights recent advances in design strategies of radicals tailored for specific applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vasiļevska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Charles University, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hatakeyama-Sato K, Oyaizu K. Redox: Organic Robust Radicals and Their Polymers for Energy Conversion/Storage Devices. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11336-11391. [PMID: 37695670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Persistent radicals can hold their unpaired electrons even under conditions where they accumulate, leading to the unique characteristics of radical ensembles with open-shell structures and their molecular properties, such as magneticity, radical trapping, catalysis, charge storage, and electrical conductivity. The molecules also display fast, reversible redox reactions, which have attracted particular attention for energy conversion and storage devices. This paper reviews the electrochemical aspects of persistent radicals and the corresponding macromolecules, radical polymers. Radical structures and their redox reactions are introduced, focusing on redox potentials, bistability, and kinetic constants for electrode reactions and electron self-exchange reactions. Unique charge transport and storage properties are also observed with the accumulated form of redox sites in radical polymers. The radical molecules have potential electrochemical applications, including in rechargeable batteries, redox flow cells, photovoltaics, diodes, and transistors, and in catalysts, which are reviewed in the last part of this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kan Hatakeyama-Sato
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kervella Y, Andrés Castán JM, Avalos-Quiroz YA, Khodr A, Eynaud Q, Koganezawa T, Yoshimoto N, Margeat O, Rivaton A, Riquelme AJ, Mwalukuku VM, Pécaut J, Grévin B, Videlot-Ackermann C, Ackermann J, Demadrille R, Aumaître C. Star-shape non-fullerene acceptor featuring an aza-triangulene core for organic solar cells. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2023; 11:8161-8169. [PMID: 37362026 PMCID: PMC10286219 DOI: 10.1039/d2tc05424h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
We present the simple synthesis of a star-shape non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) for application in organic solar cells. This NFA possesses a D(A)3 structure in which the electron-donating core is an aza-triangulene unit and we report the first crystal structure for a star shape NFA based on this motive. We fully characterized this molecule's optoelectronic properties in solution and thin films, investigating its photovoltaic properties when blended with PTB7-Th as the electron donor component. We demonstrate that the aza-triangulene core leads to a strong absorption in the visible range with an absorption edge going from 700 nm in solution to above 850 nm in the solid state. The transport properties of the pristine molecule were investigated in field effect transistors (OFETs) and in blends with PTB7-Th following a Space-Charge-Limited Current (SCLC) protocol. We found that the mobility of electrons measured in films deposited from o-xylene and chlorobenzene are quite similar (up to 2.70 × 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1) and that the values are not significantly modified by thermal annealing. The new NFA combined with PTB7-Th in the active layer of inverted solar cells leads to a power conversion efficiency of around 6.3% (active area 0.16 cm2) when processed from non-chlorinated solvents without thermal annealing. Thanks to impedance spectroscopy measurements performed on the solar cells, we show that the charge collection efficiency of the devices is limited by the transport properties rather than by recombination kinetics. Finally, we investigated the stability of this new NFA in various conditions and show that the star-shape molecule is more resistant against photolysis in the presence and absence of oxygen than ITIC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Kervella
- IRIG-SyMMES, Université Grenoble Alpes/CEA/CNRS Grenoble 38000 France
| | | | | | - Anass Khodr
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINAM Marseille France
| | | | - Tomoyuki Koganezawa
- Industrial Application Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI) Sayo Hyogo 679-5198 Japan
| | - Noriyuki Yoshimoto
- Department of Physical Science and Materials Engineering, Iwate University, Ueda Morioka 020 8551 Japan
| | | | - Agnès Rivaton
- Univ. Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont Inst. de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, UMR 6296 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | | | | | - Jacques Pécaut
- IRIG-SyMMES, Université Grenoble Alpes/CEA/CNRS Grenoble 38000 France
| | - Benjamin Grévin
- IRIG-SyMMES, Université Grenoble Alpes/CEA/CNRS Grenoble 38000 France
| | | | | | - Renaud Demadrille
- IRIG-SyMMES, Université Grenoble Alpes/CEA/CNRS Grenoble 38000 France
| | - Cyril Aumaître
- IRIG-SyMMES, Université Grenoble Alpes/CEA/CNRS Grenoble 38000 France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tang C, Song L, Zhou K, Ren P, Zhao E, He Z. Manipulating D-A interaction to achieve stable photoinduced organic radicals in triphenylphosphine crystals. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1871-1877. [PMID: 36819874 PMCID: PMC9930928 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05753k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
New strategies for the design and synthesis of stable organic radicals without additives are highly desirable. Herein, we design a series of donor-acceptor structured triarylphosphines and disclose the fast color change triggered by UV-irradiation in the crystalline state. Photoinduced organic radicals are undoubtedly verified and proved to be the reason for the color change by time-dependent and quantitative electron paramagnetic resonance analysis, X-ray crystallographic analysis, and theoretical calculations. It is revealed that the intrinsic symmetry breaking of peripheral architecture helps to form continuous molecular chains by donor-acceptor counterpart pairing. Intermolecular electron-transfer occurs among molecular chains and results in radical ion pairs upon photoirradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Tang
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Lijuan Song
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Kang Zhou
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen PolytechnicShenzhenGuangdong 518055China
| | - Peng Ren
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Engui Zhao
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Zikai He
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China .,School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang 150001 China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Castillo-Pazos DJ, Lasso JD, Hamzehpoor E, Ramos-Sánchez J, Salgado JM, Cosa G, Perepichka DF, Li CJ. Triarylamines as catalytic donors in light-mediated electron donor–acceptor complexes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:3470-3481. [PMID: 37006691 PMCID: PMC10055340 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc07078b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
EDA complexes with catalytic triarylamines allow C–H perfluoroalkylation of arenes and heteroarenes under visible light irradiation in pH- and redox-neutral conditions. A detailed photophysical characterization of the EDA complex is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Durbis J. Castillo-Pazos
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
- FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Juan D. Lasso
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
- FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Ehsan Hamzehpoor
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Jorge Ramos-Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Jan Michael Salgado
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
- FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Gonzalo Cosa
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
- FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Dmytro F. Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
- FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhou M, Mao L, Niu YF, Zhao XL, Shi X, Yang HB. Triphenylamines consisting of bulky 3,5-di‑tert‑butyl‑4-anisyl group: Synthesis, redox properties and their radical cation species. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
11
|
|
12
|
|
13
|
Kurosawa T, Okamoto T, Yamashita Y, Kumagai S, Watanabe S, Takeya J. Strong and Atmospherically Stable Dicationic Oxidative Dopant. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101998. [PMID: 34713616 PMCID: PMC8693046 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the doping level of semiconducting polymer using strong dopants is essential for achieving good electrical conductivity. As for p-dopant, raising the electron affinity of a neutral compound through the dense introduction of electron-withdrawing group has always been the predominant strategy to achieve strong dopant. However, this simple and intuitive strategy faces extendibility, accessibility, and stability issues for further development. Herein, the use of dicationic state of tetraaryl benzidine (TAB2+ ) in conjunction with bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anion (TFSI- ) as a strong and atmospherically stable p-dopant (TAB-2TFSI), for which the concept is hinted from a rapid and spontaneous dimerization of radical cation dopant, is demonstrated. TAB-2TFSI possesses a large redox potential such that it would have deteriorated when in contact with H2 O. However, no trace of degradation after 1 year of storage under atmospheric conditions is observed. When doping the state-of-the-art semiconducting polymer with TAB-2TFSI, a high doping level together with significantly enhanced crystallinity is achieved which led to an electrical conductivity as high as 656 S cm-1 . The concept of utilizing charged molecule as a dopant is highly versatile and will potentially accelerate the development of a strong yet stable dopant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadanori Kurosawa
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Okamoto
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
- AIST-UTokyo Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yu Yamashita
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 205-0044, Japan
| | - Shohei Kumagai
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Shun Watanabe
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
- AIST-UTokyo Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Jun Takeya
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
- AIST-UTokyo Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 205-0044, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mao L, Zhou M, Shi X, Yang HB. Triphenylamine (TPA) radical cations and related macrocycles. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
15
|
Kataoka S, Suzuki S, Shiota Y, Yoshizawa K, Matsumoto T, Asano MS, Yoshihara T, Kitamura C, Kato SI. S,C,C- and O,C,C-Bridged Triarylamines and Their Persistent Radical Cations. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12559-12568. [PMID: 34465083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the synthesis, crystal structures, and electronic properties of structurally constrained S,C,C- and O,C,C-bridged triarylamine derivatives and their persistent radical cations. O,C,C-Bridged triphenylamines and a dinaphthylphenylamine were obtained through a straightforward synthetic protocol. Similar to a previously reported S,C,C-bridged triphenylamine, the O,C,C-bridged triarylamines were easily oxidized to afford the corresponding radical cations, which were obtained as hexachloroantimonate salts. X-ray crystallographic analyses showed almost planar structures for these O,C,C-bridged triarylamine radical cations, which represent new members of the family of planar triarylamine radical cations without substituents on the aryl rings. Detailed investigations of the electronic properties of the S,C,C- and O,C,C-bridged triarylamine radical cations demonstrated that the spin and positive charge are sufficiently delocalized over the planar triarylamine scaffolds. The results provide the following insights into the effects of the bridging unit (sulfur vs oxygen) and the dibenzo-annulation on the spin delocalization in the bridged triarylamine radical cations: (1) An effective decrease of the spin density on the nitrogen atom is observed for the sulfur bridge relative to the oxygen bridge; and (2) a moderate decrease of the spin density on the oxygen atom rather than the nitrogen atom is induced by the dibenzo-annulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunpei Kataoka
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533, Japan
| | - Shuichi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shiota
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Taisuke Matsumoto
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koh-en, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| | - Motoko S Asano
- Division of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Toshitada Yoshihara
- Division of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Chitoshi Kitamura
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kato
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bell JD, Murphy JA. Recent advances in visible light-activated radical coupling reactions triggered by (i) ruthenium, (ii) iridium and (iii) organic photoredox agents. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9540-9685. [PMID: 34309610 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00311a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox chemistry with organic or transition metal agents has been reviewed in earlier years, but such is the pace of progress that we will overlap very little with earlier comprehensive reviews. This review first presents an overview of the area of research and then examines recent examples of C-C, C-N, C-O and C-S bond formations via radical intermediates with transition metal and organic radical promoters. Recent successes with Birch reductions are also included. The transition metal chemistry will be restricted to photocatalysts based on the most widely used metals, Ru and Ir, but includes coupling chemistries that take advantage of low-valent nickel, or occasionally copper, complexes to process the radicals that are formed. Our focus is on developments in the past 10 years (2011-2021). This period has also seen great advances in the chemistry of organic photoredox reagents and the review covers this area. The review is intended to present highlights and is not comprehensive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Bell
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Krug M, Wagner M, Schaub TA, Zhang W, Schüßlbauer CM, Ascherl JDR, Münich PW, Schröder RR, Gröhn F, Dral PO, Barbatti M, Guldi DM, Kivala M. Der Einfluss von Aggregation auf die Photophysik von spiroverbrückten Heterotriangulenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Krug
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Maximilian Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Tobias A. Schaub
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Wen‐Shan Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Christoph M. Schüßlbauer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Johannes D. R. Ascherl
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Peter W. Münich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Rasmus R. Schröder
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Pavlo O. Dral
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Department of Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | | | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Milan Kivala
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Krug M, Wagner M, Schaub TA, Zhang W, Schüßlbauer CM, Ascherl JDR, Münich PW, Schröder RR, Gröhn F, Dral PO, Barbatti M, Guldi DM, Kivala M. The Impact of Aggregation on the Photophysics of Spiro‐Bridged Heterotriangulenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16233-16240. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Krug
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Maximilian Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Tobias A. Schaub
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Wen‐Shan Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Christoph M. Schüßlbauer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Johannes D. R. Ascherl
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Peter W. Münich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Rasmus R. Schröder
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Pavlo O. Dral
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Department of Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | | | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Matsuo Y, Tanaka T, Osuka A. Highly Stable Radical Cations of N,N'-Diarylated Tetrabenzotetraaza[8]circulene. Chemistry 2020; 26:8144-8152. [PMID: 32342540 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
N,N'-Diarylated tetrabenzotetraaza[8]circulenes 3 a and 3 b were synthesized in good yields by a reaction sequence involving oxidation of tetrabenzodiazadithia[8]circulene 5-Oct and SN Ar reaction with aniline derivatives. The obtained aza[8]circulenes 3 a and 3 b were easily oxidized to give their radical cations 3 a+ and 3 b+ , which are highly stable under ambient conditions. X-ray diffraction analysis of radical cation 3 a+ showed a face-to-face dimer arrangement with an interplanar separation of 3.320 Å. The spin density of 3 a+ was calculated to be delocalized over the whole circulene π-systems with spin-spin exchange integral (J=-144 cm-1 ) in the dimeric part. These radical cations displayed far red-shifted absorption bands reaching to 2000 nm. Thus this study has proved the hetero[8]circulene scaffold to be a new entry of promising electronics and spin materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Matsuo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Petkus J, Shubin K. Synthesis and Derivatization of N-Heterotriangulenes (Microreview). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-020-02691-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
21
|
Schaub TA, Mekelburg T, Dral PO, Miehlich M, Hampel F, Meyer K, Kivala M. A Spherically Shielded Triphenylamine and Its Persistent Radical Cation. Chemistry 2020; 26:3264-3269. [PMID: 31970834 PMCID: PMC7154785 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the design and synthesis of a sterically protected triphenylamine scaffold which undergoes one-electron oxidation to form an amine-centered radical cation of remarkable stability. Several structural adjustments were made to tame the inherent reactivity of the radical cation. First, the parent propeller-shaped triphenylamine was planarized with sterically demanding bridging units and, second, protecting groups were deployed to block the reactive positions. The efficiently shielded triphenylamine core can be reversibly oxidized at moderate potentials (+0.38 V, vs. Fc/Fc+ in CH2 Cl2 ). Spectroelectrochemistry and chemical oxidation studies were employed to monitor the evolution of characteristic photophysical features. To obtain a better understanding of the impact of one-electron oxidation on structural and electronic properties, joint experimental and computational studies were conducted, including X-ray structural analysis, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The sterically shielded radical cation combines various desirable attributes: A characteristic and unobstructed absorption in the visible region, high stability which enables storage for weeks without spectroscopically traceable degradation, and a reliable oxidation/re-reduction process due to effective screening of the planarized triphenylamine core from its environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A. Schaub
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRuprecht-Karls-University HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Theresa Mekelburg
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Pavlo O. Dral
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen UniversityXiamen361005P. R. China
| | - Matthias Miehlich
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInorganic ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInorganic ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRuprecht-Karls-University HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Advanced Materials (CAM)Im Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rogers FJM, Norcott PL, Coote ML. Recent advances in the chemistry of benzo[e][1,2,4]triazinyl radicals. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:8255-8277. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01394c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[e][1,2,4]triazinyl, or Blatter radicals, are stable free radicals with customisable magnetic, spectroscopic and electrochemical properties, and wide-ranging applications in synthesis and functional materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fergus J. M. Rogers
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
| | - Philip L. Norcott
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
| |
Collapse
|