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Buchner MR, Müller M, Ivlev SI. Multinuclear Beryllium Chloro Carboxylates. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 39253792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c03103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Reaction of 1 equiv of BeCl2 with mesityl (Mes) or o-tolyl (o-Tol) carboxylic acid in benzene gives hexanuclear heterocyles [BeCl(MesCO2)]6 and [BeCl(o-TolCO2)]6, respectively. Small amounts of the oxocarboxylates [Be4O(MesCO2)6] and [Be4O(o-TolCO2)6] are also formed. If chloroform is used as the solvent, a mixture of these complexes together with the unprecedented tertranuclear cage compounds [Be4Cl2(MesCO2)6] and [Be4Cl2(o-TolCO2)6] is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus R Buchner
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Müller
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sergei I Ivlev
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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2
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Wolff S, Ponsonby A, Dallmann A, Herwig C, Beckmann F, Cula B, Limberg C. Appropriation of group II metals: synthesis and characterisation of the first alkaline earth metal supported transition metal carbonite complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5816-5819. [PMID: 38753303 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01682c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Nickel carbonite complexes supported by alkaline earth metals have been accessed via salt-metathesis of the corresponding alkali metal precursors. The new complexes undergo Schlenk-like exchange reactions in solution which have been investigated by NMR spectroscopy. Also their reactivity towards epoxides and carbon monoxide was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siad Wolff
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Annabelle Ponsonby
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - André Dallmann
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian Herwig
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Fabian Beckmann
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Beatrice Cula
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian Limberg
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Buchner MR, Kreuzer LK, Thomas-Hargreaves LR, Müller M, Ivlev SI, Frenking G, Pan S. Mono-Ortho-Beryllated Carbodiphosphoranes: Synthesis, Structure, Bonding and Reactivity. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400966. [PMID: 38530217 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The reaction of organoberyllium compounds with hexaphenylcarbodiphosphorane yields mono-ortho-beryllated complexes, which feature a double dative Be=C bond. The bonding situation in these compounds together with a simple carbodiphosphorane and an N-heterocyclic carbene adduct was analysed with energy decomposition analysis in combination with natural orbital for chemical valence as well as with quantum theory of atoms-in-molecules. Furthermore, the driving forces accountable for mono-ortho-beryllation were elucidated along with the reactivity of the Be=C bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus R Buchner
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lukas K Kreuzer
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Müller
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sergei I Ivlev
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sudip Pan
- Sudip Pan, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, China
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4
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Evans MJ, Jones C. Low oxidation state and hydrido group 2 complexes: synthesis and applications in the activation of gaseous substrates. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5054-5082. [PMID: 38595211 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00097h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Numerous industrial processes utilise gaseous chemical feedstocks to produce useful chemical products. Atmospheric and other small molecule gases, including anthropogenic waste products (e.g. carbon dioxide), can be viewed as sustainable building blocks to access value-added chemical commodities and materials. While transition metal complexes have been well documented in the reduction and transformation of these substrates, molecular complexes of the terrestrially abundant alkaline earth metals have also demonstrated promise with remarkable reactivity reported towards an array of industrially relevant gases over the past two decades. This review covers low oxidation state and hydrido group 2 complexes and their role in the reduction and transformation of a selection of important gaseous substrates towards value-added chemical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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Nguyen DT, Helling C, Evans MJ, Jones C. Enforcing Metal-Arene Interactions in Bulky p-Terphenyl Bis(anilide) Complexes of Group 2 Metals (Be-Ba): Potential Precursors for Low-Oxidation-State Alkaline Earth Metal Systems. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:5718-5726. [PMID: 38471088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
An extremely bulky p-terphenyl bis(aniline), p-C6H4{C6H4[N(H)TCHP]-2}2 (TCHP = 2,4,6-tricyclohexylphenyl) TCHPTerphH2, has been developed. Deprotonation of a less bulky analogue, DipTerphH2 (Dip = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl), with BePh2 affords the bimetallic system, [(BePh)2(μ-DipTerph)] 1. Treating either TCHPTerphH2 or DipTerphH2 with Mg{CH2(SiMe3)}2 gives the monomeric bis(anilide) complexes [Mg(ArTerph)] (Ar = Dip 2, TCHP 3) which display rare examples of η6-arene coordination to the metal center. Treating 2 with THF leads to partial dissociation of the Mg···arene interaction and formation of [Mg(DipTerph)(THF)] 4. Reactions of the bis(aniline)s with the group 2 metal amides [M{N(SiMe3)2}2] afford dimeric, structurally analogous compounds [{M(ArTerph)}2] (Ar = Dip, M = Ca 5, Sr 6, Ba 7; Ar = TCHP, M = Ca 8, Sr 9, Ba 10) which display intermolecular M···arene interactions in the solid state. Computational studies have shown that the intramolecular M···η6-arene interactions in models of the ether-free metal bis(anilide) compounds are largely electrostatic in nature. Reductions of these compounds with alkali metals led to mixtures of unidentified products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dat T Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O. Box 23, Melbourne 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christoph Helling
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O. Box 23, Melbourne 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O. Box 23, Melbourne 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O. Box 23, Melbourne 3800, Victoria, Australia
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Augustinov W, Müller M, Thomas-Hargreaves LR, Ivlev SI, Buchner MR. Synthesis and Derivatives of Beryllium Triflate. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:5208-5219. [PMID: 38439511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Various pathways for the synthesis of beryllium triflate were investigated. The reaction of triflic acid or trimethylsilyl triflate with beryllium metal in liquid ammonia led to the formation of mono-, di-, and tetra-nuclear beryllium ammine complexes. Utilization of SMe2 as a solvent gave homoleptic Be(OTf)2. Various beryllium triflate complexes with N- and O-donor ligands as well as the complex anions [Be(OTf)4]2- and [Be2(OTf)6]2- were synthesized to evaluate the reactivity and solution properties of beryllium triflate. This showed that OTf- is not a weakly coordinating anion for Be2+ cations and that it exhibits good bridging properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Augustinov
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Matthias Müller
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | | | - Sergei I Ivlev
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Magnus R Buchner
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35032, Germany
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Pearce KG, Hill MS, Mahon MF. Cesium Reduction of a Lithium Diamidochloroberyllate. Organometallics 2024; 43:432-437. [PMID: 38362487 PMCID: PMC10865438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Room temperature reaction of elemental cesium with the dimeric lithium chloroberyllate [{SiNDipp}BeClLi]2 [{SiNDipp} = {CH2SiMe2N(Dipp)}2, where Dipp = 2,6-di-isopropylphenyl, in C6D6 results in activation of the arene solvent. Although, in contrast to earlier observations of lithium and sodium metal reduction, the generation of a mooted cesium phenylberyllate could not be confirmed, this process corroborates a previous hypothesis that such beryllium-centered solvent activation also necessitates the formation of hydridoberyllium species. These observations are further borne out by the study of an analogous reaction performed in toluene, in which case the proposed generation of formally low oxidation state beryllium radical anion intermediates induces activation of a toluene sp3 C-H bond and the isolation of the polymeric cesium benzylberyllate, [Cs({SiNDipp}BeCH2C6H5)]∞.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G. Pearce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Michael S. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
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Parveen D, Yadav RK, Roy DK. Recent progress in beryllium organometallic chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1663-1673. [PMID: 38260953 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04844f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Beryllium possesses a unique amalgamation of characteristics, its electronegativity included, that not only make it a vital component in a wide range of technical sectors and consumer industries, but also make it an interesting candidate for forming covalently bonded compounds. However, the extremely toxic nature of beryllium, which can cause chronic beryllium disease, has limited the exploration of its chemistry, making beryllium one of the least studied (non-radioactive) elements. The development of selective chelating ligands, sterically encumbered substituents and, moreover, the boom of N-heterocyclic carbenes in organometallic chemistry and main group chemistry has revived the interest in beryllium chemistry. Therefore, some quite remarkable progress in the coordination and organometallic chemistry of beryllium has been made in the last two decades. For example, low oxidation state beryllium compounds, antiaromatic/aromatic beryllium compounds, where beryllium is involved in π-electron delocalization, and the isolation of beryllium-beryllium bonded species have all been achieved. This article provides an oversight over the recent developments in the organometallic chemistry of beryllium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darakshan Parveen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India.
| | - Rahul Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India.
| | - Dipak Kumar Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India.
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Czernetzki C, Arrowsmith M, Endres L, Krummenacher I, Braunschweig H. Tricoordinate Beryllium Radicals and Their Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:2670-2678. [PMID: 38259240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The one-electron reduction of [(CAAC)Be(Dur)Br] (CAAC = cyclic alkyl(amino)carbene, Dur = 2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenyl = duryl) with lithium sand in diethyl ether yields the first neutral, tricoordinate, and moderately stable beryllium radical, [(CAAC)(Et2O)BeDur]• (2-Et2O), which undergoes a facile second one-electron reduction concomitant with the insertion of the beryllium center into the endocyclic C-NCAAC bond and a cyclopropane-forming C-H bond activation of an adjacent methyl group. In situ generation of 2-Et2O and addition of PMe3 yield the stable analogue, [(CAAC)(Me3P)BeDur]• (2-PMe3), which serves as a platform for PMe3-ligand exchange with stronger donors, generating the radicals [(CAAC)LBeDur]• (2-L, L = isocyanides, pyridines, and N-heterocyclic carbenes). X-ray structural analyses show trigonal-planar beryllium centers and strong π backbonding from the metal to the CAAC ligand. The EPR signals of all six isolated [(CAAC)LBeDur]• radicals display significant, albeit small, hyperfine coupling to the 9Be nucleus. DFT calculations show that the spin density is mostly delocalized over the CAAC π framework and, where present, the isocyanide CN moiety, with only a small proportion (3-6%) on the beryllium center. 2-PMe3 proved thermally unstable at 80 °C, first undergoing radical hydrogen abstraction with the solvent, followed by insertion of beryllium into the endocyclic C-NCAAC bond and PMe3 transfer to the former carbene carbon atom. The reactions with diphenyl disulfide and phenyl azide occur at the beryllium center and yield the corresponding Be(II) phenyl sulfide and amino complexes, respectively, the latter concomitant with radical transfer and hydrogen abstraction by the beryllium-bound nitrogen center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Czernetzki
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Merle Arrowsmith
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Lukas Endres
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
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Hadlington TJ. An anionic beryllium hydride dimer with an exceedingly short Be⋯Be distance. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:882-886. [PMID: 38168968 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03976e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Heteroleptic hydride complexes of the group 2 metals have seen considerable attention as Earth-abundant synthetic tools, yet anionic derivatives are exceedingly rare. We described the facile synthesis and in-depth characterisation of an anionic beryllium hydride dimer, featuring a dynamic [Be2H3] cluster at its core with a short Be⋯Be distance. Despite this, there is no formal Be-Be bond in this complex, with only hydride bridging interactions leading to this remarkable structural attribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrance J Hadlington
- Fakultät für Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching, Germany.
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