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Wen W, Wenjing Z, Xia X, Duan X, Zhang L, Duomao L, Zeyou Q, Wang S, Gao M, Liu C, Li H, Ma J. Efficacy of ketamine versus esketamine in the treatment of perioperative depression: A review. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 242:173773. [PMID: 38806116 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Depression is a significant factor contributing to postoperative occurrences, and patients diagnosed with depression have a higher risk for postoperative complications. Studies on cardiovascular surgery extensively addresses this concern. Several studies report that people who undergo coronary artery bypass graft surgery have a 20% chance of developing postoperative depression. A retrospective analysis of medical records spanning 21 years, involving 817 patients, revealed that approximately 40% of individuals undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were at risk of perioperative depression. Patients endure prolonged suffering from illness because each attempt with standard antidepressants requires several weeks to be effective. In addition, multi-drug combination adjuvants or combination medication therapy may alleviate symptoms for some individuals, but they also increase the risk of side effects. Conventional antidepressants primarily modulate the monoamine system, whereas different therapies target the serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine systems. Esketamine is a fast-acting antidepressant with high efficacy. Esketamine is the S-enantiomer of ketamine, a derivative of phencyclidine developed in 1956. Esketamine exerts its effect by targeting the glutaminergic system the glutaminergic system. In this paper, we discuss the current depression treatment strategies with a focus on the pharmacology and mechanism of action of esketamine. In addition, studies reporting use of esketamine to treat perioperative depressive symptoms are reviwed, and the potential future applications of the drug are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wen
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Zhao Wenjing
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Xing Xia
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | | | - Liang Zhang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Lin Duomao
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Qi Zeyou
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Sheng Wang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Mingxin Gao
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | | | - Haiyang Li
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University.
| | - Jun Ma
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University.
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2
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Bao W, Wang H, Wen L, Wu J, Gu YC, Wang X, Zhao Y. NMR-Based Chiral Discrimination of Bulky Amines with a 19F-Tagged NNO Pincer Complex. Anal Chem 2024; 96:11448-11454. [PMID: 38960938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Within pharmaceutical research, ensuring the enantiomeric purity of chiral compounds is critical. Specifically, chiral amines are a crucial category of compounds, due to their extensive therapeutic uses. However, the enantiomeric analysis of these compounds, particularly those with significant steric hindrance, remains a challenge. To address this issue, our research introduces a novel chiral 19F-tagged NNO palladium pincer probe, strategically engineered with an open binding site to accommodate bulky amines. This probe facilitates the enantiodifferentiation of such amines, as evidenced by the distinct 19F NMR signals generated by the enantiomers. Moreover, our findings highlight the probe's applicability in the chiral discrimination of various psychoactive substances, underscoring its potential for the identification of illegal stimulant use and contributing to forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Bao
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongshuang Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Lixian Wen
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yanchuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Niu X, Zhao R, Yan S, Pang Z, Li H, Yang X, Wang K. Chiral Materials: Progress, Applications, and Prospects. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303059. [PMID: 37217989 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chirality is a universal phenomenon in molecular and biological systems, denoting an asymmetric configurational property where an object cannot be superimposed onto its mirror image by any kind of translation or rotation, which is ubiquitous on the scale from neutrinos to spiral galaxies. Chirality plays a very important role in the life system. Many biological molecules in the life body show chirality, such as the "codebook" of the earth's biological diversity-DNA, nucleic acid, etc. Intriguingly, living organisms hierarchically consist of homochiral building blocks, for example, l-amino acids and d-sugars with unknown reason. When molecules with chirality interact with these chiral factors, only one conformation favors the positive development of life, that is, the chiral host environment can only selectively interact with chiral molecules of one of the conformations. The differences in chiral interactions are often manifested by chiral recognition, mutual matching, and interactions with chiral molecules, which means that the stereoselectivity of chiral molecules can produce changes in pharmacodynamics and pathology. Here, the latest investigations are summarized including the construction and applications of chiral materials based on natural small molecules as chiral source, natural biomacromolecules as chiral sources, and the material synthesized by design as a chiral source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Niu
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhao
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Simeng Yan
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Zengwei Pang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Hongxia Li
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Xing Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Kunjie Wang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
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Zheng C, Ma M, Huang S, Jiang C, Liu Y, Fu Y, Zhao K, Feng R, Hong J. Stereoretentive trifluoromethylthiolation of (E)‑styrylboronic acid with AgSCF3 or N-trifluoromethylthiosuccinimide. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Vashistha VK, Sethi S, Tyagi I, Das DK. Chirality of antidepressive drugs: an overview of stereoselectivity. ASIAN BIOMED 2022; 16:55-69. [PMID: 37551287 PMCID: PMC10321182 DOI: 10.2478/abm-2022-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Stereochemistry plays an important role in drug design because the enantiomers of a drug frequently vary in their biological action and pharmacokinetic profiles. Racemates of a drug with either an inactive or an unsafe enantiomer can lead to detrimental effects. The manufacturing industry may still produce racemates, but such decisions must pass through rigorous analyses of the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the particular enantiomer related to the racemates. The pharmacokinetics of antidepressants or antidepressive agents is stereoselective and predominantly favors one enantiomer. The use of pure enantiomers offers (i) better specificity than the racemates in terms of certain pharmacological actions, (ii) enhanced clinical indications, and (iii) optimized pharmacokinetics. Therefore, controlling the stereoselectivity in the pharmacokinetics of antidepressive drugs is of critical importance in dealing with depression and psychiatric conditions. The objective of this review is to highlight the importance of the stereochemistry of antidepressants in the context of the design and development of new chirally pure pharmaceuticals, the potential complications caused by using racemates, and the benefits of using pure enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonika Sethi
- Department of Chemistry, GD Goenka University, Gurgaon, Haryana122103, India
| | - Inderjeet Tyagi
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India, Kolkata700053, India
| | - Dipak Kumar Das
- Department of Chemistry, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh281406, India
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6
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Van Orman BL, Wu HT, Julian RR. Differentiation of peptide isomers by excited-state photodissociation and ion-molecule interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:23678-23685. [PMID: 33052992 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04111d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Solvochromatic effects are most frequently associated with solution-phase phenomena. However, in the gas phase, the absence of solvent leads to intramolecular solvation that can be driven by strong forces including hydrogen bonds and ion-dipole interactions. Here we examine whether isomerization of a single residue in a peptide results in structural changes sufficient to shift the absorption of light by an appended chromophore. By carrying out the experiments inside a mass spectrometer, we can easily monitor photodissociation yield as a readout for chromophore excitation. A series of peptides of different lengths, charge states, and position and identity of the isomerized residue were examined by excitation with both 266 and 213 nm light. The results reveal that differences in intramolecular solvation do lead to solvochromatic shifts in many cases. In addition, the primary product following photoexcitation is a radical. Ion-molecule reactions with this radical and adventitious oxygen were monitored and also found to vary as a function of isomeric state. In this case, differences in intramolecular solvation alter the availability of the reactive radical. Overall, the results reveal that small changes in a single amino acid can influence the overall structural ensemble sufficient to alter the efficiency of multiple gas-phase reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brielle L Van Orman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
| | - Hoi-Ting Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
| | - Ryan R Julian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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7
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Yuan X, Capomacchia AC. Influence of Physicochemical Properties on the In Vitro Skin Permeation of the Enantiomers, Racemate, and Eutectics of Ibuprofen for Enhanced Transdermal Drug Delivery. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:1957-1969. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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9
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Howland RH. Clinical implications of chirality and stereochemistry in psychopharmacology. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2009; 47:17-21. [PMID: 19681517 DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20090722-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chirality, the concept of nonsuperimposable mirror images, is a fundamental property of biological systems and can be observed on a molecular, cellular, or organism level. Stereoisomer compounds possess the same molecular and structural formula, but they differ in their three-dimensional configurations. Chiral compounds have two mirror-image stereoisomer forms called enantiomers. Compounds containing mirror-image enantiomers in equal proportions are referred to as racemic mixtures or racemates. Racemates and their individual enantiomers can have very different pharmacological properties that are relevant in clinical psychopharmacology. Various examples of drug therapies that show the clinical importance of chirality and stereochemistry are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Howland
- Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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11
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Brocks DR. Drug disposition in three dimensions: an update on stereoselectivity in pharmacokinetics. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2007; 27:387-406. [PMID: 16944450 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Many marketed drugs are chiral and are administered as the racemate, a 50:50 combination of two enantiomers. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic differences between enantiomers are well documented. Because of enantioselectivity in pharmacokinetics, results of in vitro pharmacodynamic studies involving enantiomers may differ from those in vivo where pharmacokinetic processes will proceed. With respect to pharmacokinetics, disparate plasma concentration vs time curves of enantiomers may result from the pharmacokinetic processes proceeding at different rates for the two enantiomers. At their foundation, pharmacokinetic processes may be enantioselective at the levels of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. In some circumstances, one enantiomer can be chemically or biochemically inverted to its antipode in a unidirectional or bidirectional manner. Genetic consideration such as polymorphic drug metabolism and gender, and patient factors such as age, disease state and concomitant drug intake can all play a role in determining the relative plasma concentrations of the enantiomers of a racemic drug. The use of a nonstereoselective assay method for a racemic compound can lead to difficulties in interpretation of data from, for example, bioequivalence or dose/concentration vs effect assessments. In this review data from a number of representative studies involving pharmacokinetics of chiral drugs are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dion R Brocks
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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12
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Rentsch KM. The importance of stereoselective determination of drugs in the clinical laboratory. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 2002; 54:1-9. [PMID: 12543488 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(02)00124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
About 56% of the drugs currently in use are chiral compounds, and 88% of these chiral synthetic drugs are used therapeutically as racemates. Only a few of these drugs qualify for a stereospecific determination in a clinical laboratory for therapeutic drug monitoring of patients. If the qualitative and quantitative pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects are similar, the enantiomers do not need to be separated. However, if the metabolism of the different stereoisomers is handled by different enzymes which are either polymorphic or can be induced or inhibited, and if their pharmacodynamic effects have differences either in strength or in quality, enantiospecific analysis is urgently needed. Unfortunately, there are many racemic drugs where the stereospecificity of the metabolism and/or the pharmacodynamic effects of the enantiomers is not known today. For these drugs, there is a great need for studies concentrating on these differences to improve treatment of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M Rentsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, Zürich CH-8091, Switzerland.
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13
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Baker GB, Prior TI. Stereochemistry and drug efficacy and development: relevance of chirality to antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs. Ann Med 2002; 34:537-43. [PMID: 12553493 DOI: 10.1080/078538902321117742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many drugs contain a chiral center or a center of unsaturation, or such centers result during metabolism of these drugs. Often such drugs are marketed as a mixture of the resultant enantiomers (racemates) or of geometric isomers, respectively. These enantiomers (molecules that are not superimposible on their mirror image) or geometric isomers may differ markedly from each other with regard to their pharmacodynamic and/or pharmacokinetic properties. This review deals primarily with drugs with chiral centers, and possible complications arising from the use of racemates are discussed. Recent developments in resolution of enantiomers, increased knowledge of the molecular structure of specific drug targets and a heightened awareness of several possible advantages of using single enantiomers rather than racemic mixtures of drugs have led to an increased emphasis on understanding the role of chirality in drug development. This has resulted in increased investigation of individual enantiomers early on in the development of drugs and in 'chiral switching', i.e. the replacement of a racemate of a drug which has already been approved or marketed by a single enantiomer. Although stereochemistry is an important matter to consider in drugs of virtually all classes, this review focuses on the relevance of chirality to antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs. Examples of the effects of chiral centers on the properties of antidepressants (tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, viloxazine, bupropion, mianserin, venlafaxine, mirtazapine and reboxetine), antipsychotics and/or some of their metabolites are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen B Baker
- Bebensee Schizophrenia Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7.
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15
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Abstract
1. Many drugs used to treat psychiatric disorders contain a chiral center or a center of unsaturation and are marketed as a mixture of the resultant enantiomers or geometric isomers, respectively. These enantiomers or geometric isomers may differ markedly with regard to their pharmacodynamic and/or pharmacokinetic properties. 2. Examples of the effects of chiral centers or geometric centers on such properties are given for drugs from the following classes: antidepressants (tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, viloxazine, bupropion, trazodone, mianserin, venlaflaxine); benzodiazepines, zoplicone, and antipsychotics. 3. As described in this review, there are several notable examples of psychiatric drugs currently available where the individual enantiomers or geometric isomers differ considerably with regard to factors such as effects on amine transport systems, interactions with receptors and metabolizing enzymes, and clearance rates from the body. Indeed, relatively recent developments in analytical and preparative resolution of racemic and geometric drug mixtures and increased interest in developing new drugs which interact with specific targets, which have been described in detail at the molecular level, have resulted in increased emphasis on stereochemistry in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Lane
- Pfizer Inc., New York, New York 10017-5755, USA
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16
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Fang X, Gong F, Fang Y. Capillary Electrophoresis with Electrochemical Detection for Chiral Separation of Optical Isomers. Anal Chem 1998; 70:4030-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ac970796t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Fang
- Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Feiyan Gong
- Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yuzhi Fang
- Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
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17
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Eichelbaum M, Gross AS. Stereochemical aspects of drug action and disposition. ADVANCES IN DRUG RESEARCH 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2490(96)80003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Aboul-Enein HY, Serignese V. Direct separation of tranylcypromine enantiomers and their profile in an atypical depressive patient. Biomed Chromatogr 1995; 9:98-101. [PMID: 7795394 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1130090209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An isocratic and simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method is developed for the direct resolution of the tranylcypromine (TCP) enantiomers. The method involves the use of an S-18-crown-6-ether chiral stationary phase known as the Crownpak CR (+) column. The stereochemical separation factor (alpha) obtained was 1.30 and the stereochemical resolution factor (Rs) was 0.69 when using a mobile phase consisting of 0.1 N perchloric acid containing 12% methanol at 23 degrees C. The method has been used to monitor and identify, qualitatively, the profile of enantiomers of TCP in urine of an atypical depressive patient. It was found that the (-)-S-TCP concentration is significantly higher than the (+)-R-enantiomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Aboul-Enein
- Biological and Medical Research Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Eap CB, Powell K, Campus-Souche D, Monney C, Baettig D, Taeschner W, Baumann P. Determination of the enantiomers of mianserin, desmethylmianserin, and 8-hydroxymianserin in the plasma and urine of mianserin-treated patients. Chirality 1994; 6:555-63. [PMID: 7986669 DOI: 10.1002/chir.530060708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An HPLC method is presented which allows the measurement in the same run of the enantiomers of mianserin, desmethylmianserin, and 8-hydroxymianserin in plasma and urine of mianserin-treated patients. Limits of quantitation for the (S)- and (R)-enantiomers of mianserin and desmethylmianserin were 4 and 2.5 ng/ml, respectively, in plasma, and for the (S)- and (R)-enantiomers of mianserin, desmethylmianserin, and 8-hydroxymianserin 5, 2.5, and 5 ng/ml, respectively, in urine. The measured ratios of (S)-mianserin/(R)-mianserin and (S)-desmethylmianserin/(R)-desmethylmianserin in the plasmas of 10 mianserin-treated patients, all extensive metabolizers of debrisoquine as determined by CYP2D6 genotyping, varied, respectively, from 1.0 to 4.06 and from 0.19 to 0.64. As the enantiomers of mianserin differ in their pharmacological profile, these results could partially explain why, until now, no consistent relationship has been established between the therapeutic response and total [(S) + (R)] plasma levels of this antidepressant.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Eap
- Département Universitaire de Psychiatrie Adulte, Hôpital de Cery, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
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Aspeslet LJ, Baker GB, Coutts RT, Torok-Both GA. The effects of desipramine and iprindole on levels of enantiomers of fluoxetine in rat brain and urine. Chirality 1994; 6:86-90. [PMID: 8204417 DOI: 10.1002/chir.530060208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The antidepressant fluoxetine (FLU) and its N-demethylated metabolite, norfluoxetine (NFLU), each contains a chiral center. The combination of FLU and desipramine (DMI), another antidepressant, has been reported to be useful in treatment of depression, to dramatically increase plasma levels of DMI and also to produce more rapid beta-adrenergic receptor down-regulation in brain than caused by DMI alone. We have now begun studies on the effects of this drug combination on the levels of FLU and NFLU enantiomers in the rat. In addition, the combination of FLU and iprindole (IPR) was also investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated intraperitoneally with either normal saline vehicle, DMI (5 mg/kg/day), (R,S)-FLU (10 mg/kg/day) or DMI (5 mg/kg/day) + (R,S)-FLU (10 mg/kg/day) for 4 days. Following the last treatment, 24 h urine samples were collected. Rats were sacrificed and brains were removed. For the IPR study, rats were pretreated with either saline or IPR-HCl (11.2 mg/kg) and then treated 1 h later with (R,S)-FLU. After 5 h, the rats were sacrificed and brains were removed. Brain and urine samples were analyzed by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection for free (R)-and (S)-FLU and (R)- and (S)-NFLU after extraction and reaction with (-)-(S)-N-(trifluoroacetyl)prolyl chloride. The results from the brains of the rats treated with DMI/FLU indicate that levels of enantiomers of both FLU and NFLU were significantly increased over those seen in the animals receiving (R,S)-FLU alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Aspeslet
- Department of Psychiatry and Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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22
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Nakatsu CN, Stalcup AM. Separation of Enantiomers Using an (S)-Naphthylethylcarbamoylated γ-Cyclodextrin Stationary Phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079308020907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Aspeslet LJ, Baker GB, Coutts RT, Mousseau DD. A gas chromatographic procedure for separation and quantitation of the enantiomers of the antidepressant tranylcypromine. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 44:1894-7. [PMID: 1449543 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel assay procedure has been developed that allows for the separation and quantification of the enantiomers of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor tranylcypromine (TCP) in brain and liver of rats. The analytical method involves extraction of the drug from rat tissue with an organic solvent. TCP is then derivatized with S-(-)-N-(trifluoroacetyl)-prolyl chloride to allow gas chromatographic analysis of the resulting diastereoisomers. Conditions for analysis by a gas chromatograph equipped with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector and a capillary column are described. The method has been applied to the separation and quantification of the enantiomers of TCP in samples of brain and liver of rats that had been injected with this drug alone and after pretreatment with iprindole, a drug known to block aromatic ring hydroxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Aspeslet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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24
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Torok-Both GA, Baker GB, Coutts RT, McKenna KF, Aspeslet LJ. Simultaneous determination of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine enantiomers in biological samples by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1992; 579:99-106. [PMID: 1447355 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An electron-capture gas chromatographic procedure was developed for the simultaneous analysis of the enantiomers of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine. The assay involves basic extraction of these enantiomers from the biological samples, followed by their conversion to diastereoisomers using the chiral derivatizing reagent (S)-(-)-N-trifluoroacetylprolyl chloride. The method was utilized to detect and measure the quantity of these enantiomers in plasma and urine of patients and in liver and brain tissue of rats treated with (R,S)-fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Torok-Both
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Potts BD, Parli CJ. Analysis of the Enantiomers of Fluoxetine and Norfluoxetine in Plasma and Tissue Using Chiral Derivatization and Normal-Phase Liquid Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079208018825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Stalcup AM, Chang SC, Armstrong DW. Effect of the configuration of the substituents of derivatized β-cyclodextrin bonded phases on enantioselectivity in normal-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)88802-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Bovara R, Carrea G, Ferrara L, Riva S. Resolution of (±)-trans-sobrerol by lipase PS-catalyzed transesterification and effects of organic solvents on enantioselectivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(00)82205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Stalcup AM, Faulkner JR, Tang Y, Armstrong DW, Levy LW, Regalado E. Determination of the enantiomeric purity of scopolamine isolated from plant extract using achiral/chiral coupled column chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 1991; 5:3-7. [PMID: 2032020 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1130050103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The optical purity of scopolamine derived from Datura sanguinea was determined using coupled column chromatography. A C18 column was used to separate scopolamine from the additional alkaloids and other biological material present in the vegetal extract. The C18 column was coupled through a six-port switching valve to two beta-cyclodextrin columns in series which were used to resolve the scopolamine enantiomers. A single acetylated beta-cyclodextrin column gives equivalent results to the native cyclodextrin columns because of slightly higher enantioselectivity for scopolamine. A multistep extraction procedure is used to isolate scopolamine from the vegetal material. 4-6% of the scopolamine in the final extract was found to be the d enantiomer. Sample extracts as well as commercial scopolamine hydrobromide were treated under various conditions commonly encountered during typical commercial extraction procedures and analyzed in order to determine if the d enantiomer was present in the original material or if it was produced during the extraction process and, if so, determine which step and conditions contribute to racemization. Both the salt and the extract were found to be susceptible to racemization under basic conditions (greater than or equal to pH 9) although the extract appeared to be more susceptible than the salt. Tropic acid formed from the hydrolysis of scopolamine seemed to be completely racemized even though the remaining scopolamine was only partially racemized. Within experimental error, no d enantiomer was found in the original fresh plant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Stalcup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Rolla 65401
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Prakash C, Saleh S, Taber DF, Wilkinson GR, Blair IA. Deuterium labelling of the antidepressant drug doxepin for disposition studies in human subjects. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580280908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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