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Steiner C, Malashchuk V, Kubinski D, Hagen G, Moos R. Microwave-Based State Diagnosis of Three-Way Catalysts: Impact Factors and Application Recommendations. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4091. [PMID: 39000871 PMCID: PMC11243869 DOI: 10.3390/s24134091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
This study reassesses an overview of the potential of the radio frequency (RF)-based state diagnostics of three-way catalysts (TWC) based on a previous study with an emphasis on the defect chemistry of the catalyst material during reoxidation and reduction. Some data are based on the previous works but are newly processed, and the signal parameters resonant frequency and inverse quality factor are evaluated with respect to applicability. The RF-based method uses electromagnetic resonances in a cavity resonator to provide information on the storage level of the oxygen storage component. The analysis focuses on a holistic investigation and evaluation of the major effects influencing the RF signal during operation. On the one hand, the response to the oxygen storage behavior and the resolution of the measurement method are considered. Therefore, this study merges original data from multiple former publications to provide a comprehensive insight into important measurement effects and their defect chemistry background. On the other hand, the most important cross-sensitivities are discussed and their impact during operation is evaluated. Additionally, the effect of catalyst aging is analyzed. The effects are presented separately for the two resonant parameters: resonant frequency and (unloaded) quality factor. Overall, the data suggest that the quality factor has a way higher signal quality at low temperatures (<400 °C) and the resonant frequency is primarily suitable for high operating temperatures. At most operating points, the quality factor is even more robust against interferences such as exhaust gas stoichiometry and water content. Correctly estimating the catalyst temperature is the most important factor for reliable results, which can be achieved by combining the information of both resonant signals. In the end, the data indicate that microwave-based state diagnosis is a powerful system for evaluating the oxygen storage level over the entire operating range of a TWC. As a research tool and in its application, the system can therefore contribute to the improvement of the emission control of future gasoline vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Steiner
- Bayreuth Engine Research Center (BERC), Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Vladimir Malashchuk
- Bayreuth Engine Research Center (BERC), Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Gunter Hagen
- Bayreuth Engine Research Center (BERC), Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ralf Moos
- Bayreuth Engine Research Center (BERC), Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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2
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Steiner C, Wöhrl T, Steiner M, Kita J, Müller A, Eisazadeh H, Moos R, Hagen G. Resistive Multi-Gas Sensor for Simultaneously Measuring the Oxygen Stoichiometry ( λ) and the NO x Concentration in Exhausts: Engine Tests under Dynamic Conditions. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5612. [PMID: 37420779 DOI: 10.3390/s23125612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to increasingly stringent limits for NOx emissions, there is now more interest than ever in cost-effective, precise, and durable exhaust gas sensor technology for combustion processes. This study presents a novel multi-gas sensor with resistive sensing principles for the determination of oxygen stoichiometry and NOx concentration in the exhaust gas of a diesel engine (OM 651). A screen-printed porous KMnO4/La-Al2O3 film is used as the NOx sensitive film, while a dense ceramic BFAT (BaFe0.74Ta0.25Al0.01O3-δ) film prepared by the PAD method is used for λ-measurement in real exhaust gas. The latter is also used to correct the O2 cross-sensitivity of the NOx sensitive film. This study presents results under dynamic conditions during an NEDC (new European driving cycle) based on a prior characterization of the sensor films in an isolated sensor chamber with static engine operation. The low-cost sensor is analyzed in a wide operation field and its potential for real exhaust gas applications is evaluated. The results are promising and, all in all, comparable with established, but usually more expensive, exhaust gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Steiner
- Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Wöhrl
- Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Monika Steiner
- Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jaroslaw Kita
- Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andreas Müller
- Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Moos
- Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gunter Hagen
- Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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3
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Lyu L, Ji Z, Yin H, Wang J, Yang W, Tan J, Hao L, Wang X, Wang H, Ge Y, Wang Y. NOx emission deterioration in modern heavy-duty diesel vehicles based on long-term real driving measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023:116396. [PMID: 37327837 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
NOx emissions from diesel vehicles generally deteriorate with increased durability mileage owing to the wear and deterioration of engines and after-treatment systems. Three China-VI heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) were selected for four-phase long-term real driving emission (RDE) tests using the portable emission measurement system (PEMS). After 200,000 km of on-road driving, the maximum NOx emission factor of the test vehicles (387.06 mg/kWh) was found to be significantly lower than the NOx limit of 690 mg/kWh. Under all driving conditions, the NOx conversion efficiency of selected catalytic reduction (SCR) decreased almost linearly as the durability mileage increased. Importantly, the deterioration rate of the NOx conversion efficiency in low-temperature intervals was discernibly higher than that in high-temperature intervals. The NOx conversion efficiency at 200 °C dropped by 16.67-19.82% with higher durability mileage; however, the highest values at 275-400 °C only decreased by 4.11%. Interestingly, the SCR catalyst at 250 °C showed strong NOx conversion efficiency and durability (maximum decline of 2.11%). Overall, the poor de-NOx performance of SCR catalysts at low temperatures significantly challenges the long-term effective control of NOx emissions from HDDVs. Thus, improving the NOx conversion efficiency and durability at low-temperature intervals is the top priority for SCR catalyst optimization; NOx emissions from HDDVs at low velocities and loads should also be monitored by environmental authorities. The linear fitting coefficient for the NOx emission factors of the four-phase RDE tests was 0.90-0.92, indicating that NOx emissions deteriorated linearly with an increase in mileage. Based on the linear fitting results, the NOx emission control of the test vehicles during 700,000 km of on-road driving was highly likely to be qualified. These results can be used by environmental authorities to supervise the NOx emission conformity of in-use HDDVs after validation using other types of vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Lyu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhongrui Ji
- Emission Regulation Office, Weichai Power Co., Ltd., Weifang, 261061, China
| | - Hang Yin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Junfang Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Wenjuan Yang
- Shandong Shengxiang Intelligent Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Weifang, 262100, China
| | - Jianwei Tan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lijun Hao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huaiyu Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yunshan Ge
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yachao Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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Steiner C, Püls S, Bektas M, Müller A, Hagen G, Moos R. Resistive, Temperature-Independent Metal Oxide Gas Sensor for Detecting the Oxygen Stoichiometry (Air-Fuel Ratio) of Lean Engine Exhaust Gases. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3914. [PMID: 37112255 PMCID: PMC10143932 DOI: 10.3390/s23083914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a resistive sensor concept based on Barium Iron Tantalate (BFT) to measure the oxygen stoichiometry in exhaust gases of combustion processes. The BFT sensor film was deposited on the substrate by the Powder Aerosol Deposition (PAD) method. In initial laboratory experiments, the sensitivity to pO2 in the gas phase was analyzed. The results agree with the defect chemical model of BFT materials that suggests the formation of holes h• by filling oxygen vacancies VO•• in the lattice at higher oxygen partial pressures pO2. The sensor signal was found to be sufficiently accurate and to have low time constants with changing oxygen stoichiometry. Further investigations on reproducibility and cross-sensitivities to typical exhaust gas species (CO2, H2O, CO, NO, …) confirmed a robust sensor signal that was hardly affected by other gas components. The sensor concept was also tested in real engine exhausts for the first time. The experimental data showed that the air-fuel ratio can be monitored by measuring the resistance of the sensor element, including partial and full-load operation modes. Furthermore, no signs of inactivation or aging during the test cycles were observed for the sensor film. Overall, a promising first data set was obtained in engine exhausts and therefore the BFT system is a possible cost-effective alternative concept to existing commercial sensors in the future. Moreover, the integration of other sensitive films for multi-gas sensor purposes might be an attractive field for future studies.
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Yohannes AG, Fink K, Kondov I. Pt nanoparticles under oxidizing conditions - implications of particle size, adsorption sites and oxygen coverage on stability. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:4554-4569. [PMID: 36341292 PMCID: PMC9595194 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00490a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Platinum nanoparticles are efficient catalysts for different reactions, such as oxidation of carbon and nitrogen monoxides. Adsorption and interaction of oxygen with the nanoparticle surface, taking place under reaction conditions, determine not only the catalytic efficiency but also the stability of the nanoparticles against oxidation. In this study, platinum nanoparticles in oxygen environment are investigated by systematic screening of initial nanoparticle-oxygen configurations and employing density functional theory and a thermodynamics-based approach. The structures formed at low oxygen coverages are described by adsorption of atomic oxygen on the nanoparticles whereas at high coverages oxide-like species are formed. The relative stability of adsorption configurations at different oxygen coverages, including the phase of fully oxidized nanoparticles, is investigated by constructing p-T phase diagrams for the studied systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asfaw G Yohannes
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Steinbuch Centre for Computing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Karin Fink
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Ivan Kondov
- Steinbuch Centre for Computing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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Li Y, Rico Cortes LF, Hamel H, Nishad K, Biondo L, Ries F. Prediction of Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Effects on Entropy Generation in a Monolithic Catalytic Converter Using Large-Eddy Simulation. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 24:602. [PMID: 35626487 PMCID: PMC9141327 DOI: 10.3390/e24050602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, heat transfer and fluid flow and their effects on entropy generation in a realistic catalytic converter of a Lada Niva 21214 vehicle are studied using large eddy simulation. At first, the pressure drop over the catalytic converter is measured for dry air at constant temperature (T=298 K), different volumetric flow rates, and extrapolated to large volumetric flow rates for dry air (T=298 K) and for the exhaust gas under realistic engine conditions (T=900 K) using the Darcy-Forchheimer relation. Then, coupled heat and fluid flow phenomena inside the catalytic converter are analyzed for nonreacting isothermal conditions and nonreacting conditions with conjugate heat transfer by using the large-eddy simulation. The predicted pressure drop agrees well with the measured and extrapolated data. Based on the obtained numerical results, the characteristic flow features are identified, namely: the impinging flow with stagnation, recirculation, flow separation and laminarization within the fine ducts of the monolith, which depends on the heat transfer through temperature-dependent thermophysical properties of exhaust gas. Moreover, due to high-velocity gradients at the wall of the narrow ducts in the monolith, entropy production by viscous dissipation is observed predominantly in the monolith region. In contrast, entropy production due to heat transport is relatively small in the monolith region, while it overwhelms viscous dissipation effects in the pipe regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Li
- Reactive Flows and Diagnostics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (L.F.R.C.); (H.H.); (K.N.); (L.B.); (F.R.)
- Energy and Power Plant Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Luis Felipe Rico Cortes
- Reactive Flows and Diagnostics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (L.F.R.C.); (H.H.); (K.N.); (L.B.); (F.R.)
- Energy and Power Plant Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Hardy Hamel
- Reactive Flows and Diagnostics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (L.F.R.C.); (H.H.); (K.N.); (L.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Kaushal Nishad
- Reactive Flows and Diagnostics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (L.F.R.C.); (H.H.); (K.N.); (L.B.); (F.R.)
- Energy and Power Plant Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Luigi Biondo
- Reactive Flows and Diagnostics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (L.F.R.C.); (H.H.); (K.N.); (L.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Florian Ries
- Reactive Flows and Diagnostics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (L.F.R.C.); (H.H.); (K.N.); (L.B.); (F.R.)
- Energy and Power Plant Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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7
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Gierth S, Hartl S, Pollack M, Hasse C, Hofmann U, Zikoridse G, Rautenberg H, Will F, Hahn C, Kureti S. Urea conversion for low‐temperature SCR in a swirled diesel exhaust gas configuration. Chem Eng Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Gierth
- Institute for Simulation of Reactive Thermo-Fluid Systems TU Darmstadt Darmstadt 64287 Germany
| | - Sandra Hartl
- Institute for Simulation of Reactive Thermo-Fluid Systems TU Darmstadt Darmstadt 64287 Germany
| | - Martin Pollack
- Institute for Simulation of Reactive Thermo-Fluid Systems TU Darmstadt Darmstadt 64287 Germany
| | - Christian Hasse
- Institute for Simulation of Reactive Thermo-Fluid Systems TU Darmstadt Darmstadt 64287 Germany
| | - Uwe Hofmann
- Institute for Efficient and Environmentally Compatible Drive Technologies Argomotive GmbH Gutzkowstraße 30 Dresden 01069 Germany
| | - Gennadi Zikoridse
- Institute for Efficient and Environmentally Compatible Drive Technologies Argomotive GmbH Gutzkowstraße 30 Dresden 01069 Germany
| | - Helge Rautenberg
- Institute of Mechatronic Engineering, Chair of Construction Machinery TU Dresden Dresden 01062 Germany
| | - Frank Will
- Institute of Mechatronic Engineering, Chair of Construction Machinery TU Dresden Dresden 01062 Germany
| | - Christoph Hahn
- Institute of Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Chair of Reaction Engineering TU Freiberg Fuchsmühlenweg 9 Freiberg 09596 Germany
| | - Sven Kureti
- Institute of Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Chair of Reaction Engineering TU Freiberg Fuchsmühlenweg 9 Freiberg 09596 Germany
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8
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Zheng L, Casapu M, Grunwaldt JD. Understanding the multiple interactions in vanadium-based SCR catalysts during simultaneous NO x and soot abatement. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00432a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The multiple interactions during simultaneous removal of soot and NOx were systematically studied over a V-based catalyst, which is highly relevant for the development of more efficient 2-way SCRonDPF systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zheng
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Maria Casapu
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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9
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Catalytic CO Oxidation and H2O2 Direct Synthesis over Pd and Pt-Impregnated Titania Nanotubes. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11080949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Titania nanotubes (TNTs) impregnated with Pd and Pt nanoparticles are evaluated as heterogeneous catalysts in different conditions in two reactions: catalytic CO oxidation (gas phase, up to 500 °C) and H2O2 direct synthesis (liquid phase, 30 °C). The TNTs are obtained via oxidation of titanium metal and the intermediate layer-type sodium titanate Na2Ti3O7. Thereafter, the titanate layers are exfoliated and show self-rolling to TNTs, which, finally, are impregnated with Pd or Pt nanoparticles at room temperature by using Pd(ac)2 and Pt(ac)2. The resulting crystalline Pd/TNTs and Pt/TNTs are realized with different lengths (long TNTs: 2.0–2.5 µm, short TNTs: 0.23–0.27 µm) and a specific surface area up to 390 m2/g. The deposited Pd and Pt particles are 2–5 nm in diameter. The TNT-derived catalysts show good thermal (up to 500 °C) and chemical stability (in liquid-phase and gas-phase reactions). The catalytic evaluation results in a low CO oxidation light-out temperature of 150 °C for Pt/TNTs (1 wt-%) and promising H2O2 generation with a productivity of 3240 molH2O2 kgPd−1 h−1 (Pd/TNTs, 5 wt-%, 30 °C). Despite their smaller surface area, long TNTs outperform short TNTs with regard to both CO oxidation and H2O2 formation.
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10
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Datye AK, Votsmeier M. Opportunities and challenges in the development of advanced materials for emission control catalysts. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:1049-1059. [PMID: 33020611 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00805-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Advances in engine technologies are placing additional demands on emission control catalysts, which must now perform at lower temperatures, but at the same time be robust enough to survive harsh conditions encountered in engine exhaust. In this Review, we explore some of the materials concepts that could revolutionize the technology of emission control systems. These include single-atom catalysts, two-dimensional materials, three-dimensional architectures, core@shell nanoparticles derived via atomic layer deposition and via colloidal synthesis methods, and microporous oxides. While these materials provide enhanced performance, they will need to overcome many challenges before they can be deployed for treating exhaust from cars and trucks. We assess the state of the art for catalysing reactions related to emission control and also consider radical breakthroughs that could potentially completely transform this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhaya K Datye
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Martin Votsmeier
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
- Umicore AG & Co. KG, Hanau, Germany.
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11
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Catalytic Converters for Vehicle Exhaust: Fundamental Aspects and Technology Overview for Newcomers to the Field. CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry3020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This works aims to provide an understanding on basic chemical kinetics pertaining to three-way catalytic (TWC) converters from an educational perspective, aimed at those novel readers in this field. Rate of reactions and its factors are explained, showcasing that the chosen catalyst is the main factor affecting the overall rate of reaction. Furthermore, this overview revisit insights of the catalytic converter structure and the environmental issues that come along with it. Lastly, the chemical and physical properties of the reactants and products-pollutant and less-toxic gases—are discussed, in order to gather a better understanding of the reactants and products that enters a catalytic converter.
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Maurer F, Gänzler A, Lott P, Betz B, Votsmeier M, Loridant S, Vernoux P, Murzin V, Bornmann B, Frahm R, Deutschmann O, Casapu M, Grunwaldt JD. Spatiotemporal Investigation of the Temperature and Structure of a Pt/CeO 2 Oxidation Catalyst for CO and Hydrocarbon Oxidation during Pulse Activation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Maurer
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Andreas Gänzler
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Patrick Lott
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Benjamin Betz
- Umicore AG & Co. KG, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, Hanau, 63457, Germany
| | - Martin Votsmeier
- Umicore AG & Co. KG, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, Hanau, 63457, Germany
| | - Stéphane Loridant
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne, F-69626, France
| | - Philippe Vernoux
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne, F-69626, France
| | - Vadim Murzin
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, 22607, Germany
- Faculty 4-Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, 42097, Germany
| | - Benjamin Bornmann
- Faculty 4-Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, 42097, Germany
| | - Ronald Frahm
- Faculty 4-Physics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, 42097, Germany
| | - Olaf Deutschmann
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Maria Casapu
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
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13
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Effects of Hydrothermal Aging on CO and NO Oxidation Activity over Monometallic and Bimetallic Pt-Pd Catalysts. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11030300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
By combining scanning transmission electron microscopy, CO chemisorption, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy with CO and NO oxidation light-off measurements we investigated deactivation phenomena of Pt/Al2O3, Pd/Al2O3, and Pt-Pd/Al2O3 model diesel oxidation catalysts during stepwise hydrothermal aging. Aging induces significant particle sintering that results in a decline of the catalytic activity for all catalyst formulations. While the initial aging step caused the most pronounced deactivation and sintering due to Ostwald ripening, the deactivation rates decline during further aging and the catalyst stabilizes at a low level of activity. Most importantly, we observed pronounced morphological changes for the bimetallic catalyst sample: hydrothermal aging at 750 °C causes a stepwise transformation of the Pt-Pd alloy via core-shell structures into inhomogeneous agglomerates of palladium and platinum. Our study shines a light on the aging behavior of noble metal catalysts under industrially relevant conditions and particularly underscores the highly complex transformation of bimetallic Pt-Pd diesel oxidation catalysts during hydrothermal treatment.
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14
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Liebertseder M, Wang D, Cavusoglu G, Casapu M, Wang S, Behrens S, Kübel C, Grunwaldt JD, Feldmann C. NaCl-template-based synthesis of TiO 2-Pd/Pt hollow nanospheres for H 2O 2 direct synthesis and CO oxidation. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:2005-2011. [PMID: 33444428 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08871d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
TiO2 hollow nanosphere (HNS) are prepared via NaCl templates in a one-pot approach. The NaCl templates are realized by solvent/anti-solvent strategies and coated with TiO2via controlled hydrolysis of Ti-alkoxides. The NaCl template can be easily removed by washing with water, and the TiO2 HNS are finally impregnated with Pd/Pt. Electron microscopy shows TiO2 HNS with an outer diameter of 140-180 nm, an inner cavity of 80-100 nm, and a wall thickness of 30-40 nm. The TiO2 HNS exhibit high surface area (up to 370 m2 g-1) and pore volume (up to 0.28 cm3 g-1) with well-distributed small Pd/Pt nanoparticles (Pt: 3-4 nm, Pd: 3-7 nm). H2O2 direct synthesis (room temperature, liquid phase) and CO oxidation (up to 300 °C, gas phase) are used to probe the catalytic properties and result in a good stability of the HNS structure as well as a promising performance with a H2O2 selectivity of 63% and a productivity of 3390 mol kgPd-1 h-1 (TiO2-Pd HNS, 5 wt%) as well as CO oxidation light-out temperatures of 150 °C (TiO2-Pt HNS, 0.7 wt%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Liebertseder
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry (IAC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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15
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Kibis LS, Svintsitskiy DA, Stadnichenko AI, Slavinskaya EM, Romanenko AV, Fedorova EA, Stonkus OA, Svetlichnyi VA, Fakhrutdinova ED, Vorokhta M, Šmíd B, Doronkin DE, Marchuk V, Grunwaldt JD, Boronin AI. In situ probing of Pt/TiO2 activity in low-temperature ammonia oxidation. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01533d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
NAP-XPS and operando XAS study of Pt/TiO2 catalysts shows that Pt0 species stabilized on TiO2 surface have the highest activity at low-temperature NH3 oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mykhailo Vorokhta
- Department of Surface and Plasma Science
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics
- Charles University
- Prague 8
- Czech Republic
| | - Břetislav Šmíd
- Department of Surface and Plasma Science
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics
- Charles University
- Prague 8
- Czech Republic
| | - Dmitry E. Doronkin
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT)
| | - Vasyl Marchuk
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT)
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16
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Zheng L, Zimina A, Casapu M, Grunwaldt J. Hydrocarbon and Soot Oxidation over Cerium and Iron Doped Vanadium SCR Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zheng
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 20 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Anna Zimina
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 20 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Maria Casapu
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 20 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jan‐Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 20 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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17
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Total Oxidation of Methane Over Sulfur Poisoning Resistant Pt/ZrO2 Catalyst: Effect of Pt2+–Pt4+ and Pt2+–Zr4+ Dipoles at Metal-Support Interface. Catal Letters 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-020-03411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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19
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Microkinetic Modeling of the Oxidation of Methane Over PdO Catalysts—Towards a Better Understanding of the Water Inhibition Effect. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10080922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Water, which is an intrinsic part of the exhaust gas of combustion engines, strongly inhibits the methane oxidation reaction over palladium oxide-based catalysts under lean conditions and leads to severe catalyst deactivation. In this combined experimental and modeling work, we approach this challenge with kinetic measurements in flow reactors and a microkinetic model, respectively. We propose a mechanism that takes the instantaneous impact of water on the noble metal particles into account. The dual site microkinetic model is based on the mean-field approximation and consists of 39 reversible surface reactions among 23 surface species, 15 related to Pd-sites, and eight associated with the oxide. A variable number of available catalytically active sites is used to describe light-off activity tests as well as spatially resolved concentration profiles. The total oxidation of methane is studied at atmospheric pressure, with space velocities of 160,000 h−1 in the temperature range of 500–800 K for mixtures of methane in the presence of excess oxygen and up to 15% water, which are typical conditions occurring in the exhaust of lean-operated natural gas engines. The new approach presented is also of interest for modeling catalytic reactors showing a dynamic behavior of the catalytically active particles in general.
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20
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Karinshak KA, Lott P, Harold MP, Deutschmann O. In situ
Activation of Bimetallic Pd−Pt Methane Oxidation Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. Karinshak
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr. 20 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of Houston 4726 Calhoun Rd Houston TX 77204-4004 USA
| | - Patrick Lott
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr. 20 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Michael P. Harold
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of Houston 4726 Calhoun Rd Houston TX 77204-4004 USA
| | - Olaf Deutschmann
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr. 20 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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21
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Abstract
Abstract
Carbon supported phosphoric acid (H3PO4/C) was found to be a more productive catalyst for the gas-phase synthesis of the diesel fuel additive/substitute oxymethylene ethers (OME) as compared to benchmark zeolite catalysts. In this contribution, the performance of catalysts H3PO4/C and related H2PO4−/C and HPO42−/C materials in OME synthesis from methanol and formaldehyde is described.
Graphic Abstract
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22
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Lott P, Dolcet P, Casapu M, Grunwaldt JD, Deutschmann O. The Effect of Prereduction on the Performance of Pd/Al2O3 and Pd/CeO2 Catalysts during Methane Oxidation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lott
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Paolo Dolcet
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Maria Casapu
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Olaf Deutschmann
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 20, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
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23
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Purification of gasoline exhaust gases using bimetallic Pd–Rh/δ-Al2O3 catalysts. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-019-01573-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Oxidation State and Dielectric Properties of Ceria-Based Catalysts by Complementary Microwave Cavity Perturbation and X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Measurements. Top Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-018-1110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with Ammonia and Hydrocarbon Oxidation Over V2O5–MoO3/TiO2 and V2O5–WO3/TiO2 SCR Catalysts. Top Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-018-1097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Regeneration of Sulfur Poisoned Pd–Pt/CeO2–ZrO2–Y2O3–La2O3 and Pd–Pt/Al2O3 Methane Oxidation Catalysts. Top Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-018-1121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Müller SA, Degler D, Feldmann C, Türk M, Moos R, Fink K, Studt F, Gerthsen D, Bârsan N, Grunwaldt JD. Exploiting Synergies in Catalysis and Gas Sensing using Noble Metal-Loaded Oxide Composites. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina A. Müller
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - David Degler
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; University of Tübingen (EKUT); 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Claus Feldmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry (AOC); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Michael Türk
- Institute for Technical Thermodynamics and Refrigeration (ITTK); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Ralf Moos
- Department of Functional Materials; University of Bayreuth; 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Karin Fink
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Felix Studt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Dagmar Gerthsen
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy (LEM); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Nicolae Bârsan
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; University of Tübingen (EKUT); 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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28
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Ouda M, Mantei F, Hesterwerth K, Bargiacchi E, Klein H, White RJ. A hybrid description and evaluation of oxymethylene dimethyl ethers synthesis based on the endothermic dehydrogenation of methanol. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00100f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Concerning oxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OME), this work utilises a hybrid process model based on methanol (MeOH) and its partially selective conversion to anhydrous formaldehyde (FA), which in turn is used as the feed for OME synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ouda
- Sustainable Catalytic Materials Group
- Division Hydrogen Technologies
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems
- 79110 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Franz Mantei
- Sustainable Catalytic Materials Group
- Division Hydrogen Technologies
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems
- 79110 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Kai Hesterwerth
- Sustainable Catalytic Materials Group
- Division Hydrogen Technologies
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems
- 79110 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Eleonora Bargiacchi
- Sustainable Catalytic Materials Group
- Division Hydrogen Technologies
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems
- 79110 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Harald Klein
- Sustainable Catalytic Materials Group
- Division Hydrogen Technologies
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems
- 79110 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Robin J. White
- Sustainable Catalytic Materials Group
- Division Hydrogen Technologies
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems
- 79110 Freiburg
- Germany
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29
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Zimina A, Dardenne K, Denecke MA, Doronkin DE, Huttel E, Lichtenberg H, Mangold S, Pruessmann T, Rothe J, Spangenberg T, Steininger R, Vitova T, Geckeis H, Grunwaldt JD. CAT-ACT-A new highly versatile x-ray spectroscopy beamline for catalysis and radionuclide science at the KIT synchrotron light facility ANKA. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:113113. [PMID: 29195371 DOI: 10.1063/1.4999928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
CAT-ACT-the hard X-ray beamline for CATalysis and ACTinide/radionuclide research at the KIT synchrotron radiation facility ANKA-is dedicated to X-ray spectroscopy, including "flux hungry" photon-in/photon-out and correlative techniques and combines state-of-the-art optics with a unique infrastructure for radionuclide and catalysis research. Measurements can be performed at photon energies varying between 3.4 keV and 55 keV, thus encompassing the actinide M- and L-edge or potassium K-edge up to the K-edges of the lanthanide series such as cerium. Well-established X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy in transmission and fluorescence detection modes is available in combination with high energy-resolution X-ray emission spectroscopy or X-ray diffraction techniques. The modular beamline design with two alternately operated in-line experimental stations enables sufficient flexibility to adapt sample environments and detection systems to many scientific challenges. The ACT experimental station focuses on various aspects of nuclear waste disposal within the mission of the Helmholtz association to contribute to the solution of one of the greatest scientific and social challenges of our time-the safe disposal of heat producing, highly radioactive waste forms from nuclear energy production. It augments present capabilities at the INE-Beamline by increasing the flux and extending the energy range into the hard X-ray regime. The CAT experimental station focuses on catalytic materials, e.g., for energy-related and exhaust gas catalysis. Characterization of catalytically active materials under realistic reaction conditions and the development of in situ and operando cells for sample environments close to industrial reactors are essential aspects at CAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zimina
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - K Dardenne
- Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal (INE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - M A Denecke
- The University of Manchester, Dalton Nuclear Institute, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - D E Doronkin
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - E Huttel
- Institute for Beam Physics and Technology (IBPT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - H Lichtenberg
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - S Mangold
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - T Pruessmann
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - J Rothe
- Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal (INE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Th Spangenberg
- Institute for Beam Physics and Technology (IBPT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - R Steininger
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - T Vitova
- Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal (INE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - H Geckeis
- Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal (INE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - J-D Grunwaldt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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30
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Goldbach M, Roppertz A, Langenfeld P, Wackerhagen M, Füger S, Kureti S. Urea Decomposition in Selective Catalytic Reduction on V2
O5
/WO3
/TiO2
Catalyst in Diesel Exhaust. Chem Eng Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201700261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Goldbach
- Technical University Freiberg; Institute of Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering; Fuchsmühlenweg 9 09596 Freiberg Germany
| | - Andreas Roppertz
- Technical University Freiberg; Institute of Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering; Fuchsmühlenweg 9 09596 Freiberg Germany
| | - Philipp Langenfeld
- Technical University Freiberg; Institute of Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering; Fuchsmühlenweg 9 09596 Freiberg Germany
| | - Mandy Wackerhagen
- Technical University Freiberg; Institute of Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering; Fuchsmühlenweg 9 09596 Freiberg Germany
| | - Sven Füger
- Technical University Freiberg; Institute of Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering; Fuchsmühlenweg 9 09596 Freiberg Germany
| | - Sven Kureti
- Technical University Freiberg; Institute of Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering; Fuchsmühlenweg 9 09596 Freiberg Germany
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31
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Influence of soot on ammonia adsorption and catalytic DeNO x -properties of diesel particulate filters coated with SCR-catalysts. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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32
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Spatial Concentration Profiles for the Catalytic Partial Oxidation of Jet Fuel Surrogates in a Rh/Al2O3 Coated Monolith. Catalysts 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/catal6120207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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33
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Particulate Filter Substrates with SCR-Functionality Manufactured by Co-extrusion of Ceramic Substrate and SCR Active Material. Top Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-016-0598-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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34
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35
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High-Throughput Screening as a Supplemental Tool for the Development of Advanced Emission Control Catalysts: Methodological Approaches and Data Processing. Catalysts 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/catal6020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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36
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37
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Tepluchin M, Kureti S, Casapu M, Ogel E, Mangold S, Grunwaldt JD. Study on the hydrothermal and SO2 stability of Al2O3-supported manganese and iron oxide catalysts for lean CO oxidation. Catal Today 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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38
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Dietrich M, Jahn C, Lanzerath P, Moos R. Microwave-Based Oxidation State and Soot Loading Determination on Gasoline Particulate Filters with Three-Way Catalyst Coating for Homogenously Operated Gasoline Engines. SENSORS 2015; 15:21971-88. [PMID: 26340629 PMCID: PMC4610536 DOI: 10.3390/s150921971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a novel method emerged to determine the oxygen storage degree of three way catalysts (TWC) by a microwave-based method. Up to now, this method has been investigated only in lab-scale reactors or under steady state conditions. This work expands those initial studies. A TWC-coated gasoline particulate filter was investigated in a dynamic engine test bench simulating a typical European driving cycle (NEDC). It could be shown that both the oxygen storage degree and the soot loading can be monitored directly, but not simultaneously due to their competitive effects. Under normal driving conditions, no soot accumulation was observed, related to the low raw emissions and the catalytic coating of the filter. For the first time, the quality factor of the cavity resonator in addition to the resonance frequency was used, with the benefit of less cross sensitivity to inconstant temperature and water. Therefore, a temperature dependent calibration of the microwave signal was created and applied to monitor the oxidation state in transient driving cycles. The microwave measurement mirrors the oxidation state determined by lambda probes and can be highly beneficial in start-stop phases (where lambda-probes do not work) and to determine the oxygen storage capacity (OSC) without unnecessary emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Dietrich
- Department of Functional Materials, Bayreuth Engine Research Center (BERC), Zentrum für Energietechnik (ZET), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Christoph Jahn
- Department of Functional Materials, Bayreuth Engine Research Center (BERC), Zentrum für Energietechnik (ZET), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
- Daimler AG, 70546 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | | | - Ralf Moos
- Department of Functional Materials, Bayreuth Engine Research Center (BERC), Zentrum für Energietechnik (ZET), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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39
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Gänzler AM, Casapu M, Boubnov A, Müller O, Conrad S, Lichtenberg H, Frahm R, Grunwaldt JD. Operando spatially and time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy and infrared thermography during oscillatory CO oxidation. J Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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In operando Detection of Three-Way Catalyst Aging by a Microwave-Based Method: Initial Studies. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/app5030174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Boubnov A, Lichtenberg H, Mangold S, Grunwaldt JD. Identification of the iron oxidation state and coordination geometry in iron oxide- and zeolite-based catalysts using pre-edge XAS analysis. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2015; 22:410-26. [PMID: 25723943 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577514025880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the oxidation state and coordination geometry using pre-edge analysis is attractive for heterogeneous catalysis and materials science, especially for in situ and time-resolved studies or highly diluted systems. In the present study, focus is laid on iron-based catalysts. First a systematic investigation of the pre-edge region of the Fe K-edge using staurolite, FePO4, FeO and α-Fe2O3 as reference compounds for tetrahedral Fe(2+), tetrahedral Fe(3+), octahedral Fe(2+) and octahedral Fe(3+), respectively, is reported. In particular, high-resolution and conventional X-ray absorption spectra are compared, considering that in heterogeneous catalysis and material science a compromise between high-quality spectroscopic data acquisition and simultaneous analysis of functional properties is required. Results, which were obtained from reference spectra acquired with different resolution and quality, demonstrate that this analysis is also applicable to conventionally recorded pre-edge data. For this purpose, subtraction of the edge onset is preferentially carried out using an arctangent and a first-degree polynomial, independent of the resolution and quality of the data. For both standard and high-resolution data, multiplet analysis of pre-edge features has limitations due to weak transitions that cannot be identified. On the other hand, an arbitrary empirical peak fitting assists the analysis in that non-local transitions can be isolated. The analysis of the oxidation state and coordination geometry of the Fe sites using a variogram-based method is shown to be effective for standard-resolution data and leads to the same results as for high-resolution spectra. This method, validated by analysing spectra of reference compounds and their well defined mixtures, is finally applied to track structural changes in a 1% Fe/Al2O3 and a 0.5% Fe/BEA zeolite catalyst during reduction in 5% H2/He. The results, hardly accessible by other techniques, show that Fe(3+) is transformed into Fe(2+), while the local Fe-O coordination number of 4-5 is maintained, suggesting that the reduction involves a rearrangement of the oxygen neighbours rather than their removal. In conclusion, the variogram-based analysis of Fe K-edge spectra proves to be very useful in catalysis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Boubnov
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse 12, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Henning Lichtenberg
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse 12, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Stefan Mangold
- Synchrotron Radiation Facility ANKA, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Jan Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse 12, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
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Hofmann G, Rochet A, Ogel E, Casapu M, Ritter S, Ogurreck M, Grunwaldt JD. Aging of a Pt/Al2O3 exhaust gas catalyst monitored by quasi in situ X-ray micro computed tomography. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalyst aging effects are analyzed using X-ray absorption micro-computed tomography in combination with conventional characterization methods on various length scales ranging from nm to μm to gain insight into deactivation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Hofmann
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Amélie Rochet
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Elen Ogel
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Maria Casapu
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Stephan Ritter
- Institute of Structural Physics
- Technical University Dresden (TUD)
- D-01062 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Malte Ogurreck
- Institute of Materials Research
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG)
- D-21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
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Sundermann A, Gerlach O. High-Throughput Screening Technology for Automotive Applications. CHEM-ING-TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201400059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Hofmann G, Rochet A, Baier S, Casapu M, Ritter S, Wilde F, Ogurreck M, Beckmann F, Grunwaldt JD. Ageing Effects on Exhaust Gas Catalysts: Microscopic Changes Captured by X-Ray Tomography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/499/1/012017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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