1
|
Olanrewaju OA, Asghar R, Makwana S, Yahya M, Kumar N, Khawar MH, Ahmed A, Islam T, Kumari K, Shadmani S, Ali M, Kumar S, Khatri M, Varrassi G, Mohamad T. Thyroid and Its Ripple Effect: Impact on Cardiac Structure, Function, and Outcomes. Cureus 2024; 16:e51574. [PMID: 38318568 PMCID: PMC10840038 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyroid dysfunction is a widespread and complex issue in the field of endocrine disorders. It has a significant impact on multiple physiological systems, particularly on the heart. This review explores the complex interaction between thyroid dysfunction and cardiac dynamics, examining the detailed network of molecular, cellular, and systemic changes that underlie the close connection between these two physiological areas. Thyroid dysfunction, which includes both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, is a common endocrine condition that affects millions of people worldwide. The thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine regulate various metabolic activities essential for maintaining cellular balance. Disruptions in thyroid function result in widespread consequences, affecting the cardiovascular system. Thyroid hormones directly impact cardiac muscle cells, controlling their ability to contract, their electrical properties, and their reaction to hypertrophy. Thyroid dysfunction goes beyond the level of individual cells and involves complex interactions among vascular dynamics, neurohormonal control, and endothelial function. These factors all contribute to the development of cardiovascular illness. The impact of thyroid dysfunction on cardiac structure, function, and outcomes is not limited to a one-way pattern. Instead, it involves a dynamic two-way interaction. The manifestations of this condition can vary from minor changes in the electrical activity of the heart to more obvious structural abnormalities, such as an increase in the size of the heart muscle and a decrease in its ability to relax during the filling phase. Furthermore, the correlation between thyroid dysfunction and adverse cardiovascular outcomes, such as heart failure and arrhythmias, highlights the clinical importance of this connection. This review provides a complete overview of the relationship between thyroid dysfunction and cardiac dynamics by analyzing a wide range of research from clinical, molecular, and epidemiological perspectives. This study seeks to enhance our comprehension of the comprehensive effects of thyroid dysfunction on the anatomy and function of the heart by explaining the complex molecular mechanisms and systemic consequences. The goal is to establish a basis for informed clinical treatment and future research efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun A Olanrewaju
- Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, NGA
- General Medicine, Stavropol State Medical University, Stavropol, RUS
| | - Rida Asghar
- Medicine, Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore, PAK
| | | | - Muhammad Yahya
- Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, PAK
| | | | | | - Aqsa Ahmed
- Medicine, Medicare Hospital, Faisalabad, PAK
| | - Tamur Islam
- Internal Medicine, Allied Hospital, Faisalabad, PAK
| | - Komal Kumari
- Medicine, NMC Royal Family Medical Centre, Abu Dhabi, ARE
| | - Sujeet Shadmani
- Medicine, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College, Karachi, PAK
| | - Mohsin Ali
- Medicine, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University, Larkana, PAK
| | - Satesh Kumar
- Medicine, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College, Karachi, PAK
| | - Mahima Khatri
- Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | | | - Tamam Mohamad
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bhattad PB, Roumia M. Cardio-Thyrotoxicosis Syndrome: A Review of Thyrotoxic Cardiovascular Disease. Cureus 2023; 15:e37659. [PMID: 37200647 PMCID: PMC10188272 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyrotoxicosis, an endocrine disorder characterized by elevated serum thyroid hormone levels of tri-iodothyronine (T3) and/or thyroxine (T4), can impact cardiovascular health in several ways. The cardiovascular system is often severely targeted by the thyrotoxic state, and the term "Cardio-thyrotoxic syndrome" has been proposed to encompass the various cardiovascular disease states resulting from thyrotoxicosis. In this review, we discuss various cardiovascular disorders resulting from the effects of thyrotoxicosis. It is important to keep a high index of suspicion for thyroid disorder in the setting of new atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. Management of cardio-thyrotoxicosis involves control of heart rate and blood pressure and treatment of acute cardiovascular complications. Thyroid-specific therapy to achieve a euthyroid state will not only improve but even potentially reverse cardiovascular abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mazen Roumia
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, USA
| |
Collapse
|