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Sung DB, Lee JS. Natural-product-based fluorescent probes: recent advances and applications. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:412-432. [PMID: 36970151 PMCID: PMC10034199 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00376g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent probes are attractive tools for biology, drug discovery, disease diagnosis, and environmental analysis. In bioimaging, these easy-to-operate and inexpensive probes can be used to detect biological substances, obtain detailed cell images, track in vivo biochemical reactions, and monitor disease biomarkers without damaging biological samples. Over the last few decades, natural products have attracted extensive research interest owing to their great potential as recognition units for state-of-the-art fluorescent probes. This review describes representative natural-product-based fluorescent probes and recent discoveries, with a particular focus on fluorescent bioimaging and biochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Bi Sung
- Marine Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seok Lee
- Marine Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology Busan Republic of Korea
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology Daejeon Republic of Korea
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2
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Feineis D, Bringmann G. Asian Ancistrocladus Lianas as Creative Producers of Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 119:1-335. [PMID: 36587292 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-10457-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This book describes a unique class of secondary metabolites, the mono- and dimeric naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids. They occur in lianas of the paleotropical Ancistrocladaceae and Dioncophyllaceae families, exclusively. Their unprecedented structures include stereogenic centers and rotationally hindered, and thus likewise stereogenic, axes. Extended recent investigations on six Ancistrocladus species from Asia, as reported in this review, shed light on their fascinating phytochemical productivity, with over 100 such intriguing natural products. This high chemodiversity arises from a likewise unique biosynthesis from acetate-malonate units, following a novel polyketidic pathway to plant-derived isoquinoline alkaloids. Some of the compounds show most promising antiparasitic activities. Likewise presented are strategies for the regio- and stereoselective total synthesis of the alkaloids, including the directed construction of the chiral axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Feineis
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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3
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Kingston DGI, Cassera MB. Antimalarial Natural Products. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 117:1-106. [PMID: 34977998 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89873-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have made a crucial and unique contribution to human health, and this is especially true in the case of malaria, where the natural products quinine and artemisinin and their derivatives and analogues, have saved millions of lives. The need for new drugs to treat malaria is still urgent, since the most dangerous malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, has become resistant to quinine and most of its derivatives and is becoming resistant to artemisinin and its derivatives. This volume begins with a short history of malaria and follows this with a summary of its biology. It then traces the fascinating history of the discovery of quinine for malaria treatment and then describes quinine's biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use, concluding with a discussion of synthetic antimalarial agents based on quinine's structure. The volume then covers the discovery of artemisinin and its development as the source of the most effective current antimalarial drug, including summaries of its synthesis and biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use and resistance. A short discussion of other clinically used antimalarial natural products leads to a detailed treatment of other natural products with significant antiplasmodial activity, classified by compound type. Although the search for new antimalarial natural products from Nature's combinatorial library is challenging, it is very likely to yield new antimalarial drugs. The chapter thus ends by identifying over ten natural products with development potential as clinical antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G I Kingston
- Department of Chemistry and the Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Maria Belen Cassera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases (CTEGD), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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4
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Moyo P, Shamburger W, van der Watt ME, Reader J, de Sousa ACC, Egan TJ, Maharaj VJ, Bringmann G, Birkholtz LM. Naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids, validated as hit multistage antiplasmodial natural products. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2020; 13:51-58. [PMID: 32505117 PMCID: PMC7270141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and development of multistage antimalarial drugs targeting intra-erythrocytic asexual and sexual Plasmodium falciparum parasites is of utmost importance to achieve the ambitious goal of malaria elimination. Here, we report the validation of naphthylisoquinoline (NIQ) alkaloids and their synthetic analogues as multistage active antimalarial drug candidates. A total of 30 compounds were tested, of which 17 exhibited IC50 values <1 μM against drug-sensitive P. falciparum parasites (NF54 strain); 15 of these retained activity against a panel of drug-resistant strains. These compounds showed low in vitro cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells, with selectivity indices of >10. The tested compounds showed activity in vitro against both early- and late-stage P. falciparum gametocytes while blocking male gamete formation (>70% inhibition of exflagellation at 2 μM). Additionally, five selected compounds were found to have good solubility (≥170 μM in PBS at pH 6.5), while metabolic stability towards human, mouse, and rat microsomes ranged from >90% to >7% after 30 min. Dioncophylline C (2a) emerged as a front runner from the study, displaying activity against both asexual parasites and gametocytes, a lack of cross-resistance to chloroquine, good solubility, and microsomal stability. Overall, this is the first report on the multistage activity of NIQs and their synthetic analogues including gametocytocidal and gametocidal effects induced by this class of compounds. Naphthylisoquinolines (NIQs) validated as antimalarial hit candidates. First report on transmission-blocking properties of NIQs and analogues. 15 compounds active across 9 P. falciparum strains, with acceptable RI <10 and SI >10. 5 compounds show good solubility and microsomal stability. Dioncophylline C is the frontrunner antimalarial candidate with multistage activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phanankosi Moyo
- Malaria Parasite Molecular Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - William Shamburger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mariëtte E van der Watt
- Malaria Parasite Molecular Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Janette Reader
- Malaria Parasite Molecular Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Ana Carolina C de Sousa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Vinesh J Maharaj
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Malaria Parasite Molecular Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa.
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5
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Lombe BK, Feineis D, Bringmann G. Dimeric naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids: polyketide-derived axially chiral bioactive quateraryls. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:1513-1545. [DOI: 10.1039/c9np00024k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is the first review on dimeric naphthylisoquinolines, a group of structurally intriguing, biosynthetically unique, and pharmacologically promising alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Kimbadi Lombe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
- Faculté des Sciences
| | - Doris Feineis
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
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6
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Heravi MM, Kheilkordi Z, Zadsirjan V, Heydari M, Malmir M. Buchwald-Hartwig reaction: An overview. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Domes R, Domes C, Albert CR, Bringmann G, Popp J, Frosch T. Vibrational spectroscopic characterization of arylisoquinolines by means of Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:29918-29926. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05415g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Seven new AIQ antimalarial agents were investigated using FT-NIR and deep-UV resonance Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Domes
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology
- Jena
- Germany
| | | | | | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Julius-Maximilians University
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology
- Jena
- Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University
- Institute for Physical Chemistry
| | - Torsten Frosch
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology
- Jena
- Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University
- Institute for Physical Chemistry
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8
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Tierney DL. Jahn-Teller dynamics in a series of high-symmetry Co(II) chelates determine paramagnetic relaxation enhancements. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:10959-72. [PMID: 23095055 DOI: 10.1021/jp309245e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NMR paramagnetic relaxation enhancements (PREs) of a series of structurally characterized, trigonal bis-trispyrazolylborate (Tp) chelates of high-spin Co(II), spanning 100-850 MHz in field, are reported. Prior knowledge of the metal-nucleus distances allows numerical extraction of position-dependent electron spin relaxation rates (τ(c)(-1)) from direct measurement of the individual PREs of the four symmetry distinct protons in Co(Tp)(2), using available closed-form expressions. The data for this electronically complex system where spin-orbit coupling defines the ground state electronic structure are analyzed in terms of the Solomon-Bloembergen-Morgan (SBM) relations, as well as available zero-field splitting limit theories. A simple angular correction is shown to be sufficient to reconcile the individual τ(c)(T) data for the four classes of protons. The data identify a previously unrecognized dynamic Jahn-Teller effect in these historically important complexes, with a barrier of ~230 cm(-1), pointing to a level of dynamics in trispyrazolylborate chemistry that has not been described before, and further show that it is the Jahn-Teller that is responsible for the PREs in fluid solution. A field-dependent component is also identified for the two protons nearest g(//), which is suggested to arise due to Zeeman mixing of excited state character into the ground level.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Tierney
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States.
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9
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Bringmann G, Gulder T, Gulder TAM, Breuning M. Atroposelective Total Synthesis of Axially Chiral Biaryl Natural Products. Chem Rev 2010; 111:563-639. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100155e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 909] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Gulder
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias A. M. Gulder
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Breuning
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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10
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Wright CW. Recent developments in research on terrestrial plants used for the treatment of malaria. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:961-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c002196m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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11
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Bringmann G, Gulder T, Hertlein B, Hemberger Y, Meyer F. Total Synthesis of the N,C-Coupled Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids Ancistrocladinium A and B and Related Analogues. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 132:1151-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9097687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Gulder
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Hertlein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yasmin Hemberger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Meyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Bringmann G, Irmer A, Feineis D, Gulder TAM, Fiedler HP. Convergence in the biosynthesis of acetogenic natural products from plants, fungi, and bacteria. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1776-1786. [PMID: 19786287 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review deals with polyketides to which nature has developed different biosynthetic pathways in the course of evolution. The anthraquinone chrysophanol is the first example of an acetogenic natural product that is, in an organism-specific manner, formed via more than one polyketide folding mode: In eukaryotes, like e.g., in fungi, in higher plants, and in insects, it is synthesized via folding mode F, while in prokaryotes it originates through mode S. It has, more recently, even been found to be synthesized by a third pathway, named mode S'. Thus, chrysophanol is the first polyketide synthase product that originates through a divergent-convergent biosynthesis (depending on the respective producing organisms). A second example of a striking biosynthetic convergence is the isoquinoline alkaloids. While all as yet investigated representatives of this large family of plant-derived metabolites (more than 2500 known representatives!) are formed from aromatic amino acids, the biosynthetic origin of naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids like dioncophylline A is unprecedented in following a route to isoquinolines in plants: we have shown that such naphthylisoquinolines represent the as yet only known polyketidic di- and tetrahydroisoquinolines, originating from acetate and malonate units, exclusively. Both molecular halves, the isoquinoline part and the naphthalene portion, are even synthesized from a joint polyketide precursor, the first proven case of the F-type folding mode in higher plants. The biosynthetic origins of the natural products presented in this paper were elucidated by feeding (13)C(2)-labeled acetate (or advanced precursors) to the respective producing organisms, with subsequent NMR analysis of their (13)C(2) incorporation patterns using the potent cryoprobe methodology, thus making the full polyketide folding pattern visible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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13
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Ponte-Sucre A, Gulder T, Wegehaupt A, Albert C, Rikanović C, Schaeflein L, Frank A, Schultheis M, Unger M, Holzgrabe U, Bringmann G, Moll H. Structure−Activity Relationship and Studies on the Molecular Mechanism of Leishmanicidal N,C-Coupled Arylisoquinolinium Salts. J Med Chem 2008; 52:626-36. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801084u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Ponte-Sucre
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Tanja Gulder
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Annemarie Wegehaupt
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Christoph Albert
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Carina Rikanović
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Leonhard Schaeflein
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Andreas Frank
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Martina Schultheis
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Matthias Unger
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Heidrun Moll
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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Kumar V, Mahajan A, Chibale K. Synthetic medicinal chemistry of selected antimalarial natural products. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:2236-75. [PMID: 19157883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural products remain a rich source of novel molecular scaffolds for novel antimalarial agents in the fight against malaria. This has been well demonstrated in the case of quinine and artemisinin both of which have served as templates for the development of structurally simpler analogues that either served or continue to serve as effective antimalarials. This review will expound on these two natural products as well as other selected natural products that have served either as antimalarial agents or as potential lead compounds in the development of antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosh 7701, South Africa
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Bringmann G, Gampe CM, Reichert Y, Bruhn T, Faber JH, Mikyna M, Reichert M, Leippe M, Brun R, Gelhaus C. Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Fluorescent and Photoactivatable Analogues of Antiplasmodial Naphthylisoquinolines. J Med Chem 2007; 50:6104-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jm061464w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany, and Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian M. Gampe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany, and Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yanina Reichert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany, and Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Torsten Bruhn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany, and Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johan H. Faber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany, and Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Mikyna
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany, and Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Reichert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany, and Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Leippe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany, and Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Brun
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany, and Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Gelhaus
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany, and Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
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Schlitzer M. Malaria Chemotherapeutics Part I: History of Antimalarial Drug Development, Currently Used Therapeutics, and Drugs in Clinical Development. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:944-86. [PMID: 17530725 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Since ancient times, humankind has had to struggle against the persistent onslaught of pathogenic microorganisms. Nowadays, malaria is still the most important infectious disease worldwide. Considerable success in gaining control over malaria was achieved in the 1950s and 60s through landscaping measures, vector control with the insecticide DDT, and the widespread administration of chloroquine, the most important antimalarial agent ever. In the late 1960s, the final victory over malaria was believed to be within reach. However, the parasites could not be eradicated because they developed resistance against the most widely used and affordable drugs of that time. Today, cases of malaria infections are on the rise and have reached record numbers. This review gives a short description of the malaria disease, briefly addresses the history of antimalarial drug development, and focuses on drugs currently available for malaria therapy. The present knowledge regarding their mode of action and the mechanisms of resistance are explained, as are the attempts made by numerous research groups to overcome the resistance problem within classes of existing drugs and in some novel classes. Finally, this review covers all classes of antimalarials for which at least one drug candidate is in clinical development. Antimalarial agents that are solely in early development stages will be addressed in a separate review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schlitzer
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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