1
|
Späth A. Additive Nano-Lithography with Focused Soft X-rays: Basics, Challenges, and Opportunities. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E834. [PMID: 31801198 PMCID: PMC6953100 DOI: 10.3390/mi10120834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Focused soft X-ray beam induced deposition (FXBID) is a novel technique for direct-write nanofabrication of metallic nanostructures from metal organic precursor gases. It combines the established concepts of focused electron beam induced processing (FEBIP) and X-ray lithography (XRL). The present setup is based on a scanning transmission X-ray microscope (STXM) equipped with a gas flow cell to provide metal organic precursor molecules towards the intended deposition zone. Fundamentals of X-ray microscopy instrumentation and X-ray radiation chemistry relevant for FXBID development are presented in a comprehensive form. Recently published proof-of-concept studies on initial experiments on FXBID nanolithography are reviewed for an overview on current progress and proposed advances of nanofabrication performance. Potential applications and advantages of FXBID are discussed with respect to competing electron/ion based techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Späth
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Physical Chemistry II, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Batchelor D, Aygül U, Dettinger U, Ivanovic M, Tournebize A, Mangold S, Forster M, Scherf U, Peisert H, Chassé T. Insight into the orientation of LBG polymer films by XANES experiment and calculation. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
3
|
Späth A, Graf-Zeiler BA, Paradossi G, Ghugare S, Tzvetkov G, Fink RH. Quantitative X-ray microscopic analysis of individual thermoresponsive microgel particles in aqueous solution. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20142c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The temperature dependent phase transition of individual thermoresponsive microgel particles in aqueous solution has been studied by high resolution soft X-ray transmission microscopy (STXM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Späth
- Physikalische Chemie II
- ICMM
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Birgit A. Graf-Zeiler
- Physikalische Chemie II
- ICMM
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Gaio Paradossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università di Roma Tor Vergata
- 00133 Roma
- Italy
| | - Shivkumar Ghugare
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università di Roma Tor Vergata
- 00133 Roma
- Italy
| | - George Tzvetkov
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Sofia
- 1164 Sofia
- Bulgaria
| | - Rainer H. Fink
- Physikalische Chemie II
- ICMM
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen Z, Liu Y, Sun B, Li H, Dong J, Zhang L, Wang L, Wang P, Zhao Y, Chen C. Polyhydroxylated metallofullerenols stimulate IL-1β secretion of macrophage through TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and NLRP₃ inflammasome activation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:2362-72. [PMID: 24619705 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201302825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxylated fullerenols especially gadolinium endohedral metallofullerenols (Gd@C82(OH)22) are shown as a promising agent for antitumor chemotherapeutics and good immunoregulatory effects with low toxicity. However, their underlying mechanism remains largely unclear. We found for the first time the persistent uptake and subcellular distribution of metallofullerenols in macrophages by taking advantages of synchrotron-based scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) with high spatial resolution of 30 nm. Gd@C82(OH)22 can significantly activate primary mouse macrophages to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown shows that NLRP3 inflammasomes, but not NLRC4, participate in fullerenol-induced IL-1β production. Potassium efflux, activation of P2X7 receptor and intracellular reactive oxygen speciesare also important factors required for fullerenols-induced IL-1β release. Stronger NF-κB signal triggered by Gd@C82(OH)22 is in agreement with higher pro-IL-1β expression than C60(OH)22. Interestingly, TLR4/MyD88 pathway but not TLR2 mediates IL-1β secretion in Gd@C82(OH)22 exposure confirmed by macrophages from MyD88(-/-)/TLR4(-/-)/TLR2(-/-) knockout mice, which is different from C60(OH)22. Our work demonstrated that fullerenols can greatly activate macrophage and promote IL-1β production via both TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, while Gd@C82(OH)22 had stronger ability C60(OH)22 due to the different electron affinity on the surface of carbon cage induced by the encaged gadolinium ion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China and Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Poehlmann M, Grishenkov D, Kothapalli SVVN, Härmark J, Hebert H, Philipp A, Hoeller R, Seuss M, Kuttner C, Margheritelli S, Paradossi G, Fery A. On the interplay of shell structure with low- and high-frequency mechanics of multifunctional magnetic microbubbles. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:214-26. [PMID: 24651844 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm51560e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-shelled magnetic microbubbles have great potential as hybrid contrast agents for ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. In this work, we studied US/MRI contrast agents based on air-filled poly(vinyl alcohol)-shelled microbubbles combined with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). The SPIONs are integrated either physically or chemically into the polymeric shell of the microbubbles (MBs). As a result, two different designs of a hybrid contrast agent are obtained. With the physical approach, SPIONs are embedded inside the polymeric shell and with the chemical approach SPIONs are covalently linked to the shell surface. The structural design of hybrid probes is important, because it strongly determines the contrast agent's response in the considered imaging methods. In particular, we were interested how structural differences affect the shell's mechanical properties, which play a key role for the MBs' US imaging performance. Therefore, we thoroughly characterized the MBs' geometric features and investigated low-frequency mechanics by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and high-frequency mechanics by using acoustic tests. Thus, we were able to quantify the impact of the used SPIONs integration method on the shell's elastic modulus, shear modulus and shear viscosity. In summary, the suggested approach contributes to an improved understanding of structure-property relations in US-active hybrid contrast agents and thus provides the basis for their sustainable development and optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Poehlmann
- Department of Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, DE-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Späth A, Minami H, Suzuki T, Fink RH. Morphology changes of ionic liquid encapsulating polymer microcontainers upon X-ray irradiation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45980b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
|
7
|
Boesenberg U, Meirer F, Liu Y, Shukla AK, Dell’Anna R, Tyliszczak T, Chen G, Andrews JC, Richardson TJ, Kostecki R, Cabana J. Mesoscale phase distribution in single particles of LiFePO 4 following lithium deintercalation. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2013; 25:1664-1672. [PMID: 23745016 PMCID: PMC3670807 DOI: 10.1021/cm400106k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The chemical phase distribution in hydrothermally grown micrometric single crystals LiFePO4 following partial chemical delithiation was investigated. Full field and scanning X-ray microscopy were combined with X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Fe K- and O K-edges, respectively, to produce maps with high chemical and spatial resolution. The resulting information was compared to morphological insight into the mechanics of the transformation by scanning transmission electron microscopy. This study revealed the interplay at the mesocale between microstructure and phase distribution during the redox process, as morphological defects were found to kinetically determine the progress of the reaction. Lithium deintercalation was also found to induce severe mechanical damage in the crystals, presumably due to the lattice mismatch between LiFePO4 and FePO4. Our results lead to the conclusion that rational design of intercalation-based electrode materials, such as LiFePO4, with optimized utilization and life requires the tailoring of particles that minimize kinetic barriers and mechanical strain. Coupling TXM-XANES with TEM can provide unique insight into the behavior of electrode materials during operation, at scales spanning from nanoparticles to ensembles and complex architectures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Boesenberg
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Florian Meirer
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Center for Materials and Microsystems, Via
Sommarive 18, I-38050 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 (USA)
| | - Alpesh K. Shukla
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Rossana Dell’Anna
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Center for Materials and Microsystems, Via
Sommarive 18, I-38050 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Tolek Tyliszczak
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley,
California 94720, 20036, USA
| | - Guoying Chen
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Joy C. Andrews
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 (USA)
| | - Thomas J. Richardson
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Robert Kostecki
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Jordi Cabana
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720
| |
Collapse
|