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Lotfi Marchoubeh M, Cobb SJ, Abrego Tello M, Hu M, Jaquins-Gerstl A, Robbins EM, Macpherson JV, Michael AC, Fritsch I. Miniaturized probe on polymer SU-8 with array of individually addressable microelectrodes for electrochemical analysis in neural and other biological tissues. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6777-6791. [PMID: 33961102 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03327-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An SU-8 probe with an array of nine, individually addressable gold microband electrodes (100 μm long, 4 μm wide, separated by 4-μm gaps) was photolithographically fabricated and characterized for detection of low concentrations of chemicals in confined spaces and in vivo studies of biological tissues. The probe's shank (6 mm long, 100 μm wide, 100 μm thick) is flexible, but exhibits sufficient sharpness and rigidity to be inserted into soft tissue. Laser micromachining was used to define probe geometry by spatially revealing the underlying sacrificial aluminum layer, which was then etched to free the probes from a silicon wafer. Perfusion with fluorescent nanobeads showed that, like a carbon fiber electrode, the probe produced no noticeable damage when inserted into rat brain, in contrast to damage from an inserted microdialysis probe. The individual addressability of the electrodes allows single and multiple electrode activation. Redox cycling is possible, where adjacent electrodes serve as generators (that oxidize or reduce molecules) and collectors (that do the opposite) to amplify signals of small concentrations without background subtraction. Information about electrochemical mechanisms and kinetics may also be obtained. Detection limits for potassium ferricyanide in potassium chloride electrolyte of 2.19, 1.25, and 2.08 μM and for dopamine in artificial cerebral spinal fluid of 1.94, 1.08, and 5.66 μM for generators alone and for generators and collectors during redox cycling, respectively, were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Lotfi Marchoubeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Samuel J Cobb
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Doctoral Training in Diamond Science and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Miguel Abrego Tello
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Mengjia Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | | | - Elaine M Robbins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Julie V Macpherson
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Doctoral Training in Diamond Science and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Adrian C Michael
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Ingrid Fritsch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
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2
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Nanomaterials-Based Electrochemical Sensors for In Vitro and In Vivo Analyses of Neurotransmitters. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8091504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are molecules that transfer chemical signals between neurons to convey messages for any action conducted by the nervous system. All neurotransmitters are medically important; the detection and analysis of these molecules play vital roles in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Among analytical strategies, electrochemical techniques have been identified as simple, inexpensive, and less time-consuming processes. Electrochemical analysis is based on the redox behaviors of neurotransmitters, as well as their metabolites. A variety of electrochemical techniques are available for the detection of biomolecules. However, the development of a sensing platform with high sensitivity and selectivity is challenging, and it has been found to be a bottleneck step in the analysis of neurotransmitters. Nanomaterials-based sensor platforms are fascinating for researchers because of their ability to perform the electrochemical analysis of neurotransmitters due to their improved detection efficacy, and they have been widely reported on for their sensitive detection of epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, acetylcholine, nitric oxide, and purines. The advancement of electroanalytical technologies and the innovation of functional nanomaterials have been assisting greatly in in vivo and in vitro analyses of neurotransmitters, especially for point-of-care clinical applications. In this review, firstly, we focus on the most commonly employed electrochemical analysis techniques, in conjunction with their working principles and abilities for the detection of neurotransmitters. Subsequently, we concentrate on the fabrication and development of nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensors and their advantages over other detection techniques. Finally, we address the challenges and the future outlook in the development of electrochemical sensors for the efficient detection of neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Atighilorestani
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P. O. Box 1700, STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Center
for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Alexandre G. Brolo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P. O. Box 1700, STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Center
for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
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He D, Yan J, Zhu F, Zhou Y, Mao B, Oleinick A, Svir I, Amatore C. Enhancing the Bipolar Redox Cycling Efficiency of Plane-Recessed Microelectrode Arrays by Adding a Chemically Irreversible Interferent. Anal Chem 2016; 88:8535-41. [PMID: 27490270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The individual electrochemical anodic responses of dopamine (DA), epinephrine (EP), and pyrocatechol (CT) were investigated at arrays of recessed gold disk-microelectrodes arrays (MEAs) covered by a gold plane electrode and compared to those of their binary mixture (CT and EP) when the top-plane electrode was operated as a bipolar electrode or as a collector. The interferent species (EP) displays a chemically irreversible wave over the same potential range as the chemically reversible ones of DA or CT. As expected, in the generator-collector (GC) mode, EP did not contribute to the redox cycling amplification that occurred only for DA or CT. Conversely, in the bipolar mode, the presence of EP drastically increased the bipolar redox cycling efficiency of DA and CT. This evidenced that the chemically irreversible oxidation of EP at the anodic poles of the top plane floating electrode provided additional electron fluxes that were used to more efficiently reduce the oxidized DA or CT species at the cathodic poles. This suggests an easy experimental strategy for enhancing the bipolar efficiency of MEAs up to reach a performance identical to that achieved when the same MEAs are operated in a GC mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingwen He
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Jiawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Feng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Yongliang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Bingwei Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Alexander Oleinick
- CNRS UMR 8640 "PASTEUR", Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, Ecole Normale Supérieure - PSL Research University , Département de Chimie, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Irina Svir
- CNRS UMR 8640 "PASTEUR", Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, Ecole Normale Supérieure - PSL Research University , Département de Chimie, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Christian Amatore
- CNRS UMR 8640 "PASTEUR", Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, Ecole Normale Supérieure - PSL Research University , Département de Chimie, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
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Park S, Park JH, Hwang S, Kwak J. Bench-top fabrication and electrochemical applications of a micro-gap electrode using a microbead spacer. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Pifferi V, Soliveri G, Panzarasa G, Cappelletti G, Meroni D, Falciola L. Photo-renewable electroanalytical sensor for neurotransmitters detection in body fluid mimics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:7339-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9539-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Oleinick A, Yan J, Mao B, Svir I, Amatore C. Theory of Microwell Arrays Performing as Generators-Collectors Based on a Single Bipolar Plane Electrode. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Oleinick
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie; Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Paris 6, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR; 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Jiawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and; Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 PR China
| | - Bingwei Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and; Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 PR China
| | - Irina Svir
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie; Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Paris 6, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR; 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Christian Amatore
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie; Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Paris 6, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR; 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
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Sliusarenko O, Oleinick A, Svir I, Amatore C. Development and Validation of an Analytical Model for Predicting Chronoamperometric Responses of Random Arrays of Micro- and Nanodisk Electrodes. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Validating the geometry of interdigitated band electrodes: A variable scan rate study. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Ma C, Zaino Iii LP, Bohn PW. Self-induced redox cycling coupled luminescence on nanopore recessed disk-multiscale bipolar electrodes. Chem Sci 2015; 6:3173-3179. [PMID: 28706689 PMCID: PMC5490416 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00433k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new configuration for coupling fluorescence microscopy and voltammetry using self-induced redox cycling for ultrasensitive electrochemical measurements. An array of nanopores, each supporting a recessed disk electrode separated by 100 nm in depth from a planar multiscale bipolar top electrode, was fabricated using multilayer deposition, nanosphere lithography, and reactive-ion etching. Self-induced redox cycling was induced on the disk electrode producing ∼30× current amplification, which was independently confirmed by measuring induced electrogenerated chemiluminescence from Ru(bpy)32/3+/tri-n-propylamine on the floating bipolar electrode. In this design, redox cycling occurs between the recessed disk and the top planar portion of a macroscopic thin film bipolar electrode in each nanopore. Electron transfer also occurs on a remote (mm-distance) portion of the planar bipolar electrode to maintain electroneutrality. This couples the electrochemical reactions of the target redox pair in the nanopore array with a reporter, such as a potential-switchable fluorescent indicator, in the cell at the distal end of the bipolar electrode. Oxidation or reduction of reversible analytes on the disk electrodes were accompanied by reduction or oxidation, respectively, on the nanopore portion of the bipolar electrode and then monitored by the accompanying oxidation of dihydroresorufin or reduction of resorufin at the remote end of the bipolar electrode, respectively. In both cases, changes in fluorescence intensity were triggered by the reaction of the target couple on the disk electrode, while recovery was largely governed by diffusion of the fluorescent indicator. Reduction of 1 nM of Ru(NH3)63+ on the nanoelectrode array was detected by monitoring the fluorescence intensity of resorufin, demonstrating high sensitivity fluorescence-mediated electrochemical sensing coupled to self-induced redox cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxiong Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA .
| | - Lawrence P Zaino Iii
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA .
| | - Paul W Bohn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA .
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA
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13
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Sliusarenko O, Oleinick A, Svir I, Amatore C. Validating a Central Approximation in Theories of Regular Electrode Electrochemical Arrays of Various Common Geometries. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Hu M, Fritsch I. Redox Cycling Behavior of Individual and Binary Mixtures of Catecholamines at Gold Microband Electrode Arrays. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2029-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5042022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjia Hu
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Ingrid Fritsch
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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15
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The fabrication of a Co (II) complex and multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified glass carbon electrode, and its application for the determination of dopamine. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Dickinson EJ, Ekström H, Fontes E. COMSOL Multiphysics®: Finite element software for electrochemical analysis. A mini-review. Electrochem commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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17
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Zhu F, Yan J, Pang S, Zhou Y, Mao B, Oleinick A, Svir I, Amatore C. Strategy for Increasing the Electrode Density of Microelectrode Arrays by Utilizing Bipolar Behavior of a Metallic Film. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3138-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ac404202p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Yongliang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingwei Mao
- State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Alexander Oleinick
- CNRS UMR 8640
“PASTEUR”, Departement de Chimie, Ecole Normale Superieure, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Irina Svir
- CNRS UMR 8640
“PASTEUR”, Departement de Chimie, Ecole Normale Superieure, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Christian Amatore
- CNRS UMR 8640
“PASTEUR”, Departement de Chimie, Ecole Normale Superieure, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
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18
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Hüske M, Stockmann R, Offenhäusser A, Wolfrum B. Redox cycling in nanoporous electrochemical devices. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:589-598. [PMID: 24247480 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03818a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale redox cycling is a powerful technique for detecting electrochemically active molecules, based on fast repetitive oxidation and reduction reactions. An ideal implementation of redox cycling sensors can be realized by nanoporous dual-electrode systems in easily accessible and scalable geometries. Here, we introduce a multi-electrode array device with highly efficient nanoporous redox cycling sensors. Each of the sensors holds up to 209,000 well defined nanopores with minimal pore radii of less than 40 nm and an electrode separation of ~100 nm. We demonstrate the efficiency of the nanopore array by screening a large concentration range over three orders of magnitude with area-specific sensitivities of up to 81.0 mA (cm(-2) mM(-1)) for the redox-active probe ferrocene dimethanol. Furthermore, due to the specific geometry of the material, reaction kinetics has a unique potential-dependent impact on the signal characteristics. As a result, redox cycling experiments in the nanoporous structure allow studies on heterogeneous electron transfer reactions revealing a surprisingly asymmetric transfer coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hüske
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
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Hüske M, Offenhäusser A, Wolfrum B. Nanoporous dual-electrodes with millimetre extensions: parallelized fabrication and area effects on redox cycling. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:11609-16. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01027b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel fabrication techniques lead to highly sensitive electrochemical sensors (left). The large-area characteristics of redox-cycling within the sensor's nanopores further cause potential-dependent variations of the overall analyte concentration (right).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hüske
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA—Fundamentals of Future Information Technology
- For-schungszentrum Jülich
- D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA—Fundamentals of Future Information Technology
- For-schungszentrum Jülich
- D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- IV. Institute of Physics
- RWTH Aachen University
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA—Fundamentals of Future Information Technology
- For-schungszentrum Jülich
- D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- IV. Institute of Physics
- RWTH Aachen University
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20
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Hasnat MA, Gross AJ, Dale SEC, Barnes EO, Compton RG, Marken F. A dual-plate ITO–ITO generator–collector microtrench sensor: surface activation, spatial separation and suppression of irreversible oxygen and ascorbate interference. Analyst 2014; 139:569-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01826a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Lewis GEM, Dale SEC, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Lubben AT, Barnes EO, Compton RG, Marken F. Cavity transport effects in generator–collector electrochemical analysis of nitrobenzene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:18966-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02943g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two types of generator–collector electrode systems, (i) a gold–gold interdigitated microband array and (ii) a gold–gold dual-plate microtrench, are compared for nitrobenzene electroanalysis in aerated aqueous 0.1 M NaOH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Edward O. Barnes
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford University
- Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Richard G. Compton
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford University
- Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Ma C, Contento NM, Gibson LR, Bohn PW. Recessed Ring–Disk Nanoelectrode Arrays Integrated in Nanofluidic Structures for Selective Electrochemical Detection. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9882-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402417w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxiong Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Nicholas M. Contento
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Larry R. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Paul W. Bohn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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