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Putra NE, Borg KGN, Diaz-Payno PJ, Leeflang MA, Klimopoulou M, Taheri P, Mol JMC, Fratila-Apachitei LE, Huan Z, Chang J, Zhou J, Zadpoor AA. Additive manufacturing of bioactive and biodegradable porous iron-akermanite composites for bone regeneration. Acta Biomater 2022; 148:355-373. [PMID: 35690326 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Advanced additive manufacturing techniques have been recently used to tackle the two fundamental challenges of biodegradable Fe-based bone-substituting materials, namely low rate of biodegradation and insufficient bioactivity. While additively manufactured porous iron has been somewhat successful in addressing the first challenge, the limited bioactivity of these biomaterials hinder their progress towards clinical application. Herein, we used extrusion-based 3D printing for additive manufacturing of iron-matrix composites containing silicate-based bioceramic particles (akermanite), thereby addressing both of the abovementioned challenges. We developed inks that carried iron and 5, 10, 15, or 20 vol% of akermanite powder mixtures for the 3D printing process and optimized the debinding and sintering steps to produce geometrically-ordered iron-akermanite composites with an open porosity of 69-71%. The composite scaffolds preserved the designed geometry and the original α-Fe and akermanite phases. The in vitro biodegradation rates of the composites were improved as much as 2.6 times the biodegradation rate of geometrically identical pure iron. The yield strengths and elastic moduli of the scaffolds remained within the range of the mechanical properties of the cancellous bone, even after 28 days of biodegradation. The composite scaffolds (10-20 vol% akermanite) demonstrated improved MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion and higher levels of cell proliferation. The cellular secretion of collagen type-1 and the alkaline phosphatase activity on the composite scaffolds (10-20 vol% akermanite) were, respectively higher than and comparable to Ti6Al4V in osteogenic medium. Taken together, these results clearly show the potential of 3D printed porous iron-akermanite composites for further development as promising bone substitutes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: : Porous iron matrix composites containing akermanite particles were produced by means of multi-material additive manufacturing to address the two fundamental challenges associated with biodegradable iron-based biomaterials, namely very low rate of biodegradation and insufficient bioactivity. Our porous iron-akermanite composites exhibited enhanced biodegradability and superior bioactivity compared to porous monolithic iron scaffolds. The murine bone cells proliferated on the composite scaffolds, and secreted the collagen type-1 matrix that stimulated bony-like mineralization. The results show the exceptional potential of the developed porous iron-based composite scaffolds for application as bone substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Putra
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - K G N Borg
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - P J Diaz-Payno
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, Netherlands
| | - M A Leeflang
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M Klimopoulou
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - P Taheri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - J M C Mol
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - L E Fratila-Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Z Huan
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - J Chang
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - A A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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Luo X, Song X, Lai C, Wang J, Cao Y. Sonochemical Synthesis of Vaterite-Type Calcium Carbonate Using Steamed Ammonia Liquid Waste without Additives. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:23846-23854. [PMID: 34568664 PMCID: PMC8459360 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, metastable spheroidal vaterite calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was prepared using a simple ultrasound technique. The fabricated material comprises an irregular nanoparticle aggregate when steamed ammonia liquid waste, that is, (CaCl2) and (NH4)2CO3, is used as the raw material at atmospheric temperature, without any surfactants. The effects of ultrasound amplitude, probe immersion depth, and solution volume on particle properties were investigated. The obtained samples were identified and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller technique. Our experiments show that the probe immersion depth and the reaction volume are the key parameters that impact the diameter size and size distribution of the fabricated spheroidal vaterite CaCO3 particles. The ultrasound amplitude considerably affected the particle size and the specific surface area. A possible formation mechanism for pure vaterite is proposed herein, which suggests that simple vaterite CaCO3 is formed owing to the special properties of steamed ammonia liquid waste and the synergistic effects of the ultrasonic system. This study may provide a new method for vaterite CaCO3 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianping Luo
- Jiangxi
Key Laboratory of Mining & Metallurgy Environmental Pollution
Control, Jiangxi University of Science and
Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- College
of Material Science and Engineering, Xi’an
University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
- Western
Mining Group Technology Development Co. Ltd., Western Mining Group Co., Ltd., Xining 810001, China
| | - Xuewen Song
- Jiangxi
Key Laboratory of Mining & Metallurgy Environmental Pollution
Control, Jiangxi University of Science and
Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- College
of Material Science and Engineering, Xi’an
University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
| | - Chunhua Lai
- Western
Mining Group Technology Development Co. Ltd., Western Mining Group Co., Ltd., Xining 810001, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Western
Mining Group Technology Development Co. Ltd., Western Mining Group Co., Ltd., Xining 810001, China
| | - Yuwei Cao
- Western
Mining Group Technology Development Co. Ltd., Western Mining Group Co., Ltd., Xining 810001, China
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