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Giordano F, Lipscomb S, Jefferies P, Kwon KA, Giammarchi M. Resilience processes among Ukrainian youth preparing to build resilience with peers during the Ukraine-Russia war. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1331886. [PMID: 38445056 PMCID: PMC10913279 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1331886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The war in Ukraine significantly impacts the mental health and well-being of its youth. Like other communities affected by war, Ukraine's youth are at risk of developing psychopathological symptoms, and there is a shortage of mental health and psychosocial support services to address this. Resilience-building initiatives present an alternative approach to supporting the well-being of young people by promoting protective processes to enhance the likelihood of positive development in the context of adversity. Emerging research findings suggest that young people themselves can serve as powerful facilitators of such initiatives with one another. Yet, evidence about culturally and contextually relevant protective processes is needed to guide such interventions, especially among young people experiencing the war and working to boost resilience within their communities. In this study, we identified key protective processes Ukrainian youth depend on as they adapt to the conflict while also preparing to implement a resilience-building intervention as a facilitator. Through thematic analysis of transcripts of three training sessions with Ukrainian youth (n = 15, 100% female; aged 18-22), we identified the following themes: positive thinking, sense of control, emotion awareness and regulation, close personal relationships, and community support. Findings also highlighted the cultural and contextual nuance of these protective processes, as well as individual differences in the ways they co-occurred and manifested within each youth. Results have implications for developing tailored yet flexible resilience-building interventions that can be delivered by lay people, including youth with their peers, in Ukraine and other cultures and contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Giordano
- Resilience Research Unit, C.R.I.d.e.e., Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Shannon Lipscomb
- Human Development and Family Sciences, College of Health, Oregon State University—Cascades, Bend, OR, United States
| | - Philip Jefferies
- Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Kyong-Ah Kwon
- Instructional Leadership and Academic Curriculum, Jeannine Rainbolt College of Education, University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Marianna Giammarchi
- Resilience Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
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Wen A, Rao U, Kinney KL, Yoon KL, Morris M. Diversity in emotion regulation strategy use: Resilience against posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav Res Ther 2024; 172:104441. [PMID: 38091721 PMCID: PMC11292606 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with impaired emotion regulation (ER). ER diversity, the variety, prevalence, and relative abundance of ER strategy use, may provide resilience against PTSD. This study examined the prospective relation between ER diversity and PTSD, while accounting for negative and positive life events, in interpersonal violence (IPV) survivors. IPV-exposed women with PTSD onset (PTSD; n = 22), without PTSD onset (IPV; n = 37), and non-traumatized control participants (NTC; n = 41) rated their ER strategy use and experience of negative and positive life events. The ER diversity index differentiated the participant groups. Importantly, group differences in ER diversity depended on the experience of life events. When experiencing fewer positive life events and more negative life events, the IPV and NTC groups, but not the PTSD group, demonstrated higher ER diversity. Thus, greater ER diversity during periods with more negative life events and fewer positive life events may play a protective role against PTSD onset for IPV survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alainna Wen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, 390 Corbett Family Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Uma Rao
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, 5251 California Avenue, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA; Children's Hospital of Orange County, 1201 West La Veta Ave, Orange, CA, 92868, USA.
| | - Kerry L Kinney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA; Department of Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA.
| | - K Lira Yoon
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA.
| | - Matthew Morris
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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Yuan T, Li X, Liu H, Guo LL, Li JL, Xu G, Li X, Sun L, Wang C, Yang L, Zhang D, Hua Y, Lei Y, Zhang L. Community trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder in Chinese children and adolescents. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1151631. [PMID: 37867778 PMCID: PMC10587585 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1151631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An increasing number of studies have shown the association between traumatic events occurring in childhood and adolescence and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A gap remains in the literature on the epidemiology and influencing factors of traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder in communities in northern China. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of traumatic events and PTSD in communities in northern China, to explore the types of stressful traumatic events and the impact of these traumatic events on children and adolescents, and to investigate the effect of sociodemographic factors on PTSD. Methods A cross-sectional survey study was conducted among 6,027 students (7-17 years old) from 6 cities in Liaoning Province, China. The sample consisted of 2,853 males (47.34%) and 3,174 females (52.66%). The Essen Trauma-Inventory for Children and Adolescents (ETI-CA) Scale was used. The ETI-CA has 5 sections, which include type of traumatic events, worst traumatic event, post-traumatic symptoms, onset, duration, burden of PTSD, and present difficulties in different areas of life. PTSD symptoms were assessed with 23 items in Part 3 of the ETI-CA. Results We found that 2,068 (34.3%) of 6,027 participants experienced trauma events and 686 (33.2%) of 2,068 reported PTSD. Among trauma-exposed youth (2,068), the sudden death of close relatives (33.9%), serious accidents (20.9%), and parental divorce (15.5%) were reported as the worst traumatic events. Studies have shown that after exposure to stressful life events, more than 30% of people feel nervous or upset (39.8%), scared (33.4%), helpless (32.6%), and about 10% have headaches (15.5%), rapid heartbeat (13.3%), and dizziness (11.8%). Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that students in middle school [OR = 1.29 (1.016, 1.637)], not a student leader [OR = 0.738 (0.618, 0.881)], and their parents in single marital status significantly predicted higher PTSD prevalence the remarried [OR = 0.474 (0.252, 0.893)], married [OR = 0.42 (0.227, 0.778)]. Conclusion The present study suggests the government to train psychological counselors in schools and communities to provide emotional and psychological support, as well as the school leaders and parents to elevate adolescents' psychological suzhi. Particularly, counseling and professional support should be given to those students whose parents are single.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Gerontology, Yijishan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Student Health Center, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Lei-lei Guo
- Department of Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Jin-long Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry in Hebei Province, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Guang Xu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Congzhi Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Hua
- Rehabilitation Nursing, School of Nursing, Wanna Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yunxiao Lei
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
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Osgood JM, Yates HK, Holzinger JB, Quartana PJ. Cognitive reappraisal moderates the effect of combat or other exposures on negative behavioral health symptoms. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37643329 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2023.2250709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the individual differences that can buffer the impact of combat and other adverse exposures on deleterious behavioral health outcomes could lead to more targeted prevention and intervention efforts. Cognitive reappraisal, an antecedent-focused emotion regulation strategy, is linked to positive health outcomes such as lower levels of post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression. This study examined the moderating effect of individual differences in cognitive reappraisal use on the association between combat exposure and behavioral health outcomes in active-duty U.S. Soldiers (N = 2,290). This study utilized survey data collected approximately 18 months following a combat deployment to Afghanistan in 2014. Results showed that individual differences in cognitive reappraisal use significantly moderated the effect of combat exposure on anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms but not depressive symptoms. Specifically, increasing combat exposures predicted a steeper increase in negative behavioral health symptoms for Soldiers reporting lesser (versus greater) cognitive reappraisal use. These findings highlight a role for cognitive reappraisal as a targetable factor that can mitigate the behavioral health consequences of exposure to combat stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Osgood
- US Army Medical Research Directorate West, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Joint Base Lewis McChord, WA, USA
| | - Hunter K Yates
- Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jayne B Holzinger
- Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Phillip J Quartana
- Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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5
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Cochran G, Cohen ZP, Paulus MP, Tsuchiyagaito A, Kirlic N. Sustained increase in depression and anxiety among psychiatrically healthy adolescents during late stage COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1137842. [PMID: 37009105 PMCID: PMC10063786 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1137842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adolescents have experienced increases in anxiety, depression, and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic and may be at particular risk for suffering from long-term mental health consequences because of their unique developmental stage. This study aimed to determine if initial increases in depression and anxiety in a small sample of healthy adolescents after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic were sustained at follow-up during a later stage of the pandemic. Methods Fifteen healthy adolescents completed self-report measures at three timepoints (pre-pandemic [T1], early pandemic [T2], and later pandemic [T3]). The sustained effect of COVID-19 on depression and anxiety was examined using linear mixed-effect analyses. An exploratory analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between difficulties in emotion regulation during COVID-19 at T2 and increases in depression and anxiety at T3. Results The severity of depression and anxiety was significantly increased at T2 and sustained at T3 (depression: Hedges' g [T1 to T2] = 1.04, g [T1 to T3] = 0.95; anxiety: g [T1 to T2] = 0.79, g [T1 to T3] = 0.80). This was accompanied by sustained reductions in positive affect, peer trust, and peer communication. Greater levels of difficulties in emotion regulation at T2 were related to greater symptoms of depression and anxiety at T3 (rho = 0.71 to 0.80). Conclusion Increased symptoms of depression and anxiety were sustained at the later stage of the pandemic in healthy adolescents. Replication of these findings with a larger sample size would be required to draw firm conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabe Cochran
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Zsofia P. Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | | | - Aki Tsuchiyagaito
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
- Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, United States
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Namik Kirlic
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
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Brown RL, Innes PA, Carter JD, Wood A, Love S, Kannis-Dymand L. Beliefs About Traumatic Memories, Thought Control Strategies, and the Impact on PTSD Symptoms After a Natural Disaster. J Nerv Ment Dis 2023; 211:182-189. [PMID: 36095259 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the relationships among self-reported meta-memory beliefs, thought control strategies ( i.e. , distraction, reappraisal, worry, social control, and punishment), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomology, among a sample of earthquake survivors ( N = 412). Correlational analysis and structural equation modeling were used on the responses and showed that stronger positive and negative meta-memory beliefs, and greater worry and punishment, were associated with greater PTSD symptom severity. The results also indicated that meta-memory beliefs had a prominent indirect influence toward PTSD symptomology via their effects toward thought control strategies. Follow-up analysis of variance indicated that those with a history of mental health difficulties reported higher levels of PTSD symptom severity, were more likely to score in the range of clinically relevant PTSD, and had a stronger tendency to negatively appraise unwanted thinking styles. The results of this research provide overall support for the validity of the metacognitive model for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janet D Carter
- Department of Psychology, Speech, and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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7
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Pike AC, Alves Anet Á, Peleg N, Robinson OJ. Catastrophizing and Risk-Taking. COMPUTATIONAL PSYCHIATRY (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2023; 7:1-13. [PMID: 38774641 PMCID: PMC11104403 DOI: 10.5334/cpsy.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Catastrophizing, when an individual overestimates the probability of a severe negative outcome, is related to various aspects of mental ill-health. Here, we further characterize catastrophizing by investigating the extent to which self-reported catastrophizing is associated with risk-taking, using an online behavioural task and computational modelling. Methods We performed two online studies: a pilot study (n = 69) and a main study (n = 263). In the pilot study, participants performed the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), alongside two other tasks (reported in the Supplement), and completed mental health questionnaires. Based on the findings from the pilot, we explored risk-taking in more detail in the main study using two versions of the Balloon Analogue Risk task (BART), with either a high or low cost for bursting the balloon. Results In the main study, there was a significant negative relationship between self-report catastrophizing scores and risk-taking in the low (but not high) cost version of the BART. Computational modelling of the BART task revealed no relationship between any parameter and Catastrophizing scores in either version of the task. Conclusions We show that increased self-reported catastrophizing may be associated with reduced behavioural measures of risk-taking, but were unable to identify a computational correlate of this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. Pike
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, GB
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, YO10 5DD, GB
- Anxiety Lab, Neuroscience and Mental Health Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, GB
| | - Ágatha Alves Anet
- Anxiety Lab, Neuroscience and Mental Health Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, GB
| | - Nina Peleg
- Anxiety Lab, Neuroscience and Mental Health Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, GB
| | - Oliver J. Robinson
- Anxiety Lab, Neuroscience and Mental Health Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, GB
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Rosenfeld EA, Lyman C, Roberts JE. Development of an mHealth App-Based Intervention for Depressive Rumination (RuminAid): Mixed Methods Focus Group Evaluation. JMIR Form Res 2022; 6:e40045. [PMID: 36512400 PMCID: PMC9795400 DOI: 10.2196/40045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a common mental health condition that poses a significant public health burden. Effective treatments for depression exist; however, access to evidence-based care remains limited. Mobile health (mHealth) apps offer an avenue for improving access. However, few mHealth apps are informed by evidence-based treatments and even fewer are empirically evaluated before dissemination. To address this gap, we developed RuminAid, an mHealth app that uses evidence-based treatment components to reduce depression by targeting a single key depressogenic process-rumination. OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study was to collect qualitative and quantitative feedback that could be used to improve the design of RuminAid before the software development phase. METHODS We reviewed empirically supported interventions for depression and rumination and used the key aspects of each to create a storyboard version of RuminAid. We distributed an audio-guided presentation of the RuminAid storyboard to 22 individuals for viewing and solicited user feedback on app content, design, and perceived functionality across 7 focus group sessions. RESULTS The consumer-rated quality of the storyboard version of RuminAid was in the acceptable to good range. Indeed, most participants reported that they thought RuminAid would be an engaging, functional, and informational app. Likewise, they endorsed overwhelming positive beliefs about the perceived impact of RuminAid; specifically, 96% (21/22) believed that RuminAid will help depressed ruminators with depression and rumination. Nevertheless, the results highlighted the need for improved app aesthetics (eg, a more appealing color scheme and modern design). CONCLUSIONS Focus group members reported that the quality of information was quite good and had the potential to help adults who struggle with depression and rumination but expressed concern that poor aesthetics would interfere with users' desire to continue using the app. To address these comments, we hired a graphic designer and redesigned each screen to improve visual appeal. We also removed time gating from the app based on participant feedback and findings from related research. These changes helped elevate RuminAid and informed its initial software build for a pilot trial that focused on evaluating its feasibility and acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve A Rosenfeld
- Dissemination and Training Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Menlo Park, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Cassondra Lyman
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - John E Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Hen M, Shenaar-Golan V, Yatzker U. Children and Adolescents' Mental Health Following COVID-19: The Possible Role of Difficulty in Emotional Regulation. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:865435. [PMID: 35795032 PMCID: PMC9250998 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.865435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has shattered routines throughout the world, creating closures and social isolation. Preliminary studies conducted during the pandemic have shown that children and adolescents are mainly affected by social distancing and the lack of a supportive framework. The purpose of the present study was to compare mental health symptoms of 430 children and adolescents who sought mental health services in the community before vs. during the pandemic. The study examined children's perceived burden of the pandemic, reports of emotional and behavioral problems (SDQ) anxiety (SCARED), depressed moods (SMFQ-C), and difficulty in emotional regulation (DERS), as well as intervening variables such as age and gender. Furthermore, the effect of difficulty in emotional regulation on children's mental health symptoms was explored. Findings indicate an increase in all mental health symptoms excluding anxiety, during the pandemic. Boys reported more difficulty in emotional regulation during the pandemic than before, and girls reported more emotional and behavioral problems. Children reported an increase in emotional and behavioral problems and adolescents in peer relationship problems. Difficulty in emotional regulation predicted all mental health symptoms in both samples, more so in girls and adolescents. These initial findings support the need for further studies to examine the long-term mental health effects of COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirav Hen
- Psychology Department, Tel-Hai Academic College, Tel Hai, Israel
- Social Work Department, Tel-Hai Academic College, Tel Hai, Israel
| | - Vered Shenaar-Golan
- Psychology Department, Tel-Hai Academic College, Tel Hai, Israel
- Social Work Department, Tel-Hai Academic College, Tel Hai, Israel
| | - Uri Yatzker
- Psychology Department, Tel-Hai Academic College, Tel Hai, Israel
- Social Work Department, Tel-Hai Academic College, Tel Hai, Israel
- Ziv Medical Center, Safed, Israel
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Psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire - kids version (CERQ-kids) among a sample of children and adolescents exposed to wildfires. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Fitzgerald JM, Timmer-Murillo S, Sheeran C, Begg H, Christoph M, deRoon-Cassini TA, Larson CL. Psychophysiological predictors of change in emotion dysregulation 6 months after traumatic injury. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 173:29-37. [PMID: 35007667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Emotion dysregulation that occurs after trauma conveys risk for multiple disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety. Psychophysiological data (e.g., skin conductance level [SCL]) may be a useful biomarker for quantifying emotion dysregulation given that autonomic nervous system (ANS)-mediated arousal may underlie this feature. In this longitudinal study, we tested whether SCL collected following a single-incident traumatic injury could predict changes in emotion dysregulation over 6 months. Sixty-six adults were recruited from the emergency department; SCL was quantified during an active trauma narrative, in which participants re-told their traumatic event to a research staff member, as well as a neutral narrative for a control condition. Change in SCL (ΔSCL) was calculated using a maximum activation - minimum activation difference score. Multilevel linear modeling was used to test ΔSCL as a predictor of emotion dysregulation using the Emotion Dysregulation Scale (EDS) over time (3 timepoints over 6 months). Results showed that greater ΔSCL - indicative of increasing arousal- during both the trauma (p = 0.037) and neutral (p = 0.013) narratives was a significant predictor of greater emotion dysregulation at each subsequent timepoint. Further, we found a ΔSCL by time interaction, such that less ΔSCL during the neutral narrative predicted decreased emotion dysregulation over time (b = -1.26, SE = 0.43, t = -2.91, p = 0.004). Results validate the use of lab-based assessments of arousal to study emotion dysregulation in trauma survivors. That recovery from emotion dysregulation was predicted by less arousal during a neutral event underscores the importance of clinically targeting response to safety in trauma survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sydney Timmer-Murillo
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma & Acute Care Surgery, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Claire Sheeran
- Marquette University, Department of Psychology, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Hailey Begg
- Marquette University, Department of Psychology, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Morgan Christoph
- Marquette University, Department of Psychology, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Terri A deRoon-Cassini
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma & Acute Care Surgery, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Christine L Larson
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Psychology, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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12
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Xu W, Feng C, Tang W, Yang Y. Rumination, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, and Posttraumatic Growth Among Wenchuan Earthquake Adult Survivors: A Developmental Perspective. Front Public Health 2022; 9:764127. [PMID: 35059376 PMCID: PMC8764254 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.764127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the long-term effects of the Wenchuan earthquake among adult survivors. Specifically, it explored the role of perceived social support (PSS) in the relationship between rumination and posttraumatic growth (PTG) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Data were collected from March to July 2020 using a youth survivor sample (n = 476) of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Participants were divided into three groups depending on their age when the quake occurred: 6-11 years (n = 227), 12-15 years (n = 83), 16-19 years (n = 166). The results indicated that long-term PTG and PTSD symptom levels varied by age group. Both intrusive and deliberate ruminations had a significant effect on PTG as well as PTSD symptoms. PSS played a mediating role between rumination and PTG, and the mediation mechanisms varied by age group (developmental stages). Moderated analyses revealed that PSS from significant others significantly buffered the indirect effect of rumination on PTSD symptoms. Our findings demonstrated the universal nature of traumatic events encountered during childhood and adolescence development and underscore the importance of examining the developmental context of PTG in investigations on traumatic experiences and their consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Xu
- Department of Sociology and Psychology, School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Psychology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Wanjie Tang
- Center for Educational and Health Psychology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifan Yang
- School of Public Administration, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
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13
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Avishai-Cohen H, Zerach G. Exposure to Potentially Traumatic Events, Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, Pain Catastrophizing, and Functional Somatic Symptoms Among Individuals With Varied Somatic Symptoms: A Moderated Mediation Model. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP76-NP103. [PMID: 32326819 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520912587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The relationships between exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTEs), as well as posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and somatic syndromes, have recently been exemplified. Exposure to PTEs can also set in motion complex psychological processes such as pain catastrophizing that is associated with PTSS and somatic syndromes. However, the specific moderating role of pain catastrophizing in these links remains relatively unexamined. The present study aims to assess a moderated mediation model in which catastrophizing will moderate the indirect effect of exposure to PTEs on the number of somatic symptoms and chronic pain severity via PTSS, among individuals with somatic syndromes. A volunteers' sample of 175 Israeli adults with varied somatic symptoms responded to online validated self-report questionnaires in a cross-sectional designed study. Participants' self-reported PTSS rates (57.1%) were high. PTSS and pain catastrophizing, but not exposure to PTEs, were related to chronic pain severity. Interestingly, a moderated mediation analysis indicated that the indirect effect of catastrophizing in the relation between exposure to PTEs and the number of somatic symptoms via PTSS existed only among those with high levels of catastrophizing. The present study highlights the assumption that functional somatic syndromes (FSS) have much in common. Our findings support a moderated mediation model that begins with exposure to PTEs that leads to PTSS, which in turn increase the number of somatic symptoms. Higher levels of pain catastrophizing might attenuate this indirect link by affecting the interpretation of PTSS and create a vulnerability to more somatic symptoms. Thus, changes in cognitive-sensory processing in the form of catastrophic thinking can affect psychobiological processes and heighten sensitivity to stimuli arising in the body and should be considered as possible target for future research and psychological interventions.
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Askenazy F, Fernandez A, Altan L, Battista M, Dückers M, Gindt M, Nachon O, Ivankovic A, Porcar-Becker I, Prieto N, Robert P, Stene LE, Thummler S, Manera V. Remote training as a common tool for the different professionals involved in the acute phase after terror attacks across Europe: Perspectives from an expert panel. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:915929. [PMID: 36081462 PMCID: PMC9445156 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.915929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute response after a terror attack may have a crucial impact on the physical and psychological wellbeing of the victims. Preparedness of the professionals involved in the acute response is a key element to ensure effective interventions, and can be improved through trainings. Today in Europe there is a recognized lack of inter-professional and international trainings, which are important, among others, to respond to the needs and the rights of victims affected by a terrorist attack in another country than their home country. In this paper we report the perspectives of an expert panel composed by different categories of professionals on the possible role of interprofessional trainings provided remotely. The experts discussed the pertinence of remote trainings for professionals involved in the acute response of a terror attack, and highlighted their Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT analysis). We concluded that, while remote trainings cannot replace in-person trainings, they may be useful to share knowledge about the role and the organization of the different categories of professionals, thus potentially improving response coordination, and to easily share good practices across professionals and countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Askenazy
- Cognition Behaviour Technology (CoBTeK) Lab, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,University Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children's Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
| | - Arnaud Fernandez
- Cognition Behaviour Technology (CoBTeK) Lab, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,University Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children's Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
| | | | - Michèle Battista
- University Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children's Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
| | - Michel Dückers
- ARQ Centre of Expertise for the Impact of Disasters and Crises, Diemen, Netherlands.,Nivel-Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Morgane Gindt
- Cognition Behaviour Technology (CoBTeK) Lab, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,University Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children's Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
| | - Ophélie Nachon
- Cognition Behaviour Technology (CoBTeK) Lab, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,University Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children's Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
| | | | - Ingeborg Porcar-Becker
- Unit for Trauma, Crisis and Conflicts at the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Nathalie Prieto
- Cellule d'Urgence Médico-Psychologique, Centre Régional du Psychotraumatisme, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Robert
- Cognition Behaviour Technology (CoBTeK) Lab, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Association Innovation Alzheimer, Nice, France
| | - Lise Eilin Stene
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies (NKVTS), Oslo, Norway
| | - Susanne Thummler
- Cognition Behaviour Technology (CoBTeK) Lab, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,University Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children's Hospitals of Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
| | - Valeria Manera
- Cognition Behaviour Technology (CoBTeK) Lab, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Association Innovation Alzheimer, Nice, France
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Bounoua N, Goodling S, Sadeh N. Cross-Lagged Analysis of COVID-19-Related Worry and Media Consumption in a Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Sample of Community Adults. Front Psychol 2021; 12:728629. [PMID: 34955958 PMCID: PMC8692940 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.728629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in an array of mental health problems. Previous research has shown that media exposure to stressful situations is often related to anxiety and stress. However, given that most existing work has used cross-sectional designs, less is known about the interplay of media exposure and worry as they unfold during sustained exposure to a collective stressor. The current study examined bidirectional associations between COVID-related worry and media consumption over a three-month period. Participants were 87 community adults, the majority of whom were recruited from communities heavily impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. For three consecutive months, participants asked to indicate how much time they spent worrying and consuming news about the COVID-19 pandemic on a scale from 1 ("never") to 5 ("most of the day"). Cross-lagged analyses revealed that Pandemic Worry at Month 1 predicted increases in Pandemic Media Consumption at Month 2, which in turn predicted increases in Pandemic Worry at Month 3. Findings suggest that media consumption may be a maladaptive coping strategy that has the iatrogenic effect of increasing worry. Clarifying the causal associations between anxiety-perpetuating processes and media consumption may have important clinical implications for understanding and treating mental health during health pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bounoua
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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16
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Mason CK, Mullins-Sweatt SN. Catastrophizing, negative affectivity, and borderline personality disorder. Personal Ment Health 2021; 15:283-292. [PMID: 34125479 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The core features of borderline personality disorder (BPD) include problematic interpersonal relationships, behavioral and affective dysregulation, identity problems, and cognitive dysregulation. Cognitive dysregulation, such as catastrophizing, rumination, and thought suppression, contributes to emotion dysregulation in BPD. Previous research suggested that thought suppression fully mediated the relationship between negative affect intensity/reactivity and BPD symptoms. We predicted that catastrophizing similarly will serve as a mediator between negative affect intensity/reactivity and BPD symptoms. Two samples completed the study. First, students (N = 191) self-selected to participate in an online study through the university psychology research recruitment system. Additionally, a second sample using Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk; N = 172) was utilized. Catastrophizing partially mediated the relationship between negative affect intensity/reactivity and BPD symptoms. Across these samples, results suggest that catastrophizing may have a significant role in understanding BPD symptoms, which is similar with rumination. Limitations and future directions are also discussed.
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17
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Guzey M, Funk J, Kustermann J, Ehring T. The effect of concreteness training on peri-traumatic processing and intrusive memories following an analogue trauma. Behav Res Ther 2021; 147:103970. [PMID: 34592609 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2021.103970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
High levels of rumination are a risk factor for developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Theoretical models of rumination as well as earlier empirical findings suggest that the dysfunctional effects of rumination are due to an abstract processing style, and that a more concrete style of thinking has beneficial effects on mental well-being. The present study therefore examined whether concreteness training prior to watching a trauma film prevents analogue PTSD symptoms in the form of intrusive memories. Healthy participants either received concreteness training or were allocated to a no-intervention control condition, and watched a distressing film three days later. We examined differences in intrusive memories related to the film scenes between conditions, and tested whether concreteness training reduces the link between trait rumination and analogue PTSD symptoms. Furthermore, the interacting effect of concreteness training and trait rumination on peri-traumatic processing was investigated. In line with the hypotheses, concreteness training was associated with less frequent intrusive memories and moderated the association between trait rumination and intrusive memories as well as trait rumination and dissociation during the film. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that processing style contributes to the negative impact of rumination on posttraumatic stress symptoms. In addition, they provide preliminary evidence that concreteness training may be a promising intervention for the prevention of PTSD following trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Guzey
- Ankara University, Department of Psychology, Turkey.
| | - Julia Funk
- LMU Munich, Department of Psychology, Germany.
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18
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Breaux R, Dvorsky MR, Marsh NP, Green CD, Cash AR, Shroff DM, Buchen N, Langberg JM, Becker SP. Prospective impact of COVID-19 on mental health functioning in adolescents with and without ADHD: protective role of emotion regulation abilities. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 62:1132-1139. [PMID: 33543486 PMCID: PMC8014657 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of chronic stressors like the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to be magnified in adolescents with pre-existing mental health risk, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study examined changes in and predictors of adolescent mental health from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Southeastern and Midwestern United States. METHODS Participants include 238 adolescents (132 males; ages 15-17; 118 with ADHD). Parents and adolescents provided ratings of mental health symptoms shortly before the COVID-19 pandemic and in spring and summer 2020. RESULTS Adolescents on average experienced an increase in depression, anxiety, sluggish cognitive tempo, inattentive, and oppositional/defiant symptoms from pre-COVID-19 to spring 2020; however, with the exception of inattention, these symptoms decreased from spring to summer 2020. Adolescents with ADHD were more likely than adolescents without ADHD to experience an increase in inattentive, hyperactive/impulsive, and oppositional/defiant symptoms. Adolescents with poorer pre-COVID-19 emotion regulation abilities were at-risk for experiencing increases in all mental health symptoms relative to adolescents with better pre-COVID-19 emotion regulation abilities. Interactive risk based on ADHD status and pre-COVID-19 emotion regulation abilities was found for inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, such that adolescents with ADHD and poor pre-COVID-19 emotion regulation displayed the highest symptomatology across timepoints. Lower family income related to increases in inattention but higher family income related to increases in oppositional/defiant symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The early observed increases in adolescent mental health symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic do not on average appear to be sustained following the lift of stay-at-home orders, though studies evaluating mental health across longer periods of time are needed. Emotion dysregulation and ADHD increase risk for sustained negative mental health functioning and highlight the need for interventions for these populations during chronic stressors. Results and clinical implications should be considered within the context of our predominately White, middle class sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Breaux
- Department of PsychologyVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVAUSA
| | | | - Nicholas P. Marsh
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical PsychologyCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Cathrin D. Green
- Department of PsychologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | - Annah R. Cash
- Department of PsychologyVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVAUSA
| | - Delshad M. Shroff
- Department of PsychologyVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVAUSA
| | - Natalie Buchen
- Department of PsychologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | | | - Stephen P. Becker
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical PsychologyCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOHUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOHUSA
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19
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Brown RL, Wood A, Carter JD, Kannis-Dymand L. The metacognitive model of post-traumatic stress disorder and metacognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Psychother 2021; 29:131-146. [PMID: 34155731 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The metacognitive model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) implicates metacognitive beliefs, meta-memory beliefs and metacognitive control strategies in perpetuating and maintaining symptoms of PTSD. Despite this expanding area of research, the evidence for the metacognitive model of PTSD has not been reviewed. A systematic review according to the PRISMA statement was conducted. Searches across MEDLINE, PubMed and PsycNET, as well as reference lists of the included studies (2004 to March 2020), yielded 221 records. Two independent reviewers screened articles, which were included where the impact of the constructs of interest on PTSD symptoms was investigated within the framework of the metacognitive model for PTSD. Eighteen articles were included in the review. Eleven studies were determined to have good methodological robustness. Metacognitive therapy for PTSD demonstrated reductions in symptoms from pretreatment to post-treatment, which were maintained at follow-up. Predictors of greater PTSD symptom severity included metacognitive beliefs, meta-memory beliefs, and worry, punishment, thought suppression, experiential avoidance, and rumination. Overall, support was found for the validity of the metacognitive model of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee L Brown
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Wood
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Janet D Carter
- Department of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Lee Kannis-Dymand
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Mennies RJ, Stewart LC, Olino TM. The relationship between executive functioning and repetitive negative thinking in youth: A systematic review of the literature. Clin Psychol Rev 2021; 88:102050. [PMID: 34144296 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) and executive functioning (EF) deficits are each characteristic of many forms of youth psychopathology. Extensive work has examined the relationship between rumination, a form of RNT, and EF in adults. However, less is known about the relationship between RNT more broadly and EF in youth, for whom these constructs are developing and emerging. Here, we systematically and qualitatively reviewed 27 studies on the associations between EF (e.g., shifting, inhibition, working memory) and RNT (e.g., rumination, worry, obsessions) in youth. All forms of RNT were more commonly positively associated with questionnaire-reported EF problems in daily life, most frequently in the domain of shifting. Task-based assessments of EF were less consistently associated with RNT in youth, with no strong pattern of presence vs. absence of associations. Further, limited longitudinal work has been conducted on this topic to date. This review integrates initial work with regard to RNT and EF deficits in a still-developing population, and discusses clear future need for longitudinal, multi-method assessments of the relationship between RNT and EF subtypes in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas M Olino
- Temple University, Department of Psychology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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21
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Boucher EM, Ward HE, Stafford JL, Parks AC. Effects of a Digital Mental Health Program on Perceived Stress in Adolescents Aged 13-17 Years: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e25545. [PMID: 33871377 PMCID: PMC8094018 DOI: 10.2196/25545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stress is an important transdiagnostic risk factor in adolescence and predicts a host of physical and psychological problems in adolescence and adulthood. Adolescence is also a developmental stage in which people may be more sensitive or reactive to stress. Indeed, research has shown that adolescents report high levels of stress, particularly when enrolled in school. However, adolescents report engaging in few, if any, stress management techniques. Consequently, the development of effective programs to help address adolescent stress is particularly important. To date, most stress management programs for adolescents are delivered within schools, and the evidence for such programs is mixed. Furthermore, most of these programs rely on traditional stress management techniques rather than incorporating methods to address the underlying negative cognitive processes, such as rumination, that may contribute to or exacerbate the effects of perceived stress. Objective The aim of this study is to test the short-term effects of a digital mental health program designed for adolescents aged 13-17 years on perceived stress and rumination. Methods This is a randomized controlled trial in which adolescents between the ages of 13 and 17 years, with elevated levels of perceived stress and brooding, will be randomly assigned to complete 8 weeks of a digital mental health program (Happify for Teens) or to a corresponding wait-list control group. The study will take place over 3 months, including the 8-week intervention period and 1-month postintervention follow-up. The primary outcome, perceived stress, along with secondary and exploratory outcomes (ie, brooding, optimism, sleep disturbance, and loneliness) will be assessed via self-report at baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks to compare changes in these outcomes across conditions. Results Recruitment is expected to begin in the second quarter of 2021, with a target sample size of 800 participants (400 per condition). Participants will begin the study as they are recruited and will finish in waves, with the first wave of data expected 8 weeks after recruitment begins and the final wave of data expected by the end of the third quarter of 2021. Conclusions Although school-based stress management programs for adolescents are common, research suggests that they may be limited in their reach and more effective for school-based stress than other types of stress. This trial will be one of the first attempts to examine the potential benefits of a digital mental health program on adolescents to address stress along with negative cognitive processes such as rumination. If successful, this would help introduce a more scalable alternative to school-based programs that offers adolescents greater privacy while also providing insight into novel ways to target adolescent mental health more generally. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04567888; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04567888 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/25545
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22
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Sadeh Y, Dekel R, Brezner A, Landa J, Silberg T. Child and Family Factors Associated With Posttraumatic Stress Responses Following a Traumatic Medical Event: The Role of Medical Team Support. J Pediatr Psychol 2021; 45:1063-1073. [PMID: 32968802 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined the contribution of pretrauma psychosocial factors (child emotional functioning, family resources, family functioning, and social support) and environmental factors (mother's posttraumatic stress symptoms [PTSSs], medical team support [MTS]) to PTSSs of injured or seriously ill children within a pediatric rehabilitation setting. It was hypothesized that psychosocial variables would be strongly associated with child's PTSS; that mother's PTSS and MTS would mediate the association between psychosocial factors and child's PTSS; that mother's report on child's PTSS would mediate the association between mother's PTSS and child's PTSS. METHODS Participants were 196 children hospitalized following an injury/illness and assessed M = 47.7 days postevent. Children completed measures of PTSS, mothers completed measures of their own PTSS, child's PTSS, and pretrauma psychosocial factors. Family's therapist completed a MTS measure. Structural equation modeling was employed to evaluate the study hypotheses. RESULTS Pretrauma family structure and resources were associated with child's self-reported PTSS; each pretrauma variable and mother's report of child's PTSS was significantly associated. Although mother's PTSS was not directly associated with child's PTSS, this relationship was mediated by mother's report of child's PTSS. MTS mediated the relationship between pretrauma social support and mother's PTSS. CONCLUSION This study further explicates the utility of a biopsychosocial framework in predicting childhood PTSS. Findings confirm the role of pretrauma factors and environmental factors at the peritrauma period in the development of PTSS following a pediatric injury/illness. Mother's PTSS and MTS may be appropriate targets for prevention and early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaara Sadeh
- The Louis and Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar-Ilan University.,Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center
| | - Rachel Dekel
- The Louis and Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar-Ilan University
| | - Amichai Brezner
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center
| | - Jana Landa
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University
| | - Tamar Silberg
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center.,Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital.,Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University
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23
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Pfefferbaum B, Nitiéma P, Newman E. The association of mass trauma media contact with depression and anxiety: A meta-analytic review. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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24
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Forbes CN, Tull MT, Rapport D, Xie H, Kaminski B, Wang X. Emotion Dysregulation Prospectively Predicts Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Severity 3 Months After Trauma Exposure. J Trauma Stress 2020; 33:1007-1016. [PMID: 32529732 PMCID: PMC10691918 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite growing evidence in support of emotion dysregulation as a risk factor for the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following trauma exposure, few studies have examined temporal relations between emotion dysregulation and the onset and/or worsening of PTSD symptoms over time. The aim of the present study was to extend research on temporal associations between emotion dysregulation and PTSD in a sample of individuals recruited from hospital emergency departments soon after a traumatic event. Adult participants (N = 85; 62.4% female) completed self-report measures of emotion dysregulation and PTSD symptoms within 2 weeks of experiencing a traumatic event. Symptoms of PTSD were assessed approximately 3 months posttrauma. The results of a hierarchical linear regression analysis demonstrated that the inclusion of emotion dysregulation accounted for a significant amount of unique variance, β = .23, ΔR2 = .04, p = .042, in 3-month PTSD symptom severity over and above other risk factors and baseline PTSD symptoms. No specific facet of emotion dysregulation emerged as a significant predictor of 3-month PTSD symptoms when all facets were included on the same step of the model, βs = -.04-.33, ps = .133-.954. These results demonstrate that posttraumatic emotion dysregulation may predict PTSD symptoms 3 months after trauma exposure. These findings are consistent with a growing body of literature that speaks to the relevance of emotional processes to the onset and maintenance of PTSD following exposure to a traumatic event.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew T Tull
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel Rapport
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian Kaminski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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25
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Mathes BM, Kennedy GA, Morabito DM, Martin A, Bedford CE, Schmidt NB. A longitudinal investigation of the association between rumination, hostility, and PTSD symptoms among trauma-exposed individuals. J Affect Disord 2020; 277:322-328. [PMID: 32858313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rumination, defined as perseverative thinking regarding the causes and consequences of psychological symptoms, is a risk and maintaining factor for PTSD. Existing work has largely focused on the extent to which rumination functions as a coping strategy used to avoid traumatic memories and associated emotions. However, rumination may also maintain negative thinking patterns, such as hostility, which has been positively associated with both rumination and PTSD symptoms. The current study therefore investigated the extent to which hostility was a significant mediator of the prospective association between rumination and PTSD symptoms. METHODS The sample consisted of 119 trauma-exposed individuals (48.7% female), who completed self-report questionnaires at three time points during a clinical trial. RESULTS When controlling for treatment condition and baseline depressive disorder diagnosis, hostility temporally mediated the effects of rumination on PTSD symptoms. Specificity analyses provided further support for the direction and specific variables examined in this model, such that rumination was positively and uniquely associated with later hostility. LIMITATIONS Our findings are limited by the use of a sample in which only 30% of participants met diagnostic criteria for a trauma-related disorder, as well as the administration of the rumination measure at only one time point. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that rumination and hostility may be promising treatment and prevention targets for PTSD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Mathes
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St., Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301 USA
| | - Grace A Kennedy
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St., Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301 USA
| | - Danielle M Morabito
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St., Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301 USA
| | - Alex Martin
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St., Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301 USA
| | - Carter E Bedford
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St., Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301 USA
| | - Norman B Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St., Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301 USA.
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Denk-Florea CB, Gancz B, Gomoiu A, Ingram M, Moreton R, Pollick F. Understanding and supporting law enforcement professionals working with distressing material: Findings from a qualitative study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242808. [PMID: 33237979 PMCID: PMC7688122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to extend previous research on the experiences and factors that impact law enforcement personnel when working with distressing materials such as child sexual abuse content. A sample of 22 law enforcement personnel working within one law enforcement organisation in England, United Kingdom participated in anonymous semi-structured interviews. Results were explored thematically and organised in the following headings: "Responses to the material", "Impact of working with distressing evidence", "Personal coping strategies" and "Risks and mitigating factors". Law enforcement professionals experienced heightened affective responses to personally relevant material, depictions of violence, victims' displays of emotions, norm violations and to various mediums. These responses dampened over time due to desensitisation. The stress experienced from exposure to the material sometimes led to psychological symptoms associated with Secondary Traumatic Stress. Job satisfaction, self-care activities, the coping strategies used when viewing evidence, detachment from work outside working hours, social support and reducing exposure to the material were found to mediate law enforcement professionals' resilience. Exposure to distressing material and the risks associated with this exposure were also influenced by specific organisational procedures implemented as a function of the funding available and workload. Recommendations for individual and organisational practices to foster resilience emerged from this research. These recommendations are relevant to all organisations where employees are required to view distressing content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amalia Gomoiu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Ingram
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Reuben Moreton
- Qumodo, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Pollick
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Zhang Y, Cao X, Wang P, Wang G, Lei G, Shou Z, Xie S, Huang F, Luo N, Luo M, Bian Y, Zhang J, Xiao Q. Emotional "inflection point" in public health emergencies with the 2019 new coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) in China. J Affect Disord 2020; 276:797-803. [PMID: 32738664 PMCID: PMC7369017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outbreak of the new coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) in Wuhan, Hubei, has caused very serious consequences and severely affected people's lives and mental health. The outbreak will cause bad emotions such as tension, anxiety, fear, and so on. College students who have returned home from school face infection, isolation, and delay in starting school, and thus, their emotional stress should be observed. METHODS This study used self-designed questionnaires and artificial intelligence (AI) to assess and analyze the emotional state of over 30,000 college students during the outbreak period in January (T1) and home quarantine in February (T2). This survey used online questionnaire (www.wjx.cn) to investigate the emotion information of college students. RESULTS In the T1 survey, the "Typhoon Eye Effect" appeared. College students in Hubei are calmer than those outside Hubei in T1. However, in T2, an emotional "infection point" appeared, there was an "Exposure Effect", the negative emotions of students in Hubei largely increased and became higher than students outside Hubei. CONCLUSION This survey found that there is an emotional "infection point" in February among college students, especially in the Hubei area. College students in Hubei are calmer than those outside Hubei in T1. In contrast, college students in Hubei were more nervous and scared than those outside Hubei in T2. This epidemic has caused the students to experience significant pressure and negative emotions. Therefore, universities and society should pay attention to their emotional adjustment, there are some suggestions such as establish the mental health organizations, test students' emotion status regularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- School of Educational Science, Central China Think Tank, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xiaochen Cao
- School of Educational Science, Central China Think Tank, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine in The Seventh Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rehabilitation Medicine and Translation, Guangzhou, China; Institute of medical robots of Shang Hai Jiao Tong University, Shang Hai, China.
| | - Guixiang Wang
- School of Educational Science, Central China Think Tank, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; City of College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanghui Lei
- Center of Student Development Research and Guidance, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhexing Shou
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Simiao Xie
- School of Educational Science, Central China Think Tank, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Huang
- School of Educational Science, Central China Think Tank, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Luo
- School of Educational Science, Central China Think Tank, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingyan Luo
- School of Educational Science, Central China Think Tank, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yueran Bian
- School of Educational Science, Central China Think Tank, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhang
- Center of Student Development Research and Guidance, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Asnaani A, Kaczkurkin AN, Fitzgerald HE, Jerud A, Foa EB. The association between cognitive coping strategies and treatment outcomes in smokers with PTSD. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA : THEORY, RESEARCH, PRACTICE AND POLICY 2020; 12:92-100. [PMID: 31120265 PMCID: PMC6874709 DOI: 10.1037/tra0000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Numerous researchers have suggested that certain coping styles (e.g., maladaptive cognitive coping strategies) interfere with recovery from traumatic experiences and contribute to the onset/maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Further, given that individuals with PTSD have a high rate of smoking (e.g., Mahaffey et al., 2016) and that maladaptive coping strategies in general are associated with lower smoking quit rates, it is possible that use of maladaptive cognitive coping strategies are particularly problematic for the recovery of smokers with PTSD. The present study examined whether specific cognitive coping strategies are associated with poorer outcome among smokers with PTSD following an integrated treatment for both disorders. METHOD Patients with chronic PTSD and nicotine dependence (N = 142) received up to 12 sessions of smoking cessation counseling combined with varenicline or integrated prolonged exposure therapy and cessation counseling combined with varenicline. We hypothesized that greater maladaptive, and lower adaptive, cognitive coping strategies at baseline would moderate degree of improvement in smoking and PTSD outcomes through to follow-up. RESULTS Multilevel modeling revealed that neither maladaptive nor adaptive cognitive coping strategies moderated smoking abstinence outcomes over the course of the study (ps ≥ .271). However, greater use of catastrophizing and lower use of positive reappraisal at baseline were associated with less improvement in the hyperarousal PTSD symptom cluster over the course of the study (ps ≤ .01). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that maladaptive cognitive coping strategies are not necessarily a contraindication for overall outcomes in integrated PTSD and smoking treatment, although they may influence improvement in hyperarousal symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Thinking too much about the novel coronavirus. The link between persistent thinking about COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 anxiety and trauma effects. CURRENT ISSUES IN PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.5114/cipp.2020.100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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30
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Neural correlates of emotion-attention interactions: From perception, learning, and memory to social cognition, individual differences, and training interventions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108:559-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Pavani JB, Berna G, Andreotti E, Guiller T, Antoine P, Dauvier B, Congard A. Between-Individual Differences in Baseline Well-Being and Emotion Regulation Strategy Use Moderate the Effect of a Self-Help Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention for Typical Adults. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2019; 12:411-431. [PMID: 31869005 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-help interventions intended to help nonclinical individuals regulate their emotions can have important social benefits (i.e. mental disorder prevention, well-being promotion). However, their mean effect size on well-being is generally low, possibly because there are considerable between-individual differences in the response to these interventions. The present study examined whether individuals' baseline levels of emotional well-being and engagement in emotion regulation strategies moderate the effects on these same variables in a 4-week self-help cognitive-behavioral intervention intended for typical adults. METHODS Data were collected from 158 nonclinical French adults (n = 95 for the control group, n = 63 for the cognitive-behavioral group) using experience sampling. Emotional well-being was assessed, as well as the engagement in three emotion regulation strategies (i.e. cognitive reappraisal, problem solving, and appreciation). RESULTS As expected, the post-test scores on some variables were significantly predicted by the interactions between the intervention and the pre-test scores on these same variables. In particular, it was the participants with the most negative baseline levels (i.e. low emotional well-being, low engagement in appreciation) who benefitted most from the intervention. CONCLUSIONS Results are discussed in the light of current knowledge on between-individual differences in how individuals respond to interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Pavani
- Center for Research on the Psychology of Cognition, Language and Emotion (PsyCLE), Aix Marseille University, Aix en Provence, France
| | - Guillaume Berna
- Cognitive and Affective Sciences Laboratory (SCALab), University of Lille 3-CNRS, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Eva Andreotti
- Cognitive and Affective Sciences Laboratory (SCALab), University of Lille 3-CNRS, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Theo Guiller
- Center for Research on the Psychology of Cognition, Language and Emotion (PsyCLE), Aix Marseille University, Aix en Provence, France
| | - Pascal Antoine
- Cognitive and Affective Sciences Laboratory (SCALab), University of Lille 3-CNRS, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Bruno Dauvier
- Center for Research on the Psychology of Cognition, Language and Emotion (PsyCLE), Aix Marseille University, Aix en Provence, France
| | - Anne Congard
- Pays de la Loire Psychology Laboratory (LPPL), University of Nantes, Nantes, France
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Tyler PM, Mason WA, Chmelka MB, Patwardan I, Dobbertin M, Pope K, Shah N, Abdel-Rahim H, Johnson K, Blair RJ. Psychometrics of a Brief Trauma Symptom Screen for Youth in Residential Care. J Trauma Stress 2019; 32:753-763. [PMID: 31441982 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Trauma screening is an important element for providing trauma-informed services to youth in residential care. Unfortunately, lack of time and resources may deter clinicians from conducting trauma screening at intake. This study tested the psychometric properties of the Brief Trauma Symptom Screen for Youth (BTSSY), which could be used during intake into residential care. Participants included 572 youth, ages 10-18 years (M = 14.28 years, SD = 2.31), of whom 58.9% were boys, 78.7% were Caucasian, 51.7% were youth receiving services in residential care, 15.6% were youth with clinical needs, and 32.7% were typically developing youth from the local community. Participants completed the BTSSY; other questionnaires of psychopathology, childhood maltreatment, and symptomology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); and diagnostic interviews, which were conducted by licensed psychiatrists. The total BTSSY score had a good composite reliability (CR) of .80 and was valid based on a significant positive correlation, r = .64, with the UCLA PTSD-Reaction Index. The BTSSY score was also fair, area under the curve = .75, at detecting a diagnosis of PTSD from a psychiatrist. Significant group differences in the BTSSY scores were found between youth with a diagnosis of PTSD and the other two groups, with moderate-to-large effect sizes, ds = 0.73-1.22. Preliminary results indicated the BTSSY may be a useful screening tool for identifying youth at residential care intake who may need additional assessment for PTSD. Limitations and implications for future research and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Tyler
- Child and Family Translational Research Center, Boys Town, Nebraska, USA.,Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, Nebraska, USA
| | - W Alex Mason
- Child and Family Translational Research Center, Boys Town, Nebraska, USA
| | - Mary B Chmelka
- Child and Family Translational Research Center, Boys Town, Nebraska, USA
| | - Irina Patwardan
- Child and Family Translational Research Center, Boys Town, Nebraska, USA
| | - Matthew Dobbertin
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, Nebraska, USA
| | - Kayla Pope
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, Nebraska, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Niraj Shah
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, Nebraska, USA
| | - Heba Abdel-Rahim
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, Nebraska, USA
| | - Kimberly Johnson
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, Nebraska, USA
| | - R James Blair
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, Nebraska, USA
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Kalisch R, Cramer AOJ, Binder H, Fritz J, Leertouwer IJ, Lunansky G, Meyer B, Timmer J, Veer IM, van Harmelen AL. Deconstructing and Reconstructing Resilience: A Dynamic Network Approach. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019; 14:765-777. [PMID: 31365841 DOI: 10.1177/1745691619855637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Resilience is still often viewed as a unitary personality construct that, as a kind of antinosological entity, protects individuals against stress-related mental problems. However, increasing evidence indicates that maintaining mental health in the face of adversity results from complex and dynamic processes of adaptation to stressors that involve the activation of several separable protective factors. Such resilience factors can reside at biological, psychological, and social levels and may include stable predispositions (such as genotype or personality traits) and malleable properties, skills, capacities, or external circumstances (such as gene-expression patterns, emotion-regulation abilities, appraisal styles, or social support). We abandon the notion of resilience as an entity here. Starting from a conceptualization of psychiatric disorders as dynamic networks of interacting symptoms that may be driven by stressors into stable maladaptive states of disease, we deconstruct the maintenance of mental health during stressor exposure into time-variant dampening influences of resilience factors onto these symptom networks. Resilience factors are separate additional network nodes that weaken symptom-symptom interconnections or symptom autoconnections, thereby preventing maladaptive system transitions. We argue that these hybrid symptom-and-resilience-factor networks provide a promising new way of unraveling the complex dynamics of mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffael Kalisch
- 1 Deutsches Resilienz Zentrum, Mainz, Germany.,2 Neuroimaging Center, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz
| | - Angélique O J Cramer
- 3 Department of Methodology and Statistics, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University
| | - Harald Binder
- 4 Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg
| | | | - IJsbrand Leertouwer
- 3 Department of Methodology and Statistics, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University
| | | | - Benjamin Meyer
- 1 Deutsches Resilienz Zentrum, Mainz, Germany.,2 Neuroimaging Center, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz
| | - Jens Timmer
- 7 Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg.,8 Center for Data Analysis and Modelling, University of Freiburg.,9 Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg
| | - Ilya M Veer
- 10 Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
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Carmassi C, Bertelloni CA, Salarpi G, Diadema E, Avella MT, Dell'Oste V, Dell'Osso L. Is There a Major Role for Undetected Autism Spectrum Disorder with Childhood Trauma in a Patient with a Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder, Self-Injuring, and Multiple Comorbidities? Case Rep Psychiatry 2019; 2019:4703795. [PMID: 31249714 PMCID: PMC6556326 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4703795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This case report highlights the relevance of the consequences of trauma in a female patient with an undetected autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affected by bipolar disorder (BD) with multiple comorbidities. A 35-year-old woman with BD type II, binge eating disorder and panic disorder was admitted in the Inpatient Unit of the Psychiatric Clinic of the University of Pisa because of a recrudescence of depressive symptomatology, associated with increase of anxiety, noticeable ruminations, significant alteration in neurovegetative pattern, and serious suicide ideation. During the hospitalization, a diagnosis of ASD emerged besides a history of childhood trauma and affective dysregulation, marked impulsivity, feeling of emptiness, and self-harm behavior. The patient was assessed by the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ), Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale (RAADS-R), the Adult Autism Subthreshold Spectrum (AdAS Spectrum), Trauma and Loss Spectrum (TALS-SR), and Ruminative Response Scale (RRS). Total scores of 38/50 in the AQ, 146/240 in the RAADS-R, 99/160 in the AdAS Spectrum emerged, compatible with ASD, 47/116 in the TALS-SR, and 64/88 in the RRS. We discuss the implications of the trauma she underwent during her childhood, in the sense that caused a complex posttraumatic disorder, a lifelong disease favored and boosted by the rumination tendency of high functioning ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Carmassi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Salarpi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Diadema
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Avella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valerio Dell'Oste
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Liliana Dell'Osso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Rosenfeld EA, Kennedy K, Farchione TJ, Roberts JE. Cleansing the Attentional Palate: A Preliminary Test of a Novel Approach to Facilitate Disengagement From Rumination. J Cogn Psychother 2019; 33:128-139. [PMID: 32746388 DOI: 10.1891/0889-8391.33.2.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Resource allocation theory suggests that rumination depletes cognitive resources that could be directed toward task-relevant processes. We propose a new approach to the treatment of rumination that specifically targets this misappropriation of cognitive resources, wherein individuals engage in an attentionally demanding task in order to interrupt the ruminative cycle. We argue that this strategy would serve to free cognitive resources from rumination and facilitate performance on other tasks. Thus, the present study served as an initial test of this novel approach. This study employed a within-subjects design, in which participants were 30 college students who completed self-report measures of baseline mood state, anxiety, depression, and trait rumination. Subsequently, they underwent sad mood and rumination inductions followed by random assignment to either a low attentional demand disengagement strategy (DS) followed by a high attentional demand DS or vice versa. Reading comprehension was assessed at baseline and following each of the two DSs. The high attentional demand DS condition was associated with better performance on the reading comprehension task compared to the low attentional demand DS condition. These results provide initial support for our novel approach to targeting rumination and demonstrate that attentionally demanding DSs may successfully free cognitive resources that might otherwise be consumed by rumination. Thus, future research into attentionally demanding DSs that interrupt ruminative cycles is warranted. This approach could be a useful adjunct for interventions targeting disorders driven by rumination, such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John E Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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McLaughlin KA, DeCross SN, Jovanovic T, Tottenham N. Mechanisms linking childhood adversity with psychopathology: Learning as an intervention target. Behav Res Ther 2019; 118:101-109. [PMID: 31030002 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to childhood adversity is common and a powerful risk factor for many forms of psychopathology. In this opinion piece, we argue for greater translation of knowledge about the developmental processes that are influenced by childhood adversity into targeted interventions to prevent the onset of psychopathology. Existing evidence has consistently identified several neurodevelopmental pathways that serve as mechanisms linking adversity with psychopathology. We highlight three domains in which these mechanisms are well-established and point to clear targets for intervention: 1) threat-related social information processing biases; 2) heightened emotional reactivity and difficulties with emotion regulation; and 3) disruptions in reward processing. In contrast to these established pathways, knowledge of how childhood adversity influences emotional learning mechanisms, including fear and reward learning, is remarkably limited. We see the investigation of these mechanisms as a critical next step for the field that will not only advance understanding of developmental pathways linking childhood adversity with psychopathology, but also provide clear targets for behavioral interventions. Knowledge of the mechanisms linking childhood adversity with psychopathology has advanced rapidly, and the time has come to translate that knowledge into clinical interventions to prevent the onset of mental health problems in children who have experienced adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A McLaughlin
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Stephanie N DeCross
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, 3901 Chrysler Dr, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, 49 Jesse Hill Jr Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Nim Tottenham
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 5501 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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Pfefferbaum B, Nitiéma P, Newman E. Is Viewing Mass Trauma Television Coverage Associated With Trauma Reactions in Adults and Youth? A Meta-Analytic Review. J Trauma Stress 2019; 32:175-185. [PMID: 30913350 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the findings of meta-analyses examining the association between viewing mass trauma television coverage and posttraumatic stress (PTS) outcomes as well as acute stress reactions (ASR) among adults and youth. A literature search identified 43 (N = 31,162) studies assessing the association between viewing mass trauma television coverage and PTS and four (N = 9,083) assessing the association with ASR. The overall size of the association between viewing television coverage and PTS, estimated using a random-effect model, was small but statistically significant, r = .17, 95% CI [.13, .22]. The moderator analysis examined eight preselected variables: man-made versus natural trauma, specific incident versus chronic stressor, adult versus youth sample, proximal versus distal event exposure, television only versus combined media form, specific content in coverage versus no specific content, quantification of media contact using numeric measurement versus subjective measurement versus a binary item, and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) versus posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) outcome. The analysis revealed a statistically significant moderation effect for the quantification of media contact (numeric vs. subjective vs. binary) only, which accounted for 19% of the observed heterogeneity. With a summary estimate of r = .26, 95% CI [.06, .44], the analysis of the ASR studies corroborated the PTS findings. The results suggest that clinicians and public health practitioners should discuss mass trauma television viewing with their patients and with the public. Limitations of the extant research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Pascal Nitiéma
- Department of Management Information Systems, Price College of Business, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Elana Newman
- Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
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LeMoult J, Humphreys KL, King LS, Colich NL, Price AN, Ordaz SJ, Gotlib IH. Associations Among Early Life Stress, Rumination, Symptoms of Psychopathology, and Sex in Youth in the Early Stages of Puberty: a Moderated Mediation Analysis. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 47:199-207. [PMID: 29774495 PMCID: PMC6604804 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence and substantial costs of early life stress (ELS), the mechanisms through which ELS confers risk for psychopathology are poorly understood, particularly among youth who are in an earlier stage of the transition through puberty. We sought to advance our understanding of the link between ELS and psychopathology by testing whether rumination mediates the relation between ELS and symptoms of psychopathology in youth in the early stages of puberty, and whether sex moderates this mediation. We assessed levels of ELS, both brooding and reflection subtypes of rumination, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms in 170 youth in the early stages of puberty (56% girls) ages 9-13 years. Brooding, but not reflection, mediated the relation between ELS and both internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Importantly, however, sex moderated the relation among ELS, brooding, and symptoms. Specifically, brooding mediated the relation between ELS and both internalizing and externalizing symptoms for girls, but not for boys. Findings support the formulation that brooding is a mechanism linking ELS to multiple forms of behavioral and emotional problems exclusively in girls in the early stages of puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle LeMoult
- University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | | | - Lucy S King
- Stanford University, Bldg. 420, Jordan Hall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Natalie L Colich
- Stanford University, Bldg. 420, Jordan Hall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Sarah J Ordaz
- Stanford University, Bldg. 420, Jordan Hall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ian H Gotlib
- Stanford University, Bldg. 420, Jordan Hall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Chung S, Kang SH, Kweon K, Youn S, Kang HS, Hong SB, Hong SJ. Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies and Insomnia or Other Psychiatric Symptoms among Humidifier Disinfectant Victims. SLEEP MEDICINE RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.17241/smr.2018.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Zhen R, Quan L, Zhou X. Co-occurring patterns of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression among flood victims: A latent profile analysis. J Health Psychol 2018; 25:1543-1555. [PMID: 29558825 DOI: 10.1177/1359105318763505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the co-occurring patterns of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. A sample of 187 victims completed self-report questionnaires after a major flood disaster. Results indicated four classes: low symptoms group (49.7%), mild comorbid symptoms group (24.1%), serious comorbid symptoms group (3.2%), and medium comorbid symptoms group (23.0%). Male victims were less likely and older victims were more likely to belong to the medium comorbid symptoms group; victims with more serious trauma exposure and those using more maladaptive cognition emotional regulation strategies were more likely to belong to both the mild and medium comorbid symptoms groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhen
- Beijing Normal University, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This paper reviews the evidence on the relationship between contact with media coverage of terrorist incidents and psychological outcomes in children and adolescents while tracing the evolution in research methodology. RECENT FINDINGS Studies of recent events in the USA have moved from correlational cross-sectional studies examining primarily television coverage and posttraumatic stress reactions to longitudinal studies that address multiple media forms and a range of psychological outcomes including depression and anxiety. Studies of events in the USA-the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, the September 11 attacks, and the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing-and elsewhere have used increasingly sophisticated research methods to document a relationship between contact with various media forms and adverse psychological outcomes in children with different event exposures. Although adverse outcomes are associated with reports of greater contact with terrorism coverage in cross-sectional studies, there is insufficient evidence at this time to assume a causal relationship. Additional research is needed to investigate a host of issues such as newer media forms, high-risk populations, and contextual factors.
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Fitzgerald JM, Gorka SM, Kujawa A, DiGangi JA, Proescher E, Greenstein JE, Aase DM, Schroth C, Afshar K, Kennedy AE, Hajcak G, Phan KL. Neural indices of emotional reactivity and regulation predict course of PTSD symptoms in combat-exposed veterans. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 82:255-262. [PMID: 29122638 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
After diagnosis, veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) display significant variability in the natural course of illness (Bonanno et al., 2012)). Cross-sectional work reveals that abnormal neural response during emotion reactivity-measured using the late positive potential (LPP)-correlates with PTSD symptom severity; however, whether the LPP during emotional reactivity and regulation predicts symptoms over time is unknown. The current study examined the LPP during emotion reactivity and regulation as predictors of PTSD symptoms over one year in OEF/OIF/OND combat-exposed veterans. At baseline, participants completed an Emotion Regulation Task (ERT) during electroencephalogram recording. The Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) was completed at baseline (N=86), 6-months (N=54) and 1-year (N=49) later. During ERT, participants viewed negative pictures; partway through they were instructed to "reappraise" (i.e., reduce negative affect/regulate) or "look" (i.e., passively react). Change in LPP during emotional reactivity (ΔLPP-E) and reappraisal (ΔLPP-R) were calculated and used in multilevel mixed modeling to predict CAPS over time. Findings demonstrated that deficiency in reappraisal (ΔLPP-R) predicted more overall symptoms over time, while greater neural responses to emotion (ΔLPP-E) and greater change in neural response as a function of reappraisal (ΔLPP-R) predicted a decline in avoidance symptoms over time. Together, results support the utility of neural markers of emotional reactivity and regulation as predictors of PTSD symptoms-and change in symptoms-across one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacklynn M Fitzgerald
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychology, Chicago, IL, United States; University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Stephanie M Gorka
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Autumn Kujawa
- Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Julia A DiGangi
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL, United States; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Eric Proescher
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Darrin M Aase
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Kaveh Afshar
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Amy E Kennedy
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL, United States; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Greg Hajcak
- Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - K Luan Phan
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychology, Chicago, IL, United States; University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL, United States; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States; University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Chicago, IL, United States
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Neville A, Soltani S, Pavlova M, Noel M. Unravelling the Relationship Between Parent and Child PTSD and Pediatric Chronic Pain: the Mediating Role of Pain Catastrophizing. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2018; 19:196-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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McLaughlin KA, Koenen KC, Bromet EJ, Karam EG, Liu H, Petukhova M, Ruscio AM, Sampson NA, Stein DJ, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Borges G, Demyttenaere K, Dinolova RV, Ferry F, Florescu S, de Girolamo G, Gureje O, Kawakami N, Lee S, Navarro-Mateu F, Piazza M, Pennell BE, Posada-Villa J, ten Have M, Viana MC, Kessler RC. Childhood adversities and post-traumatic stress disorder: evidence for stress sensitisation in the World Mental Health Surveys. Br J Psychiatry 2017; 211:280-288. [PMID: 28935660 PMCID: PMC5663970 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.116.197640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundAlthough childhood adversities are known to predict increased risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after traumatic experiences, it is unclear whether this association varies by childhood adversity or traumatic experience types or by age.AimsTo examine variation in associations of childhood adversities with PTSD according to childhood adversity types, traumatic experience types and life-course stage.MethodEpidemiological data were analysed from the World Mental Health Surveys (n = 27 017).ResultsFour childhood adversities (physical and sexual abuse, neglect, parent psychopathology) were associated with similarly increased odds of PTSD following traumatic experiences (odds ratio (OR) = 1.8), whereas the other eight childhood adversities assessed did not predict PTSD. Childhood adversity-PTSD associations did not vary across traumatic experience types, but were stronger in childhood-adolescence and early-middle adulthood than later adulthood.ConclusionsChildhood adversities are differentially associated with PTSD, with the strongest associations in childhood-adolescence and early-middle adulthood. Consistency of associations across traumatic experience types suggests that childhood adversities are associated with generalised vulnerability to PTSD following traumatic experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A. McLaughlin
- Correspondence: Katie A. McLaughlin, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Kalisch R, Baker DG, Basten U, Boks MP, Bonanno GA, Brummelman E, Chmitorz A, Fernàndez G, Fiebach CJ, Galatzer-Levy I, Geuze E, Groppa S, Helmreich I, Hendler T, Hermans EJ, Jovanovic T, Kubiak T, Lieb K, Lutz B, Müller MB, Murray RJ, Nievergelt CM, Reif A, Roelofs K, Rutten BPF, Sander D, Schick A, Tüscher O, Diest IV, Harmelen ALV, Veer IM, Vermetten E, Vinkers CH, Wager TD, Walter H, Wessa M, Wibral M, Kleim B. The resilience framework as a strategy to combat stress-related disorders. Nat Hum Behav 2017; 1:784-790. [DOI: 10.1038/s41562-017-0200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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McLaughlin KA, Lambert HK. Child Trauma Exposure and Psychopathology: Mechanisms of Risk and Resilience. Curr Opin Psychol 2017; 14:29-34. [PMID: 27868085 PMCID: PMC5111863 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to trauma in childhood is associated with elevated risk for multiple forms of psychopathology. Here we present a biopsychosocial model outlining the mechanisms that link child trauma with psychopathology and protective factors that can mitigate these risk pathways. We focus on four mechanisms of enhanced threat processing: information processing biases that facilitate rapid identification of environmental threats, disruptions in learning mechanisms underlying the acquisition of fear, heightened emotional responses to potential threats, and difficulty disengaging from negative emotional content. Supportive relationships with caregivers, heightened sensitivity to rewarding and positive stimuli, and mature amygdala-prefrontal circuitry each serve as potential buffers of these risk pathways, highlighting novel directions for interventions aimed at preventing the onset of psychopathology following child trauma.
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