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Malekan M, Ebrahimzadeh MA. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors [VEGFR] as Target in Breast Cancer Treatment: Current Status in Preclinical and Clinical Studies and Future Directions. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:891-920. [PMID: 35260067 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220308161710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer [BC] is one of the most common cancers among women, one of the leading causes of a considerable number of cancer-related death globally. Among all procedures leading to the formation of breast tumors, angiogenesis has an important role in cancer progression and outcomes. Therefore, various anti-angiogenic strategies have developed so far to enhance treatment's efficacy in different types of BC. Vascular endothelial growth factors [VEGFs] and their receptors are regarded as the most well-known regulators of neovascularization. VEGF binding to vascular endothelial growth factor receptors [VEGFRs] provides cell proliferation and vascular tissue formation by the subsequent tyrosine kinase pathway. VEGF/VEGFR axis displays an attractive target for anti-angiogenesis and anti-cancer drug design. This review aims to describe the existing literature regarding VEGFR inhibitors, focusing on BC treatment reported in the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Malekan
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Ebrahimzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Triptolide-loaded nanoparticles targeting breast cancer in vivo with reduced toxicity. Int J Pharm 2019; 572:118721. [PMID: 31626922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide (TP), a diterpenoid triepoxide that is extracted from the plant Tripterygium wilfordii, has been found to be quite effective for treating many malignant tumors. Although TP was initially considered to be a promising chemotherapeutic agent, its poor solubility and high toxicity limited its potential clinical application. Consequently, we synthesized nanoformulated TP coated with hyaluronic acid (HA) for application in treating breast cancer. Our results showed that TP can prevent tumor progression, but at the cost of significant toxicity. By contrast, using the nanoformulated TP, uptake of drugs into the tumor can be facilitated, which leads to a further increase in efficacy while decreasing systemic toxicity.
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Xu L, Wu W, Cheng R, Sun L, Jiang Z, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Su Y, Huang X. Toxic effects of triptolide on adrenal steroidogenesis in H295R cells and female rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22394. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling‐Yan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Sir Run Run HospitalNanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Wei Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical UniversityMinistry of Education Nanjing China
| | - Rui Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical UniversityMinistry of Education Nanjing China
| | - Li‐Xin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical UniversityMinistry of Education Nanjing China
| | - Zhen‐Zhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical UniversityMinistry of Education Nanjing China
| | - Lu‐Yong Zhang
- Center for Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, School of PharmacyGuangdong Pharmaceutical University Guangdong China
| | - Zun‐Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical UniversityMinistry of Education Nanjing China
| | - Yu‐Wen Su
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Sir Run Run HospitalNanjing Medical University Nanjing China
- School of PharmacyNanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Xin Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical UniversityMinistry of Education Nanjing China
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Lv H, Jiang L, Zhu M, Li Y, Luo M, Jiang P, Tong S, Zhang H, Yan J. The genus Tripterygium: A phytochemistry and pharmacological review. Fitoterapia 2019; 137:104190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wu H, Sun T, Bi R. Inhibition of insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling synergistically enhances the tumor suppressive role of triptolide in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:822-829. [PMID: 31289559 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide (TPL) is an active extract from a Chinese herb, which has been used for centuries in China. TPL exhibits numerous bioactivities and pharmacological effects, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities. However, previous studies have further revealed a multi-target toxicity of TPL, including reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity and renal cytotoxicity. To validate the clinical benefit and reduce the risk of TPL application, studies have investigated the combination of TPL with other reagents to allow lower doses and decrease toxicity. The present study reported that TPL and the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) inhibitor AG1024synergistically inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Overexpression of B-cell lymphoma 2 partially reversed the TPL and AG1024-induced increase in apoptosis. A similar synergistic effect was observed with a combination of AG1024 and cisplatin, a DNA damage inducer, in MDA-MB-231 cells. These results suggested that inhibition of IGF1R may sensitize triple-negative breast cancer cells to DNA damage inducers. Using publicly available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas, an amplification and gain of copy number of IGF1R was observed in 38% of triple-negative breast tumors (n=82), 26% of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative tumors (n=174) and 10% of ER-positive tumors (n=594). Similarly, a higher alteration frequency of IGF1R was identified in basal-like breast tumors compared with luminal A/B-like breast tumors. Overexpressed proteins associated with these alterations were revealed to be significantly enriched in multiple oncogenic signaling pathways, key transcription factor networks and DNA repair pathways. In summary, the present study suggested that inhibition of IGFR signaling and induction of DNA damage may exhibit synergistic effects for the treatment of triple-negative and ER-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tangshan People's Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063001, P.R. China
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Rui Bi
- Department of Pharmacy, Tangshan People's Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063001, P.R. China
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Jiang W, Chen M, Xiao C, Yang W, Qin Q, Tan Q, Liang Z, Liao X, Mao A, Wei C. Triptolide Suppresses Growth of Breast Cancer by Targeting HMGB1 in Vitro and in Vivo. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:892-899. [PMID: 30956264 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide has been indicated potent anti-cancer effect involving multiple molecular targets and signaling pathways. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a highly conserved DNA-binding protein taking part in breast cancer development. The therapeutic effect of triptolide on HMGB1 has not been reported. Thus, our study aims to clarify the role of HMGB1 in triptolide-induced anti-growth effect on breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that triptolide significantly suppressed growth of breast cancer cells by inhibition of cell viability, clonogenic ability. Further studies evidenced that triptolide treatment not only inhibited HMGB1 mRNA expression, but also decreased supernatant level of HMGB1 in vitro. In line with these observations, exogenous recombinant HMGB1 (rHMGB1) promoted cell proliferation of breast cancer, and triptolide reversed the rHMGB1-promoted proliferative effect. As well, triptolide enhanced the anti-proliferative activity of ethyl pyruvate (EP) (HMGB1 inhibitor). Furthermore, downstream correlation factors (Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and phosphorylated-nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) p65) of HMGB1 were significantly decreased in vitro after triptolide treatment. Consistantly, we confirmed that tumor growth was significantly inhibited after triptolide treatment in vivo. Meanwhile, immunohistochemical analyses showed that triptolide treatment significantly decreased the level of cytoplasmic HMGB1 and TLR4 expression, whereas the expression of NF-κB p65 was relatively higher in cytoplasm, and conversely lower in nucleus as compared to the control group. Collectively, these results demonstrate that triptolide suppresses the growth of breast cancer cells via reduction of HMGB1 expression in vitro and in vivo, which may provide new insights into the treament of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
| | - Maojian Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
| | - Chanchan Xiao
- Department of Experimental Research, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
| | - Weiping Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
| | - Qinghong Qin
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
| | - Qixing Tan
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
| | - Zhijie Liang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Fifth Affliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University & The First People's Hospital of Nanning
| | - Xiaoli Liao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
| | - Anyun Mao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
| | - Changyuan Wei
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
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Li M, Wu J, Ma M, Feng Z, Mi Z, Rong P, Liu D. Alkyne- and Nitrile-Anchored Gold Nanoparticles for Multiplex SERS Imaging of Biomarkers in Cancer Cells and Tissues. Nanotheranostics 2019; 3:113-119. [PMID: 30899639 PMCID: PMC6427935 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.30924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has proven a powerful tool for multiplex detection and imaging due to its narrow peak width and high sensitivity. However, conventional SERS reporters are limited to thiolated compounds, which have limitations such as chemical stability and spectral overlap. Here, we used alkyne- and nitrile-bearing molecules to directly fabricate a set of SERS tags for multiplex imaging. The alkyne and nitrile groups act as both the anchoring points to interact with gold nanoparticle (AuNP) surfaces and the reporters exhibiting strong and nonoverlapping signals in the cellular Raman-silent region. The SERS tags were subsequently modified with different antibodies for multicolor imaging of cancer cells and human breast cancer tissues. The reporters have a simple and readily accessible structure, hence providing new opportunities to prepare SERS nanoprobes
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Li
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jianzhen Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Mengtian Ma
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Zhichao Feng
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Ze Mi
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Pengfei Rong
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Dingbin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Gao H, Zhang Y, Dong L, Qu XY, Tao LN, Zhang YM, Zhai JH, Song YQ. Triptolide induces autophagy and apoptosis through ERK activation in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:3413-3419. [PMID: 29545863 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of triptolide (TPI) on proliferation, autophagy and death in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, and to elucidate the associated molecular mechanisms, intracellular alterations were analyzed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and flow cytometry assays. The results of the MTT assay revealed that TPI significantly reduced the MCF-7 cell survival rate when the concentration was >10 nmol/l. TPI activated a caspase cascade reaction by regulating Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3 and B-cell lymphoma 2 expression, and promoted programmed cell death via the mitochondrial pathway. The results demonstrated that TPI significantly reduced the cell proliferation rate and viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner, which was confirmed by western blotting and immunofluorescent staining. TPI induced autophagy and influenced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)1/2, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation, which resulted in apoptosis. When cells were treated with a combination of TPI and the Erk1/2 inhibitor U0126, the downregulation of P62 and upregulation of Bax were inhibited, which demonstrated that the inhibition of Erk1/2 reversed the autophagy changes induced by TPI. The results indicated that Erk1/2 activation may be a novel mechanism by which TPI induces autophagy and apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In conclusion, TPI affects the proliferation and apoptosis of MCF-7 cells, potentially via autophagy and p38/Erk/mTOR phosphorylation. The present study offers a novel view of the mechanisms by which TPI regulates cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Li-Na Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Hui Zhai
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Qing Song
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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