1
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Reihlen P, Blobel M, Weiß P, Harth J, Wittmann J, Leenders F, Thevis M. Introduction of a PEGylated EPO conjugate as internal standard for EPO analysis in doping controls. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:743-749. [PMID: 34905300 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Immunopurification of doping control samples is a mandatory necessity in erythropoietin (EPO) analysis during a confirmation procedure; moreover, it has become common practice to also immunopurify samples for the initial testing procedure. Typically used materials (e.g., Stemcell purification plate and MAIIA purification kit) rely on anti-EPO antibodies for purification. Also, the detection of EPO after electrophoretic separation and western blotting is based on a monoclonal anti-EPO antibody, clone AE7A5, directed against a 26 amino acid sequence of the N-terminal region of human EPO. While the electrophoretic separation and blot transfer efficiency can be monitored with reference standards and quality control samples, it is presently not possible to monitor the functionality of the entire sample preparation procedure. The reliance on antibodies for both purification and detection has complicated the implementation of an internal standard (ISTD). In this study, customized EPO-polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugates were synthesized as potential ISTDs and assessed as to their compatibility with existing sample preparation procedures for urine and blood sample analysis using the most common immunopurification techniques. Moreover, probing for the impact of the ISTD on sodium N-lauroylsarcosinate ("sarcosyl") polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SAR-PAGE)-based EPO analysis concerning potential interference with target analytes was conducted. The presented data demonstrate that a 12-kDa PEG residue attached to human EPO represents a particularly useful construct to serve as ISTD for erythropoietin-receptor agonist (ERA) analysis. The conjugate is applicable to both urine and blood testing using the commonly employed purification techniques, supporting and improving result interpretations especially concerning specimens where the natural abundance of human EPO is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillipp Reihlen
- Intitute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mike Blobel
- Intitute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick Weiß
- Intitute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Judith Harth
- Intitute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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2
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He S, Liu X, Song H, Zhou X. Administration study of recombinant erythropoietin on the carriers of variant c.577del in EPO gene. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1410-1416. [PMID: 37644676 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The issue of misjudgment in recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) detection caused by the variant c.577del in human EPO gene has been found in recent years. Though the method of analyzing de-N-glycosylated erythropoietins (EPO) in blood samples was developed for identifying both EPO_p.Arg193AspfsTer28 (VAR-EPO) and rEPO, it cannot be applied without the evaluation of excreted samples. For this purpose, five heterozygous carriers of the variant c.577del were recruited in an administration study of rEPO. Urine and blood samples were collected at different times before and after subcutaneous injection with a single-dose of 50 IU/kg. The urine samples were analyzed for intact EPO, while the serum samples were analyzed for both intact and de-N-glycosylated EPO. A typical mixed band was detected in all blank and wash-out urine samples, which all displayed a similar result with rEPO abuse. For the analysis of intact EPO in serum samples, a typical mixed band was detected in the wash-out samples from day 1 to day 3, which could be identified as rEPO directly, while double-band was observed in other samples with inconclusive results. The result of de-N-glycosylated EPO in all serum samples showed two separated bands, and the ratioL/U decreased along with wash-out periods. Also, compared with the intact EPO analysis, a longer detection window without false positive results was obtained when analyzing de-N-glycosylated EPO. Analysis of de-N-glycosylated EPO is not only able to recognize the variant carriers directly but also able to detect rEPO abuse in the blood samples from the variant carriers with higher efficiency than the analysis of intact EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen He
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinchao Liu
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Huifang Song
- Community Health Service Centre, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinmiao Zhou
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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3
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Requena-Tutusaus L, Anselmo I, Alechaga É, Bergés R, Ventura R. Achieving routine application of dried blood spots for erythropoietin receptor agonist analysis in doping control: low-volume single-spot detection at minimum required performance level. Bioanalysis 2023; 15:1235-1246. [PMID: 37676639 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Erythropoietin receptor agonists (ERAs) are substances prohibited in sports and currently monitored in urine and blood. There is a great interest in new matrices like dried blood spots (DBSs). Method: A direct method for the detection of ERAs in DBSs using one single spot of 25 μl has been optimized and validated. Results: Limits of detection close or equal to those required by the World Anti-Doping Agency for serum/plasma samples were achieved, using a volume 20-times lower. All analytes were stable for at least 90 days at room temperature. Conclusion: Method performance was comparable to the requirements established for blood samples and, thus, monitoring of ERAs is reliable in DBSs in the context of doping control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Requena-Tutusaus
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental & Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Indira Anselmo
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Élida Alechaga
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental & Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Bergés
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Yasuoka Y, Izumi Y, Sands JM, Kawahara K, Nonoguchi H. Progress in the Detection of Erythropoietin in Blood, Urine, and Tissue. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114446. [PMID: 37298922 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of erythropoietin (Epo) was difficult until a method was developed by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). WADA recommended the Western blot technique using isoelectric focusing (IEF)-PAGE to show that natural Epo and injected erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) appear in different pH areas. Next, they used sodium N-lauroylsarcosinate (SAR)-PAGE for better differentiation of pegylated proteins, such as epoetin β pegol. Although WADA has recommended the use of pre-purification of samples, we developed a simple Western blotting method without pre-purification of samples. Instead of pre-purification, we used deglycosylation of samples before SDS-PAGE. The double detection of glycosylated and deglycosylated Epo bands increases the reliability of the detection of Epo protein. All of the endogenous Epo and exogenous ESAs shift to 22 kDa, except for Peg-bound epoetin β pegol. All endogenous Epo and exogenous ESAs were detected as 22 kDa deglycosylated Epo by liquid chromatography/mass spectrum (LC/MS) analysis. The most important factor for the detection of Epo is the selection of the antibody against Epo. WADA recommended clone AE7A5, and we used sc-9620. Both antibodies are useful for the detection of Epo protein by Western blotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Yasuoka
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Izumi
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Jeff M Sands
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 1639 Pierce Drive, WMB Room 3313, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Katsumasa Kawahara
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nonoguchi
- Division of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University Medical Center, 6-100 Arai, Kitamoto 364-8501, Japan
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5
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Reichel C, Erceg D, Lorenc B, Scheiblhofer V, Farmer L, Zanitzer K, Geisendorfer T, Gmeiner G, Thevis M. Data from a microdosed recombinant human erythropoietin administration study applying the new biotinylated clone AE7A5 antibody and a further optimized sarcosyl polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protocol. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:163-172. [PMID: 33450134 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone, which stimulates the production of red blood cells. Due to its performance-enhancing effect, it is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). In order to reduce the detection window of EPO doping, athletes have been applying low doses of recombinant EPO (e.g., <10 IU/kg body weight, daily or every second day) instead of larger doses twice or more per week (e.g., 30 IU/kg). Microdoses of Retacrit (epoetin zeta), an EPO biosimilar, were administered intravenously and subcutaneously to human males and females. Urine and serum samples were collected and analysed applying the new biotinylated clone AE7A5 EPO antibody and a further optimized sarcosyl polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SAR-PAGE) protocol. With the improved protocol, microdosed Retacrit (7.5 IU/kg body weight [BW]) was detectable for at least 52 h after intravenous administration. Detection windows were approximately the same for serum and urine and doubled after subcutaneous administration (~104 h). Previous studies applying different electrophoretic techniques and the not further optimized SAR-PAGE protocol revealed considerably shorter detection windows for recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) microdoses. Because the new biotinylated antibody performed significantly more sensitive than the nonbiotinylated version, the new protocol will improve the sensitivity and hence detectability of recombinant EPO in doping control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Doping Control Laboratory Seibersdorf, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Damir Erceg
- Clinical Trial Unit, 'Srebrnjak' Children's Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia.,Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, University of Osijek 'Josip Juraj Strossmayer', Osijek, Croatia.,School of Medicine, University of Osijek 'Josip Juraj Strossmayer', Osijek, Croatia.,Personalized Medicine, 'St. Catherine' Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia.,Nursing Department, Catholic University of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Barbara Lorenc
- Doping Control Laboratory Seibersdorf, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | | | - Letizia Farmer
- Doping Control Laboratory Seibersdorf, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Katharina Zanitzer
- Doping Control Laboratory Seibersdorf, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Thomas Geisendorfer
- Doping Control Laboratory Seibersdorf, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory Seibersdorf, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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6
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Wang Y, Zhang L, Xing Y. Operation of the anti‐doping laboratory for the Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1853-1863. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.3384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wang
- National Anti‐Doping Laboratory Beijing Sport University Beijing China
| | - Lisi Zhang
- National Anti‐Doping Laboratory Beijing Sport University Beijing China
| | - Yanyi Xing
- National Anti‐Doping Laboratory Beijing Sport University Beijing China
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7
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Zhou X, He S, Zezhou L, Jiayu W, Zhou W, Liu X, Zhao M, Zhang L. Discovery of c.577del in EPO: Investigations into endogenous EPO double-band detected in blood with SAR-PAGE. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:622-633. [PMID: 34791828 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recently, some athletes were repetitively found to have rEPO positive results, including a characterized double-band pattern in blood samples, in routine doping analysis. In contrast to previous findings from excretion studies, this double-band pattern showed the same relative intensity even when the samples were collected weeks (/months) apart. We therefore suspected that these "positive" doping control samples were related with a novel pathway of endogenous EPO production. Thus, follow-up investigations were warranted to characterize the origin of such analytical test results and to avoid the issuing of adverse analytical findings in the absence of rEPO by identifying the root cause of these "constantly positives." In this study, we designed and conducted a series of causal studies, including population screening of EPO profiles, exploration of EPO de-N-glycosylation, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) browsing in EPO, sequencing of EPO exons, genealogical analysis of the c.577del EPO variant, and finally expression and investigation of mutant EPO. In summary, we found that these "constantly positives" were related to endogenous EPO production associated with the c.577del EPO variant. The frequency of this variant was 0.39% in our Chinese population pool. The mutant EPO encoded by this variant is 27 amino acids longer than the wild-type. The molecular weight of this mutant EPO is approximately the same as that of rEPO, exhibiting a similar electrophoretic behavior. To prevent charges against carriers of the c.577del variant, a revised rEPO testing strategy has been implemented in the new version of TD EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Zhou
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, China
| | - Sen He
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zezhou
- National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Jiayu
- National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinchao Liu
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, China
| | - Meiping Zhao
- National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lisi Zhang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, China
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8
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Martin L, Ericsson M, Marchand A. Multiplexed detection of Agents Affecting Erythropoiesis (AAEs) and overall strategy for optimizing initial testing procedure. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1791-1796. [PMID: 34342157 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Martin
- Département des Analyses - Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - M Ericsson
- Département des Analyses - Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - A Marchand
- Département des Analyses - Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, France
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9
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Martin L, Martin JA, Audran M, Marchand A. An optimized SDS-PAGE protocol with a new blotting system for the initial testing procedure of ESAs in doping control. Drug Test Anal 2020; 14:181-187. [PMID: 33269539 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant erythropoietins (rEPOs) are still among the substances endurance athletes use for doping. Detection methods are based on an electrophoretic separation of the proteins followed by a western blot and immunodetection with specific anti-EPO antibodies. In addition to IEF-PAGE, the SDS-PAGE method has been used to differentiate endogenous EPO from rEPOs by their molecular weight (MW). However, to adapt to new generations of rEPOs exhibiting higher MW, which were not well detected after SDS-PAGE, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate (SAR) is now used instead of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) for the initial EPO testing procedure on doping control samples. The SAR-PAGE method is nevertheless expensive as it requires frequent buffer preparations using highly purified sarkosyl powder. In addition, this reagent needs to be handled with care due to acute toxicity by inhalation. The aim of this work was to improve the SDS-PAGE method by increasing its sensitivity and transfer of high-MW rEPOs. First, using a biotinylated primary anti-EPO antibody and avoiding the use of a secondary antibody increased the general sensitivity of both SDS-PAGE and SAR-PAGE to all rEPOs about four-fold. Then, by changing the buffer system during the protein transfer, with a CAPS buffer and a discontinuous buffer transfer system, high-MW rEPOs, EPO-Fc and CERA were transferred with higher efficiency and detected with high sensitivity. This optimized SDS-PAGE protocol could be adopted by anti-doping laboratories as an alternative to SAR-PAGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Martin
- Analysis Department, Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jean-Antoine Martin
- Analysis Department, Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Michel Audran
- Analysis Department, Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Alexandre Marchand
- Analysis Department, Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, France
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10
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Voss SC, Orie NN, El-Saftawy W, Saghbazarian S, Al-Kaabi A, Georgakopoulos C, Athanasiadou I, Mohamed-Ali V, Al-Maadheed M. Horseradish-peroxidase-conjugated anti-erythropoietin antibodies for direct recombinant human erythropoietin detection: Proof of concept. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:529-538. [PMID: 33119945 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antidoping testing for recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) is routinely performed by gel electrophoresis followed by western blot analysis with primary and secondary antibodies. The two antibody steps add more than 24 h to the testing time of a purified sample. The aim of this study was to test the concept of using directly horseradish-peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-EPO primary antibody, without the need for a secondary antibody, to reduce the analysis time and eliminate non-specific cross-reactivity with secondary antibodies. An in-house, periodate coupling (R&D systems, clone AE7A5) and three commercially available anti-human EPO-HRP conjugates from Genetex, Novus Biologicals and Santa Cruz were evaluated for specificity and sensitivity, using recombinant human EPO standards, negative human urine samples and urine samples from an EPO excretion study. The in-house anti-EPO-HRP conjugate was performed as well as the current two-step application of unconjugated primary and secondary antibodies used in routine analysis, with comparable specificity and sensitivity. The analysis time was markedly reduced for purified samples from 25 h with the routine method down to 7 h with the in-house HRP conjugate. Of the three commercially available conjugates tested, only the Santa Cruz anti-EPO-HRP conjugate showed comparable specificity but had lower sensitivity to both the in-house and the antibody combination currently applied routinely. The other two commercially available conjugates (Genetex and Novus Biologicals) did not show any visible bands with the EPO standards. The results clearly demonstrate the potential utility of a directly HRP-conjugated anti-EPO antibody to reduce analysis time for EPO in doping control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nelson N Orie
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Doha, Qatar.,Centre for Metabolism and Inflammation, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vidya Mohamed-Ali
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Doha, Qatar.,Centre for Metabolism and Inflammation, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mohammed Al-Maadheed
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Doha, Qatar.,Centre for Metabolism and Inflammation, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
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11
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Kaliszewski P, Siek P, Zalewska Z, Michalak D, Kwiatkowska D. The analytical approach for detection of carbamylated erythropoietin for doping control purposes. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1599-1604. [PMID: 33119952 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) has protective effects in several tissues and could be used for therapeutic purposes, but the doses of EPO that can be beneficial in case of hypoxic-ischemic conditions due to overinduced erythropoiesis could be detrimental in treated patients. Carbamylation of erythropoietin maintains the tissue-protective effects of EPO but without erythropoietic effects. Carbamylated EPO (CEPO) is listed in WADA Prohibited List in class S2 as "Innate repair receptor agonists." The CEPO was synthesized using the method described previously. Digestion with endoproteinase Lys-C was used to distinguish rhEPO from CEPO. The digested samples containing recombinant EPO, urinary EPO (uEPO), or CEPO were analyzed by the SAR-PAGE method (sarcosyl polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-PAGE). Endoproteinase Lys-C breaks the peptide chains of lysine. Lysine residues, converted to homocitrulline by carbamylation, cannot be cleaved by endoproteinase Lys-C. Therefore, the CEPO protein chain remained unchanged in contrast to rhEPO and uEPO, which allows for easily differentiation of them.
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12
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Martin L, Martin JA, Collot D, Hoang O, Audran M, Ericsson M, Marchand A. Improved detection methods significantly increase the detection window for EPO microdoses. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:101-112. [PMID: 32737925 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To reproduce a potential doping scenario, a 2 week administration of recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) microdoses alone or in combination with growth hormone (GH) microdoses (three times a week) was performed on healthy and athletic male subjects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the identification capability of rEPO in samples obtained during and post treatment. Detection was tested in urine and blood using the antidoping techniques for rEPO detection (iso-electric focusing (IEF)-, sodium-dodecyl-sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and for some urine samples the sarcosyl (SAR)-PAGE method) with some improvements: for blood samples, instead of a simple concentration step, immuno-extraction of EPO was performed for all urines to limit protein contamination that can affect migration. In addition, elution buffer modifications also improved the quality of migration. The use of a recently validated biotinylated anti-EPO antibody simplified the protocols, allowing a single transfer step instead of a double-blot even by IEF with a lowered background. The criteria for suspicious blood and urine samples by IEF were also re-evaluated. While endogenous EPO was not decreased over the course of the study, EPO microdoses were detectable in blood and urine between 24 h and 72 h after an administration. Detection in urine in combination with SDS-PAGE was the most sensitive combination for prolonged detection (100% identification after 48 h, 91% after 72 h), slightly better than IEF. Urine samples also tested by SAR-PAGE indicated a similar sensitivity of detection to SDS-PAGE. GH co-administration had no impact on rEPO elimination/detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Martin
- Analysis Department - Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jean-Antoine Martin
- Analysis Department - Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - David Collot
- Analysis Department - Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Olivier Hoang
- Analysis Department - Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Michel Audran
- Analysis Department - Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Magnus Ericsson
- Analysis Department - Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Alexandre Marchand
- Analysis Department - Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, France
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13
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Zhou X, He S, Zhang L, Shen L, He C. Research on spiking rat EPO as internal standard in doping control samples for detection of EPO using SAR‐PAGE analysis with biotinylated primary antibody. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1054-1064. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Zhou
- National Anti‐Doping Laboratory China Anti‐Doping Agency Beijing China
| | - Sen He
- National Anti‐Doping Laboratory China Anti‐Doping Agency Beijing China
| | - Lisi Zhang
- National Anti‐Doping Laboratory China Anti‐Doping Agency Beijing China
| | - Li Shen
- National Anti‐Doping Laboratory China Anti‐Doping Agency Beijing China
| | - Chunji He
- National Anti‐Doping Laboratory China Anti‐Doping Agency Beijing China
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14
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Narduzzi L, Dervilly G, Audran M, Le Bizec B, Buisson C. A role for metabolomics in the antidoping toolbox? Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:677-690. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Narduzzi
- Laboratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA)Oniris, INRAE Nantes France
| | - Gaud Dervilly
- Laboratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA)Oniris, INRAE Nantes France
| | - Michel Audran
- Département des analysesAgence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD) Châtenay‐Malabry France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Laboratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA)Oniris, INRAE Nantes France
| | - Corinne Buisson
- Département des analysesAgence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD) Châtenay‐Malabry France
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15
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Reichel C, Gmeiner G, Thevis M. Detection of black market follistatin 344. Drug Test Anal 2020; 11:1675-1697. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Doping Control Laboratory Seibersdorf, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, A‐2444 Seibersdorf Austria
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping AgentsGerman Sport University Cologne Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory Seibersdorf, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, A‐2444 Seibersdorf Austria
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping ResearchGerman Sport University Cologne Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping AgentsGerman Sport University Cologne Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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16
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Heiland CE, Masquelier M, Bhuiyan H, Ericsson M. A simple method to immunopurify erythropoiesis stimulating agents from urine, aiming to optimize erythropoietin screening by SAR‐PAGE. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1666-1674. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmel E. Heiland
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Clinical PharmacologyKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Michèle Masquelier
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Clinical PharmacologyKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Hasanuzzaman Bhuiyan
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Clinical PharmacologyKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Magnus Ericsson
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Clinical PharmacologyKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
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17
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Zhou X, Zhang L, He S, Shen L, He C. Comparison and optimization of SAR‐PAGE tests for erythropoietins in doping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2019; 12:109-118. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Zhou
- China Anti Doping Agency National Anti‐Doping Laboratory China
| | - Lisi Zhang
- China Anti Doping Agency National Anti‐Doping Laboratory China
| | - Sen He
- China Anti Doping Agency National Anti‐Doping Laboratory China
| | - Li Shen
- China Anti Doping Agency National Anti‐Doping Laboratory China
| | - Chunji He
- China Anti Doping Agency National Anti‐Doping Laboratory China
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18
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Heuberger JAAC, van Eenoo P, Rotmans JI, Gal P, Stuurman FE, Post TE, Daniels JMA, Ram H, de Hon O, Burggraaf J, Cohen AF. Sensitivity and specificity of detection methods for erythropoietin doping in cyclists. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1290-1301. [PMID: 31232530 PMCID: PMC6790592 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) is used as doping a substance. Anti‐doping efforts include urine and blood testing and monitoring the athlete biological passport (ABP). As data on the performance of these methods are incomplete, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of two common urine assays and the ABP. In a randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial, 48 trained cyclists received a mean dose of 6000 IU rHuEPO (epoetin β) or placebo by weekly injection for eight weeks. Seven timed urine and blood samples were collected per subject. Urine samples were analyzed by sarcosyl‐PAGE and isoelectric focusing methods in the accredited DoCoLab in Ghent. A selection of samples, including any with false presumptive findings, underwent a second sarcosyl‐PAGE confirmation analysis. Hematological parameters were used to construct a module similar to the ABP and analyzed by two evaluators from an Athlete Passport Management Unit. Sensitivity of the sarcosyl‐PAGE and isoelectric focusing assays for the detection of erythropoietin abuse were 63.8% and 58.6%, respectively, with a false presumptive finding rate of 4.3% and 6%. None of the false presumptive findings tested positive in the confirmation analysis. Sensitivity was highest between 2 and 6 days after dosing, and dropped rapidly outside this window. Sensitivity of the ABP was 91.3%. Specificity of the urine assays was high; however, the detection window of rHuEPO was narrow, leading to questionable sensitivity. The ABP, integrating longitudinal data, is more sensitive, but there are still subjects that evade detection. Combining these methods might improve performance, but will not resolve all observed shortcomings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joris I Rotmans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Pim Gal
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Titiaan E Post
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, Netherlands.,Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Johannes M A Daniels
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Herman Ram
- Anti-Doping Authority the Netherlands, Capelle aan den IJssel, Netherlands
| | - Olivier de Hon
- Anti-Doping Authority the Netherlands, Capelle aan den IJssel, Netherlands
| | - Jacobus Burggraaf
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, Netherlands.,Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Adam F Cohen
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
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19
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Cavalcanti RTC, Teixeira PAC, Levy RS, Pereira HMG, Aquino Neto FR. Detection of ESAs in equine urine and blood by SAR‐PAGE. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:772-781. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Tannuri Campos Cavalcanti
- Chemistry Institute, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory – LBCD – LADETECFederal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, Polo de Química, Ilha do Fundão Rio de Janeiro 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Pedro Antônio Castelo Teixeira
- Chemistry Institute, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory – LBCD – LADETECFederal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, Polo de Química, Ilha do Fundão Rio de Janeiro 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Rachel Santos Levy
- Chemistry Institute, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory – LBCD – LADETECFederal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, Polo de Química, Ilha do Fundão Rio de Janeiro 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Henrique Marcelo Gualberto Pereira
- Chemistry Institute, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory – LBCD – LADETECFederal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, Polo de Química, Ilha do Fundão Rio de Janeiro 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Francisco Radler Aquino Neto
- Chemistry Institute, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory – LBCD – LADETECFederal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, Polo de Química, Ilha do Fundão Rio de Janeiro 21941‐598 Brazil
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20
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Reichel C, Gmeiner G, Reihlen P, Thevis M, Schänzer W. SARCOSYL-PAGE: Optimized Protocols for the Separation and Immunological Detection of PEGylated Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1855:131-149. [PMID: 30426415 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8793-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PEGylation of recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides aims to generate biopharmaceuticals with altered physical properties. The modification may lead to a prolonged serum half-life caused by decreased receptor-mediated endocytosis and/or delay in renal clearance caused by the increased hydrodynamic volume of the pharmaceutical. MIRCERA, a PEGylated recombinant erythropoietin (rhEPO) used in the treatment of anemia due to chronic kidney disease, has also been abused by athletes as performance-enhancing drug. While it can be detected by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting, the sensitivity of the test is significantly lower compared to other epoetins. By replacing SDS with sarcosyl in the sample and running buffers, the interaction between SDS and the PEG group of the protein no longer reduces the affinity of the monoclonal anti-EPO antibody (clone AE7A5) to the protein chain. Contrary to SDS, sarcosyl only binds to the amino acid chain of the PEGylated protein and thus leads to a sharper electrophoretic band and enhanced antibody binding. While the method was originally developed for anti-doping purposes, it may also be useful for the electrophoretic separation and immunological detection of other PEGylated proteins. Protocols for urine and serum are presented. They are also applicable for the general detection of EPO-based erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) in these matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria.
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Philipp Reihlen
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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21
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Desharnais P, Naud J, Ayotte C. Detection of erythropoiesis stimulating agents in urine samples using a capillary Western system. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1698-1707. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Desharnais
- Laboratoire de contrôle du dopageINRS‐Institut Armand‐Frappier 531 Boulevard des Prairies Laval (Québec) Canada H7V1B7
| | - Jean‐François Naud
- Laboratoire de contrôle du dopageINRS‐Institut Armand‐Frappier 531 Boulevard des Prairies Laval (Québec) Canada H7V1B7
| | - Christiane Ayotte
- Laboratoire de contrôle du dopageINRS‐Institut Armand‐Frappier 531 Boulevard des Prairies Laval (Québec) Canada H7V1B7
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22
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Reichel C, Gmeiner G, Walpurgis K, Thevis M. Updated protocols for the detection of Sotatercept and Luspatercept in human serum. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1708-1713. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Doping Control Laboratory SeibersdorfSeibersdorf Labor GmbH A‐2444 Seibersdorf Austria
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping AgentsGerman Sport University Cologne Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory SeibersdorfSeibersdorf Labor GmbH A‐2444 Seibersdorf Austria
| | - Katja Walpurgis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping ResearchGerman Sport University Cologne Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping AgentsGerman Sport University Cologne Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping ResearchGerman Sport University Cologne Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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23
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Reverter-Branchat G, Ventura R, Ezzel Din M, Mateus J, Pedro C, Segura J. Detection of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in a single dried blood spot. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1496-1507. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Reverter-Branchat
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program; IMIM - Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute; Barcelona Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Neurosciences Research Programme; IMIM - Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute; Barcelona Spain
| | - Mohammed Ezzel Din
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program; IMIM - Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute; Barcelona Spain
| | - Julián Mateus
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program; IMIM - Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute; Barcelona Spain
| | - Carme Pedro
- Department of Hematology; Hospital del Mar-IMIM; Barcelona Spain
| | - Jordi Segura
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program; IMIM - Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute; Barcelona Spain
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Neurosciences Research Programme; IMIM - Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute; Barcelona Spain
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24
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Reichel C, Farmer L, Gmeiner G, Walpurgis K, Thevis M. Detection of Sotatercept (ACE-011) in human serum by SAR-PAGE and western single blotting. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:927-937. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Doping Control Laboratory Seibersdorf; Seibersdorf Labor GmbH; Seibersdorf Austria
| | - Letizia Farmer
- Doping Control Laboratory Seibersdorf; Seibersdorf Labor GmbH; Seibersdorf Austria
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory Seibersdorf; Seibersdorf Labor GmbH; Seibersdorf Austria
| | - Katja Walpurgis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Centre for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Centre for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
- European Monitoring Centre for Emerging Doping Agents; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
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25
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Pereira HMG, Sardela VF, Padilha MC, Mirotti L, Casilli A, de Oliveira FA, de Albuquerque Cavalcanti G, Rodrigues LML, de Araujo ALD, Levy RS, Teixeira PAC, de Oliveira FAG, Duarte ACG, Carneiro ACD, Evaristo JAM, Dos Santos GRC, da Costa GCV, de Lima Castro F, Nogueira FCS, Scalco FB, Pizzatti L, de Aquino Neto FR. Doping control analysis at the Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1658-1672. [PMID: 29078043 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper summarises the results obtained from the doping control analyses performed during the Summer XXXI Olympic Games (August 3-21, 2016) and the XV Paralympic Games (September 7-18, 2016). The analyses of all doping control samples were performed at the Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD), a World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)-accredited laboratory located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A new facility at Rio de Janeiro Federal University (UFRJ) was built and fully operated by over 700 professionals, including Brazilian and international scientists, administrative staff, and volunteers. For the Olympic Games, 4913 samples were analysed. In 29 specimens, the presence of a prohibited substance was confirmed, resulting in adverse analytical findings (AAFs). For the Paralympic Games, 1687 samples were analysed, 12 of which were reported as AAFs. For both events, 82.8% of the samples were urine, and 17.2% were blood samples. In total, more than 31 000 analytical procedures were conducted. New WADA technical documents were fully implemented; consequently, state-of-the-art analytical toxicology instrumentation and strategies were applied during the Games, including different types of mass spectrometry (MS) analysers, peptide, and protein detection strategies, endogenous steroid profile measurements, and blood analysis. This enormous investment yielded one of the largest Olympic legacies in Brazil and South America. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Marcelo Gualberto Pereira
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Figueiredo Sardela
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monica Costa Padilha
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Mirotti
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Casilli
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio Azamor de Oliveira
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo de Albuquerque Cavalcanti
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas Martins Lisandro Rodrigues
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda Lessa Dutra de Araujo
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rachel Santos Levy
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Antonio Castelo Teixeira
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe Alves Gomes de Oliveira
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Giordani Duarte
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Dudenhoeffer Carneiro
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joseph Albert Medeiros Evaristo
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ramalho Cardoso Dos Santos
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Carlo Verissimo da Costa
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Lima Castro
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio Cesar Sousa Nogueira
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bertão Scalco
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pizzatti
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Proteômica do Sangue - LABMOPS, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francisco Radler de Aquino Neto
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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26
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Desharnais P, Naud J, Ayotte C. Immunomagnetic beads‐based isolation of erythropoietins from urine and blood for sports anti‐doping control. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1744-1752. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Desharnais
- INRS‐Institut Armand‐FrappierLaboratoire de contrôle du dopage 531 Boul. des Prairies Laval Québec Canada H7V 1B7
| | - Jean‐Francois Naud
- INRS‐Institut Armand‐FrappierLaboratoire de contrôle du dopage 531 Boul. des Prairies Laval Québec Canada H7V 1B7
| | - Christiane Ayotte
- INRS‐Institut Armand‐FrappierLaboratoire de contrôle du dopage 531 Boul. des Prairies Laval Québec Canada H7V 1B7
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27
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Reichel C, Gmeiner G, Thevis M. Antibody‐based strategies for the detection of Luspatercept (ACE‐536) in human serum. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1721-1730. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Doping Control LaboratorySeibersdorf Labor GmbH An der Bundesstrasse 60 A‐2444 Seibersdorf Austria
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control LaboratorySeibersdorf Labor GmbH An der Bundesstrasse 60 A‐2444 Seibersdorf Austria
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry / Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping AgentsGerman Sport University Cologne Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:6-29. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses; University Center of Legal Medicine; Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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Analytical progresses of the World Anti-Doping Agency Olympic laboratories: a 2016 update from London to Rio. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:2265-2279. [PMID: 27665839 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games, the biggest event in human sports, was held in Rio de Janeiro with more than 10,500 athletes from 206 countries over the world competing for the highest of sports honors, an Olympic medal. With the hope that the Olympic ideal accompanies all aspects of the XXXI Olympiad, WADA accredited antidoping laboratories use the spearhead of analytical technology as a powerful tool in the fight against doping. This review summarizes the main analytical developments applied in antidoping testing methodology combined with the main amendments on the WADA regulations regarding analytical testing starting from the 2012 London Olympics until the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro.
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Reichel C, Benetka W, Lorenc B, Thevis M. Evaluation of AMGEN clone 9G8A anti-Epo antibody for application in doping control. Drug Test Anal 2016; 8:1131-1137. [PMID: 27552163 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The two mouse monoclonal anti-erythropoietin (EPO) antibodies clone AE7A5 (generated by using a 26 amino acid N-terminal EPO-peptide) and 9G8A (developed by immunizing mice with full length human EPO) are both directed against linear epitopes at the N-terminus of EPO. While AE7A5 has been commercially available for many years, 9G8A was made for Amgen's internal research purposes. In the past, the commercial antibody was shown to cross-react with several proteins unrelated to EPO (e.g. E. coli thioredoxin reductase, zinc-α2-glycoprotein, S. cerevisiae enolase, human neuron-specific enolase, and human non-neuronal enolase). However, it displayed high sensitivity for detecting recombinant EPO (rEPO) misuse by athletes on Western blots. We evaluated the potential use of clone 9G8A for doping control purposes. While 9G8A showed lower sensitivity than AE7A5 (ca 45% on isoelectric focusing (IEF)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), ca 40% on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)- and sarcosyl (SAR)-PAGE), non-specific binding of the five proteins was not observed. The cross-reactivity of AE7A5 can be overcome by immunoaffinity purification of EPO before electrophoresis and Western blotting. Similar to AE7A5, clone 9G8A is also suited for Western double-blotting. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Doping Control Laboratory, AIT Seibersdorf Laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Benetka
- Doping Control Laboratory, AIT Seibersdorf Laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Barbara Lorenc
- Doping Control Laboratory, AIT Seibersdorf Laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry / Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
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