1
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Bora K, Kushwah N, Maurya M, Pavlovich MC, Wang Z, Chen J. Assessment of Inner Blood-Retinal Barrier: Animal Models and Methods. Cells 2023; 12:2443. [PMID: 37887287 PMCID: PMC10605292 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper functioning of the neural retina relies on the unique retinal environment regulated by the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), which restricts the passage of solutes, fluids, and toxic substances. BRB impairment occurs in many retinal vascular diseases and the breakdown of BRB significantly contributes to disease pathology. Understanding the different molecular constituents and signaling pathways involved in BRB development and maintenance is therefore crucial in developing treatment modalities. This review summarizes the major molecular signaling pathways involved in inner BRB (iBRB) formation and maintenance, and representative animal models of eye diseases with retinal vascular leakage. Studies on Wnt/β-catenin signaling are highlighted, which is critical for retinal and brain vascular angiogenesis and barriergenesis. Moreover, multiple in vivo and in vitro methods for the detection and analysis of vascular leakage are described, along with their advantages and limitations. These pre-clinical animal models and methods for assessing iBRB provide valuable experimental tools in delineating the molecular mechanisms of retinal vascular diseases and evaluating therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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2
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Helmbacher F. Astrocyte-intrinsic and -extrinsic Fat1 activities regulate astrocyte development and angiogenesis in the retina. Development 2022; 149:274046. [PMID: 35050341 DOI: 10.1242/dev.192047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a stepwise process leading to blood vessel formation. In the vertebrate retina, endothelial cells are guided by astrocytes migrating along the inner surface, and the two processes are coupled by a tightly regulated cross-talks between the two cell types. Here, I have investigated how the FAT1 cadherin, a regulator of tissue morphogenesis that governs tissue cross-talk, influences retinal vascular development. Late-onset Fat1 inactivation in the neural lineage in mice, by interfering with astrocyte progenitor migration polarity and maturation, delayed postnatal retinal angiogenesis, leading to persistent vascular abnormalities in adult retinas. Impaired astrocyte migration and polarity were not associated with alterations of retinal ganglion cell axonal trajectories or of the inner limiting membrane. In contrast, inducible Fat1 ablation in postnatal astrocytes was sufficient to alter their migration polarity and proliferation. Altogether, this study uncovers astrocyte-intrinsic and -extrinsic Fat1 activities that influence astrocyte migration polarity, proliferation and maturation, disruption of which impacts retinal vascular development and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Helmbacher
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 907, 13288 Marseille, France
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3
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Paisley CE, Kay JN. Seeing stars: Development and function of retinal astrocytes. Dev Biol 2021; 478:144-154. [PMID: 34260962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the central nervous system, astrocytes adopt precisely ordered spatial arrangements of their somata and arbors, which facilitate their many important functions. Astrocyte pattern formation is particularly important in the retina, where astrocytes serve as a template that dictates the pattern of developing retinal vasculature. Thus, if astrocyte patterning is disturbed, there are severe consequences for retinal angiogenesis and ultimately for vision - as seen in diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity. Here we discuss key steps in development of the retinal astrocyte population. We describe how fundamental developmental forces - their birth, migration, proliferation, and death - sculpt astrocytes into a template that guides angiogenesis. We further address the radical changes in the cellular and molecular composition of the astrocyte network that occur upon completion of angiogenesis, paving the way for their adult functions in support of retinal ganglion cell axons. Understanding development of retinal astrocytes may elucidate pattern formation mechanisms that are deployed broadly by other axon-associated astrocyte populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Paisley
- Departments of Neurobiology, Ophthalmology, and Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jeremy N Kay
- Departments of Neurobiology, Ophthalmology, and Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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4
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Jones I, Hägglund AC, Carlsson L. Reduced mTORC1-signaling in retinal ganglion cells leads to vascular retinopathy. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:321-335. [PMID: 34148274 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coordinated wiring of neurons, glia and endothelial cells into neurovascular units is critical for central nervous system development. This is best exemplified in the mammalian retina where interneurons, astrocytes and retinal ganglion cells sculpt their vascular environment to meet the metabolic demands of visual function. Identifying the molecular networks that underlie neurovascular unit formation is an important step towards a deeper understanding of nervous system development and function. RESULTS Here, we report that cell-to-cell mTORC1-signaling is essential for neurovascular unit formation during mouse retinal development. Using a conditional knockout approach we demonstrate that reduced mTORC1 activity in asymmetrically positioned retinal ganglion cells induces a delay in postnatal vascular network formation in addition to the production of rudimentary and tortuous vessel networks in adult animals. The severity of this vascular phenotype is directly correlated to the degree of mTORC1 down regulation within the neighboring retinal ganglion cell population. CONCLUSIONS This study establishes a cell nonautonomous role for mTORC1-signaling during retinal development. These findings contribute to our current understanding of neurovascular unit formation and demonstrate how ganglion cells actively sculpt their local environment to ensure that the retina is perfused with an appropriate supply of oxygen and nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan Jones
- Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine (UCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Leif Carlsson
- Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine (UCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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5
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Perelli RM, O'Sullivan ML, Zarnick S, Kay JN. Environmental oxygen regulates astrocyte proliferation to guide angiogenesis during retinal development. Development 2021; 148:261802. [PMID: 33960384 PMCID: PMC8126409 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis in the developing mammalian retina requires patterning cues from astrocytes. Developmental disorders of retinal vasculature, such as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), involve arrest or mispatterning of angiogenesis. Whether these vascular pathologies involve astrocyte dysfunction remains untested. Here, we demonstrate that the major risk factor for ROP – transient neonatal exposure to excess oxygen – disrupts formation of the angiogenic astrocyte template. Exposing newborn mice to elevated oxygen (75%) suppressed astrocyte proliferation, whereas return to room air (21% oxygen) at postnatal day 4 triggered extensive proliferation, massively increasing astrocyte numbers and disturbing their spatial patterning prior to the arrival of developing vasculature. Proliferation required astrocytic HIF2α and was also stimulated by direct hypoxia (10% oxygen), suggesting that astrocyte oxygen sensing regulates the number of astrocytes produced during development. Along with astrocyte defects, return to room air also caused vascular defects reminiscent of ROP. Strikingly, these vascular phenotypes were more severe in animals that had larger numbers of excess astrocytes. Together, our findings suggest that fluctuations in environmental oxygen dysregulate molecular pathways controlling astrocyte proliferation, thereby generating excess astrocytes that interfere with retinal angiogenesis. Highlighted Article: Oxygen regulates proliferation of immature retinal astrocytes. Perturbing this mechanism inflates astrocyte numbers, disrupts retinal angiogenesis and leads to vascular pathologies resembling retinopathy of prematurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M Perelli
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Matthew L O'Sullivan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Ophthalmology Residency Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Samantha Zarnick
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jeremy N Kay
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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6
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Morita A, Yoshizumi M, Arima S, Mori A, Sakamoto K, Nagamitsu T, Nakahara T. Pharmacological depletion of retinal neurons prevents vertical angiogenic sprouting without affecting the superficial vascular plexus. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:497-512. [PMID: 33085163 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mice, a tri-layered (superficial, intermediate, and deep) vascular structure is formed in the retina during the third postnatal week. Short-term treatment of newborn mice with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor inhibitors delays the formation of superficial vascular plexus and this allows us to investigate the developmental process of superficial and deep vascular plexuses at the same time. Using this model, we examined the effect of pharmacological depletion of retinal neurons on the formation of superficial and deep vascular plexuses. RESULTS Neuronal cell loss induced by an intravitreal injection of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid on postnatal day (P) 8 delayed vascular development in the deep layer but not in the superficial layer in mice treated with KRN633, a VEGF receptor inhibitor, on P0 and P1. In KRN633-treated mice, neuronal cell loss decreased the number of vertical sprouts originating from the superficial plexus without affecting the number of angiogenic sprouts growing in front. Neuronal cell loss did not impair networks of fibronectin and astrocytes in the superficial layer. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that inner retinal neurons play a crucial role in forming the deep vascular plexus by directing the sprouts from the superficial blood vessels to the deep layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Morita
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Yoshizumi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Arima
- Department of Organic Synthesis, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asami Mori
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Nagamitsu
- Department of Organic Synthesis, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nakahara
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Morita A, Goko T, Matsumura M, Asaso D, Arima S, Mori A, Sakamoto K, Nagamitsu T, Nakahara T. The process of revascularization in the neonatal mouse retina following short-term blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:529-549. [PMID: 32897421 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Misdirected vascular growth frequently occurs in the neovascular diseases in the retina. However, the mechanisms are still not fully understood. In the present study, we created capillary-free zones in the central and peripheral retinas in neonatal mice by pharmacological blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling. Using this model, we investigated the process and mechanisms of revascularization in the central and peripheral avascular areas. After the completion of a 2-day treatment with the VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor KRN633 on postnatal day (P) 4 and P5, revascularization started on P8 in the central avascular area where capillaries had been dropped out. The expression levels of VEGF were higher in the peripheral than in the central avascular area. However, the expansion of the vasculature in the peripheral avascular retina remained suppressed until revascularization had been completed in the central avascular area. Additionally, we found disorganized endothelial cell division, misdirected blood vessels with irregular diameters, and abnormal fibronectin networks at the border of the vascular front and the avascular retina. In the central avascular area, a slight amount of fibronectin as non-vascular component re-formed to provide a scaffold for revascularization. Mechanistic analysis revealed that higher levels of VEGF attenuated the migratory response of endothelial cells without decreasing the proliferative activity. These results suggest that the presence of concentration range of VEGF, which enhances both migration and proliferation of the endothelial cells, and the structurally normal fibronectin network contribute to determine the proper direction of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Morita
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tomomi Goko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Mami Matsumura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Daiki Asaso
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Shiho Arima
- Department of Organic Synthesis, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Asami Mori
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
- Laboratory of Medical Pharmacology, Department of Clinical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
- Laboratory of Medical Pharmacology, Department of Clinical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tohru Nagamitsu
- Department of Organic Synthesis, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nakahara
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
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8
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Ai LQY, Yuan RD, Chen X, Liu YJ, Liu WY, Zhu JY, Zhang Z, Yan J, Chen CL, Lin S, Ye J. Retinal blood vessel-origin yes-associated protein (YAP) governs astrocytic maturation via leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12757. [PMID: 31916327 PMCID: PMC7046482 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To testify that endothelial cells (ECs) induce astrocyte maturation by leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) secretion. Materials and Methods In vivo experiments, mice bearing floxed alleles of YAP were crossed with mice expressing a Cre recombinase driven by the endothelial Tek promoter (Tek‐Cre) to finally obtain the following three genotypes: YAPf/f, Tek‐Cre; YAPf/w, Tek‐Cre; and YAPf/f. Retinal vascularization and astrocyte network were evaluated by whole‐mount fluorescence and Western blotting. In vitro, experiments were performed in an astrocyte and human microvascular endothelial cell (HMEC‐1) coculture model to analyse the mechanisms underlying the effect of endothelial YAP on astrocytes. Results In vivo, YAPf/f;Tek‐Cre mice showed delayed angiogenesis, sparse vessels and decreased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+ astrocytes but aberrant growth of endothelial networks and immature astrocytes (platelet‐derived growth factor A, PDGFRA+ astrocytes) overgrowth. In vitro, Yap deletion attenuated the LIF release that delayed the maturation of retinal astrocyte which was consistent with the results of HMEC‐1—astrocyte coculture. The effect of YAP overexpression on LIF‐LIFR axis in HMEC‐1 interferes the GFAP expression of astrocyte. In contrast, LIF protein rescues the astrocytic GFAP expression when EC YAP was inhibited by siRNAs. Conclusions We show that EC yes‐associated protein (YAP) is not only a critical coactivator of Hippo signalling in retinal vessel development but also plays an essential role in retinal astrocyte maturation by regulating LIF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qian-Yu Ai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Surgery & Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong-Di Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, XinQiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Surgery & Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun-Jia Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Surgery & Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Yi Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Surgery & Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing-Yi Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Surgery & Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Surgery & Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Research Institute of Surgery & Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun-Lin Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Surgery & Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Surgery & Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Surgery & Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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9
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Changes in components of the neurovascular unit in the retina in a rat model of retinopathy of prematurity. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 379:473-486. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Abstract
The vimentin gene (
VIM) encodes one of the 71 human intermediate filament (IF) proteins, which are the building blocks of highly ordered, dynamic, and cell type-specific fiber networks. Vimentin is a multi-functional 466 amino acid protein with a high degree of evolutionary conservation among vertebrates.
Vim
−/− mice, though viable, exhibit systemic defects related to development and wound repair, which may have implications for understanding human disease pathogenesis. Vimentin IFs are required for the plasticity of mesenchymal cells under normal physiological conditions and for the migration of cancer cells that have undergone epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Although it was observed years ago that vimentin promotes cell migration, the molecular mechanisms were not completely understood. Recent advances in microscopic techniques, combined with computational image analysis, have helped illuminate vimentin dynamics and function in migrating cells on a precise scale. This review includes a brief historical account of early studies that unveiled vimentin as a unique component of the cell cytoskeleton followed by an overview of the physiological vimentin functions documented in studies on
Vim
−/− mice. The primary focus of the discussion is on novel mechanisms related to how vimentin coordinates cell migration. The current hypothesis is that vimentin promotes cell migration by integrating mechanical input from the environment and modulating the dynamics of microtubules and the actomyosin network. These new findings undoubtedly will open up multiple avenues to study the broader function of vimentin and other IF proteins in cell biology and will lead to critical insights into the relevance of different vimentin levels for the invasive behaviors of metastatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Battaglia
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samed Delic
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Natasha T Snider
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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11
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Morita A, Sawada S, Mori A, Arima S, Sakamoto K, Nagamitsu T, Nakahara T. Establishment of an abnormal vascular patterning model in the mouse retina. J Pharmacol Sci 2018; 136:177-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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12
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Morita A, Mori A, Arima S, Sakamoto K, Nagamitsu T, Ishii K, Nakahara T. Transient phenotypic changes in endothelial cells and pericytes in neonatal mouse retina following short-term blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:699-711. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akane Morita
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology; Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tokyo Japan
| | - Asami Mori
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology; Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tokyo Japan
| | - Shiho Arima
- Department of Organic Synthesis; Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kenji Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology; Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tohru Nagamitsu
- Department of Organic Synthesis; Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kunio Ishii
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology; Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nakahara
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology; Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tokyo Japan
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13
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Retinal Angiogenesis Regulates Astrocytic Differentiation in Neonatal Mouse Retinas by Oxygen Dependent Mechanisms. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17608. [PMID: 29242645 PMCID: PMC5730567 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, retinal vascular and astrocyte networks begin to develop at birth, expanding radially from the optic nerve head (ONH) towards the retinal periphery. The retinal vasculature grows towards the periphery ahead of differentiated astrocytes, but behind astrocytic progenitor cells (APCs) and immature astrocytes. Endothelial cell specific Vegfr-2 disruption in newborn mice not only blocked retinal vascular development but also suppressed astrocytic differentiation, reducing the abundance of differentiated astrocytes while causing the accumulation of precursors. By contrast, retinal astrocytic differentiation was accelerated by the exposure of wild-type newborn mice to hyperoxia for 24 hours, or by APC specific deficiency in hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)−2α, an oxygen labile transcription factor. These findings reveal a novel function of the retinal vasculature, and imply that in normal neonatal mice, oxygen from the retinal circulation may promote astrocytic differentiation, in part by triggering oxygen dependent HIF-2α degradation in astrocytic precursors.
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