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Peñafiel Loaiza N, Chafe AH, Moraes R M, Oleas NH, Roncal J. Genotyping-by-sequencing informs conservation of Andean palms sources of non-timber forest products. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13765. [PMID: 39091352 PMCID: PMC11291087 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Conservation and sustainable management of lineages providing non-timber forest products are imperative under the current global biodiversity loss. Most non-timber forest species, however, lack genomic studies that characterize their intraspecific variation and evolutionary history, which inform species' conservation practices. Contrary to many lineages in the Andean biodiversity hotspot that exhibit high diversification, the genus Parajubaea (Arecaceae) has only three species despite the genus' origin 22 million years ago. Two of the three palm species, P. torallyi and P. sunkha, are non-timber forest species endemic to the Andes of Bolivia and are listed as IUCN endangered. The third species, P. cocoides, is a vulnerable species with unknown wild populations. We investigated the evolutionary relationships of Parajubaea species and the genetic diversity and structure of wild Bolivian populations. Sequencing of five low-copy nuclear genes (3753 bp) challenged the hypothesis that P. cocoides is a cultigen that originated from the wild Bolivian species. We further obtained up to 15,134 de novo single-nucleotide polymorphism markers by genotyping-by-sequencing of 194 wild Parajubaea individuals. Our total DNA sequencing effort rejected the taxonomic separation of the two Bolivian species. As expected for narrow endemic species, we observed low genetic diversity, but no inbreeding signal. We found three genetic clusters shaped by geographic distance, which we use to propose three management units. Different percentages of missing genotypic data did not impact the genetic structure of populations. We use the management units to recommend in situ conservation by creating new protected areas, and ex situ conservation through seed collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Peñafiel Loaiza
- Department of BiologyMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
- Present address:
Chone y BabahoyoLojaEcuador
| | - Abigail H. Chafe
- Department of BiologyMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Mónica Moraes R
- Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Instituto de EcologíaUniversidad Mayor de San AndrésLa PazBolivia
| | - Nora H. Oleas
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático – BioCamb e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio AmbienteUniversidad IndoaméricaQuitoEcuador
| | - Julissa Roncal
- Department of BiologyMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
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Pérez ÁJ, Tobar F, Burgess KS, Henning T. Contributions to Ecuadorian butterworts (Lentibulariaceae, Pinguicula): two new species and a re-evaluation of Pinguiculacalyptrata. PHYTOKEYS 2023; 222:153-171. [PMID: 37252644 PMCID: PMC10209607 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.222.98139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Comparatively few species of the insectivorous genus Pinguicula L. have been recognized in South America so far. In recent years, a number of narrowly endemic taxa from the Andes have been described that simultaneously refined the broad taxonomic concepts of the "historical" species. Here, we describe two striking new species from Southern Ecuador that further condense the circumscription of Pinguiculacalyptrata Kunth. Pinguiculajimburensissp. nov. and P.ombrophilasp. nov. are clearly beyond the taxonomic scope of the known species and consequently described as new to science. The deviating morphological features of the two new taxa are described and illustrated and the remaining morphological spectrum of P.calyptrata in Ecuador is outlined. The two new species add to the exceptional biodiversity in the Amotape-Huancabamba Zone and underline its importance as a biodiversity hotspot in urgent need of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro J. Pérez
- Herbario QCA, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Apartado 17-01-2184, Quito, EcuadorPontificia Universidad Católica del EcuadorQuitoEcuador
| | - Francisco Tobar
- Área de Investigación y Monitoreo de Avifauna, Aves y Conservación-BirdLife en Ecuador, Quito, EcuadorÁrea de Investigación y Monitoreo de AvifaunaQuitoEcuador
- Herbario Nacional del Ecuador, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Pasaje Rumipamba 341 y Av. de los Shyris, 170135, Quito, Pichincha, EcuadorHerbario Nacional del Ecuador, Instituto Nacional de BiodiversidadQuitoEcuador
| | - Kevin S. Burgess
- Department of Biology, College of Letters & Sciences, Columbus State University, University System of Georgia, 4225 University Ave, Columbus, GA 31907, USAColumbus State UniversityColumbusUnited States of America
| | - Tilo Henning
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374, Müncheberg, GermanyLeibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape ResearchMünchebergGermany
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Fuchs EJ, Cascante-Marín A, Madrigal-Brenes R, Quesada M. Genetic diversity and phylogeographic patterns of the dioecious palm Chamaedorea tepejilote (Arecaceae) in Costa Rica: the role of mountain ranges and possible refugia. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plac060. [PMID: 36654989 PMCID: PMC9840212 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plac060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Gene flow connects populations and is necessary to sustain effective population sizes, and genetic diversity. In the Lower Central American (LCA) region, the complex topographic and climatic history have produced a wide variety of habitats resulting in high biodiversity. Phylogeographic studies of plants from this area are scarce, and to date none have been conducted on palms. We used SSR and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) markers to study the genetic diversity and structure of populations of the understory palm Chamaedorea tepejilote in Costa Rica. We found that populations of C. tepejilote have moderate to high nuclear simple sequence repeat (SSR) genetic diversity, likely due to large population sizes and its outcrossing mating system. Habitat loss and fragmentation may have contributed to increased genetic structure within slopes. High-elevation mountain ranges appeared to be a significant barrier for gene flow among populations in the Caribbean and Pacific slopes; however, ranges are permeable through low-elevation passes. In contrast, most populations had a single distinct cpDNA haplotype, supporting the hypothesis of several isolated populations that experienced decline that likely resulted in eroded cytoplasmic genetic diversity within populations. The haplotype network and Bayesian analysis linked populations in the Caribbean and the southern Pacific coast, suggesting that gene flow between Pacific and Caribbean populations may have occurred through the southern extreme of the Talamanca Mountain range in Panama, a colonization pathway not previously suggested for LCA plants. This is one of the first phylogeographic studies conducted on tropical palms in the LCA region and the first in the genus Chamaedorea, which sheds light on possible gene flow and dispersal patterns of C. tepejilote in Costa Rica. Our results also highlight the importance of mountain ranges on shaping gene flow patterns of Neotropical plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Fuchs
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro Montes de Oca 11501-2060, Costa Rica
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, 58190, México
- Laboratorio Binacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, UNAM-UCR, México–Costa Rica
| | - Alfredo Cascante-Marín
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro Montes de Oca 11501-2060, Costa Rica
- Laboratorio Binacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, UNAM-UCR, México–Costa Rica
| | - Ruth Madrigal-Brenes
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro Montes de Oca 11501-2060, Costa Rica
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, 58190, México
- Laboratorio Binacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, UNAM-UCR, México–Costa Rica
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Antioxidant, Antiproliferative and Anti-Enzymatic Capacities, Nutritional Analysis and UHPLC-PDA-MS Characterization of Ungurahui Palm Fruits (Oenocarpus bataua Mart) from the Peruvian Amazon. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081598. [PMID: 36009318 PMCID: PMC9404833 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ungurahui, or Patawa, fruits are a popular fruit and medicinal food used in the Amazon. Here, we have studied nine natural populations of ungurahui from the Peruvian Amazon regarding their nutritional and biological activities, including metal composition, proximal analyses, cytotoxic, antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibition activities. Twenty-four compounds have been detected in these Peruvian natural populations by UHPLC-MS, including nine phenolic acids (peaks 1–6, 8, 9 and 11), four C-glycosyl flavonoids (peaks 12, 16, 17 and 18), two flavonols (peaks 7 and 10), one flavanol (peak 15), three anthocyanins (peaks 13, 14 and 22) and five resveratrol derivatives (peaks 19–21, 23 and 24). Sample 9, Tunaants, showed the highest DPPH clearing capacity regarding the content of Trolox equivalents (2208.79 μmol Trolox/g), but an ORAC test of the sample collected in San Lorenzo showed the highest clearing activity (1222.28 μmol Trolox/g) and the sample collected in Allpahuayo Mishana showed the most powerful ABTS (1803.72 μmol Trolox/g). The sample from Jenaro Herrera was the most powerful in AChe inhibition (IC50 2.05 ± 0.03 μg/mL), followed by the sample from Contamana (IC50 2.43 ± 0.12 μg/mL). In BChE inhibition, the sample from Palestina was the most active (4.42 ± 0.06 μg/mL), followed by samples from Tunaants and San Lorenzo. The differences among bioactivities can be related to the different growing conditions of the populations of ungurahui. The palm tree fruit proved to be a good source of natural antioxidants and dietary fatty acids, and their consumption represents an alternative for the prevention of neurodegenerative or related non-chronic transmittable diseases.
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Martín CM, Zanotti CA, Acuña-Castillo R, Henning T, Catari JC, Weigend M. Taxonomic revision of the peculiar genus Xylopodia (Loasaceae) with a new species from Argentina and Bolivia demonstrating an atypical trans-Andean disjunction. PHYTOKEYS 2022; 194:47-62. [PMID: 35586324 PMCID: PMC9033758 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.194.77827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Loasaceae subfam. Loasoideae are a nearly exclusively American plant group with a center of diversity in Peru. Numerous new taxa have been described over the past decades; one of the most striking discoveries was that of the narrowly endemic Xylopodia with the single species Xylopodiaklaprothioides in Peru, Dpto. Cajamarca in 1997. Surprisingly, field studies in the past years have resulted in the discovery of material clearly belonging to the same genus in both Bolivia and northern Argentina, approximately 1500 km SE of the next known population of Xylopodia in Contumazá, Peru. A closer examination shows that Argentinian and Bolivian material belongs to a single species, clearly different from Xylopodiaklaprothioides. We here describe Xylopodialaurensis and the entire genus is revised. Both species are illustrated, all aspects of their biology and ecology are portrayed and their threat status is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M. Martín
- Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios en Diversidad Vegetal (CIEDIVE), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Alberdi 47, 4600, Jujuy, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (CONICET-UNJu), Canónigo Gorriti 237, 4600, Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Christian A. Zanotti
- Instituto de Botánica Darwinion, IBODA-CONICET, Labardén 200, Casilla de Correo 22, B1642HYD, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rafael Acuña-Castillo
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Apdo. Postal 11501–2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica
- Herbario Luis A. Fournier Origgi, Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical (CIBET), Universidad de Costa Rica, Apdo. Postal 11501–2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Tilo Henning
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Juan C. Catari
- Herbario del Oriente (USZ), Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Av. Irala 565, 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Maximilian Weigend
- Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 171, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Diaz-Martin Z, Karubian J. Forest cover at landscape scales increases male and female gametic diversity of palm seedlings. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:4353-4367. [PMID: 34216497 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic diversity shapes the evolutionary potential of plant populations. For outcrossing plants, genetic diversity is influenced by effective population size and by dispersal, first of paternal gametes through pollen, and then of paternal and maternal gametes through seeds. Forest loss often reduces genetic diversity, but the degree to which it differentially impacts the paternal and maternal contributions to genetic diversity and the spatial scale at which these impacts are most pronounced are poorly understood. To address these questions, we genotyped 504 seedlings of the animal-dispersed palm Oenocarpus bataua collected from 29 widely distributed sites across Ecuador and decomposed the contribution of paternal and maternal gametes to overall genetic diversity. The amount of forest cover at a landscape scale (>10 km radius) had an equally significant positive association with both male and female gametic diversity. In addition, there was a significant positive association between forest cover and effective population size. Stronger fine-scale spatial genetic structure for female versus male gametes was observed at sites with low forest cover, but this did not scale up to differences in male versus female gametic diversity. These findings show that reductions in forest cover at spatial scales much larger than those typically evaluated in ecological studies lead to significant, and equivalent, decreases of diversity in both male and female gametes, and that this association between landscape level forest loss and genetic diversity may be driven directly by reductions in effective population size of O. bataua, rather than by indirect disruptions to local dispersal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Diaz-Martin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Foundation for the Conservation of the Tropical Andes (FCAT), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jordan Karubian
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Foundation for the Conservation of the Tropical Andes (FCAT), Quito, Ecuador
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Pérez-Escobar OA, Lucas E, Jaramillo C, Monro A, Morris SK, Bogarín D, Greer D, Dodsworth S, Aguilar-Cano J, Sanchez Meseguer A, Antonelli A. The Origin and Diversification of the Hyperdiverse Flora in the Chocó Biogeographic Region. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1328. [PMID: 31867022 PMCID: PMC6910151 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Extremely high levels of plant diversity in the American tropics are derived from multiple interactions between biotic and abiotic factors. Previous studies have focused on macro-evolutionary dynamics of the Tropical Andes, Amazonia, and Brazil's Cerrado and Atlantic forests during the last decade. Yet, other equally important Neotropical biodiversity hotspots have been severely neglected. This is particularly true for the Chocó region on the north-western coast of South and Central America. This geologically complex region is Earth's ninth most biodiverse hotspot, hosting approximately 3% of all known plant species. Here, we test Gentry's [1982a,b] hypothesis of a northern Andean-Central American Pleistocene origin of the Chocoan flora using phylogenetic reconstructions of representative plant lineages in the American tropics. We show that plant diversity in the Chocó is derived mostly from Andean immigrants. Contributions from more distant biogeographical areas also exist but are fewer. We also identify a strong floristic connection between the Chocó and Central America, revealed by multiple migrations into the Chocó during the last 5 Ma. The dated phylogenetic reconstructions suggest a Plio-Pleistocene onset of the extant Chocó flora. Taken together, these results support to a limited extend Gentry's hypothesis of a Pleistocene origin and of a compound assembly of the Chocoan biodiversity hotspot. Strong Central American-Chocoan floristic affinity may be partly explained by the accretion of a land mass derived from the Caribbean plate to north-western South America. Additional densely sampled phylogenies of Chocoan lineages also well represented across the Neotropics could enlighten the role of land mass movements through time in the assembly of floras in Neotropical biodiversity hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Alejandro Pérez-Escobar
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Department, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, London, United Kingdom
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eve Lucas
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Department, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Jaramillo
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Panama
- ISEM, U. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Monro
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Department, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah K. Morris
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Department, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Bogarín
- Universidad de Costa Rica, Jardín Botánico Lankester, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Deborah Greer
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Department, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Dodsworth
- School of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Department, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, London, United Kingdom
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
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