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Hending D. Cryptic species conservation: a review. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 39234845 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Cryptic species are groups of two or more taxa that were previously classified as single nominal species. Being almost morphologically indistinguishable, cryptic species have historically been hard to detect. Only through modern morphometric, genetic, and molecular analyses has the hidden biodiversity of cryptic species complexes been revealed. Cryptic diversity is now widely acknowledged, but unlike more recognisable, charismatic species, scientists face additional challenges when studying cryptic taxa and protecting their wild populations. Demographical and ecological data are vital to facilitate and inform successful conservation actions, particularly at the individual species level, yet this information is lacking for many cryptic species due to their recent taxonomic description and lack of research attention. The first part of this article summarises cryptic speciation and diversity, and explores the numerous barriers and considerations that conservation biologists must navigate to detect, study and manage cryptic species populations effectively. The second part of the article seeks to address how we can overcome the challenges associated with efficiently and non-invasively detecting cryptic species in-situ, and filling vital knowledge gaps that are currently inhibiting applied conservation. The final section discusses future directions, and suggests that large-scale, holistic, and collaborative approaches that build upon successful existing applications will be vital for cryptic species conservation. This article also acknowledges that sufficient data to implement effective species-specific conservation will be difficult to attain for many cryptic animals, and protected area networks will be vital for their conservation in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hending
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
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Poelstra JW, Montero BK, Lüdemann J, Yang Z, Rakotondranary SJ, Hohenlohe P, Stetter N, Ganzhorn JU, Yoder AD. RADseq data reveal a lack of admixture in a mouse lemur contact zone contrary to previous microsatellite results. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220596. [PMID: 35946151 PMCID: PMC9364002 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellites have been a workhorse of evolutionary genetic studies for decades and are still commonly in use for estimating signatures of genetic diversity at the population and species level across a multitude of taxa. Yet, the very high mutation rate of these loci is a double-edged sword, conferring great sensitivity at shallow levels of analysis (e.g. paternity analysis) but yielding considerable uncertainty for deeper evolutionary comparisons. For the present study, we used reduced representation genome-wide data (restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq)) to test for patterns of interspecific hybridization previously characterized using microsatellite data in a contact zone between two closely related mouse lemur species in Madagascar (Microcebus murinus and Microcebus griseorufus). We revisit this system by examining populations in, near, and far from the contact zone, including many of the same individuals that had previously been identified as hybrids with microsatellite data. Surprisingly, we find no evidence for admixed nuclear ancestry. Instead, re-analyses of microsatellite data and simulations suggest that previously inferred hybrids were false positives and that the program NewHybrids can be particularly sensitive to erroneously inferring hybrid ancestry. Combined with results from coalescent-based analyses and evidence for local syntopic co-occurrence, we conclude that the two mouse lemur species are in fact completely reproductively isolated, thus providing a new understanding of the evolutionary rate whereby reproductive isolation can be achieved in a primate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelmer W. Poelstra
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA,Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - B. Karina Montero
- Institute of Zoology, Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
| | - Jan Lüdemann
- Institute of Zoology, Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
| | - Ziheng Yang
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - S. Jacques Rakotondranary
- Institute of Zoology, Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, 20146, Germany,Anthropobiologie et Développement Durable, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, PO Box 906, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Paul Hohenlohe
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Nadine Stetter
- Institute of Zoology, Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, 20146, Germany,Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg U. Ganzhorn
- Institute of Zoology, Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
| | - Anne D. Yoder
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Shifting Biogeographic Patterns of Microcebus ravelobensis and M. murinus. INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00304-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Radespiel U, Scheumann M. Introduction to the Special Issue Celebrating the Life and Work of Elke Zimmermann. INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00307-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Romero-Mujalli D, Bergmann T, Zimmermann A, Scheumann M. Utilizing DeepSqueak for automatic detection and classification of mammalian vocalizations: a case study on primate vocalizations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24463. [PMID: 34961788 PMCID: PMC8712519 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03941-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioacoustic analyses of animal vocalizations are predominantly accomplished through manual scanning, a highly subjective and time-consuming process. Thus, validated automated analyses are needed that are usable for a variety of animal species and easy to handle by non-programing specialists. This study tested and validated whether DeepSqueak, a user-friendly software, developed for rodent ultrasonic vocalizations, can be generalized to automate the detection/segmentation, clustering and classification of high-frequency/ultrasonic vocalizations of a primate species. Our validation procedure showed that the trained detectors for vocalizations of the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) can deal with different call types, individual variation and different recording quality. Implementing additional filters drastically reduced noise signals (4225 events) and call fragments (637 events), resulting in 91% correct detections (Ntotal = 3040). Additionally, the detectors could be used to detect the vocalizations of an evolutionary closely related species, the Goodman’s mouse lemur (M. lehilahytsara). An integrated supervised classifier classified 93% of the 2683 calls correctly to the respective call type, and the unsupervised clustering model grouped the calls into clusters matching the published human-made categories. This study shows that DeepSqueak can be successfully utilized to detect, cluster and classify high-frequency/ultrasonic vocalizations of other taxa than rodents, and suggests a validation procedure usable to evaluate further bioacoustics software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Romero-Mujalli
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Tjard Bergmann
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Marina Scheumann
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
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Evidence for vocal diversity during physical interference at the perch in sympatric Carollia species (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae): a key to social organization and species coexistence? Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Vocal diversity might reflect the social organization and sustain the coexistence of cryptic species in sympatry. To test the extent to which vocal behaviour separates sympatric, cryptic species of a bat radiation, we compared vocalizations of genetically confirmed Carollia castanea, Carollia sowelli and Carollia perspicillata emitted by intraspecific dyads of identified individuals during corresponding physical interference interactions at the perch. Video analysis revealed a similar behaviour and interaction time across species. A sonagram-based visual classification of vocalization syllables of uninterrupted frequency–time contour discriminated 21 syllable classes. Class usage and distribution of the four shared classes differed across species. Carollia sowelli emitted the lowest number of classes in total and per interaction across species and displayed a limited number of syllable compositions in bouts. Discriminant analyses of syllables of a common, shared class provided evidence for species distinctiveness and individual-specific signatures. In general, sex did not account for data variability. The present vocalizations combine syllables reported from aggressive and submissive contexts in C. perspicillata and might express experienced ambivalence during interference at the perch. The diversity of vocal behaviour across congeners is discussed as arising from different ecological pressures during allopatric speciation and as an indicator of differences in species social organization.
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Wilkins MR, Odom KJ, Benedict L, Safran RJ. Analysis of female song provides insight into the evolution of sex differences in a widely studied songbird. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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