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Abstract
High titers of autoantibodies reactive with DNA/RNA molecular complexes are characteristic of autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In vitro and in vivo studies have implicated the endosomal Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) in the activation of the corresponding autoantibody producing B cells. Importantly, TLR9/TLR7-deficiency results in the inability of autoreactive B cells to proliferate in response to DNA/RNA-associated autoantigens in vitro, and in marked changes in the autoantibody repertoire of autoimmune-prone mice. Uptake of DNA/RNA-associated autoantigen immune complexes (ICs) also leads to activation of dendritic cells (DCs) through TLR9 and TLR7. The initial studies from our lab involved ICs formed by a mixture of autoantibodies and cell debris released from dying cells in culture. To better understand the nature of the mammalian ligands that can effectively activate TLR7 and TLR9, we have developed a methodology for preparing ICs containing defined DNA fragments that recapitulate the immunostimulatory activity of the previous "black box" ICs. As the endosomal TLR7 and TLR9 function optimally from intracellular acidic compartments, we developed a facile methodology to monitor the trafficking of defined DNA ICs by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. These reagents reveal an important role for nucleic acid sequence, even when the ligand is mammalian DNA and will help illuminate the role of IC trafficking in the response.
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2
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Nündel K, Green NM, Shaffer AL, Moody KL, Busto P, Eilat D, Miyake K, Oropallo MA, Cancro MP, Marshak-Rothstein A. Cell-intrinsic expression of TLR9 in autoreactive B cells constrains BCR/TLR7-dependent responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2504-12. [PMID: 25681333 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endosomal TLRs play an important role in systemic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic erythematosus lupus, in which DNA- and RNA-associated autoantigens activate autoreactive B cells through TLR9- and TLR7-dependent pathways. Nevertheless, TLR9-deficient autoimmune-prone mice develop more severe clinical disease, whereas TLR7-deficient and TLR7/9-double deficient autoimmune-prone mice develop less severe disease. To determine whether the regulatory activity of TLR9 is B cell intrinsic, we directly compared the functional properties of autoantigen-activated wild-type, TLR9-deficient, and TLR7-deficient B cells in an experimental system in which proliferation depends on BCR/TLR coengagement. In vitro, TLR9-deficient cells are less dependent on survival factors for a sustained proliferative response than are either wild-type or TLR7-deficient cells. The TLR9-deficient cells also preferentially differentiate toward the plasma cell lineage, as indicated by expression of CD138, sustained expression of IRF4, and other molecular markers of plasma cells. In vivo, autoantigen-activated TLR9-deficient cells give rise to greater numbers of autoantibody-producing cells. Our results identify distinct roles for TLR7 and TLR9 in the differentiation of autoreactive B cells that explain the capacity of TLR9 to limit, as well as TLR7 to promote, the clinical features of systemic erythematosus lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Nündel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Nathaniel M Green
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Arthur L Shaffer
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Krishna L Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Patricia Busto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Dan Eilat
- Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem 91322, Israel
| | - Kensuke Miyake
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; and
| | - Michael A Oropallo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Michael P Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605;
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3
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Ullal AJ, Pisetsky DS. The role of microparticles in the generation of immune complexes in murine lupus. Clin Immunol 2012; 146:1-9. [PMID: 23159786 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a systemic inflammatory disease characterized by antibodies to nuclear molecules in association with immune complex deposition. As shown previously, microparticles (MPs), which are small membrane-bound vesicles released from dying and activated cells, contain nucleic acids and can form immune complexes found in patient blood. To assess the role of MPs in murine lupus, we used flow cytometry to measure the presence of MPs with bound IgG in the blood of MRL-lpr/lpr and NZB/W mice. These studies showed much higher numbers of MPs with bound IgG in the blood of MRL lpr/lpr compared to NZB/W mice. Furthermore, these studies showed that antibodies from MRL-lpr/lpr mice bound better to MPs from apoptotic cells than those from NZB/W mice. Together, these studies indicate important differences in the serological features of the two strains as reflected by the capacity of antibodies to bind to MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh J Ullal
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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4
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Eisenberg RA, Via CS. T cells, murine chronic graft-versus-host disease and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2012; 39:240-7. [PMID: 22704961 PMCID: PMC3578438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) in mice is characterized by the production of autoantibodies and immunopathology characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus). The basic pathogenesis involves the cognate recognition of foreign MHC class II of host B cells by alloreactive CD4 T cells from the donor. CD4 T cells of the host are also necessary for the full maturation of host B cells before the transfer of donor T cells. CD8 T cells play critical roles as well. Donor CD8 T cells that are highly cytotoxic can ablate or prevent the lupus syndrome, in part by killing recipient B cells. Host CD8 T cells can reciprocally downregulate donor CD8 T cells, and thus prevent them from suppressing the autoimmune process. Thus, when the donor inoculum contains both CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells, the resultant syndrome depends on the balance of activities of these various cell populations. For example, in one cGVHD model (DBA/2(C57BL/6xDBA/2)F1, the disease is more severe in females, as it is in several of the spontaneous mouse models of lupus, as well as in human disease. The mechanism of this female skewing of disease appears to depend on the relative inability of CD8 cells of the female host to downregulate the donor CD4 T cells that drive the autoantibody response. In general, then, the abnormal CD4 T cell help and the modulating roles of CD8 T cells seen in cGVHD parallel the participation of T cells in genetic lupus in mice and human lupus, although these spontaneous syndromes are presumably not driven by overt alloreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Eisenberg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 756 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA.
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5
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Stearns NA, Lee J, Leong KW, Sullenger BA, Pisetsky DS. The inhibition of anti-DNA binding to DNA by nucleic acid binding polymers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40862. [PMID: 22808279 PMCID: PMC3394750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies to DNA (anti-DNA) are the serological hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and can mediate disease pathogenesis by the formation of immune complexes. Since blocking immune complex formation can attenuate disease manifestations, the effects of nucleic acid binding polymers (NABPs) on anti-DNA binding in vitro were investigated. The compounds tested included polyamidoamine dendrimer, 1,4-diaminobutane core, generation 3.0 (PAMAM-G3), hexadimethrine bromide, and a β-cylodextrin-containing polycation. As shown with plasma from patients with SLE, NABPs can inhibit anti-DNA antibody binding in ELISA assays. The inhibition was specific since the NABPs did not affect binding to tetanus toxoid or the Sm protein, another lupus autoantigen. Furthermore, the polymers could displace antibody from preformed complexes. Together, these results indicate that NABPs can inhibit the formation of immune complexes and may represent a new approach to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A. Stearns
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jaewoo Lee
- Duke Translational Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Sullenger
- Duke Translational Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David S. Pisetsky
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Medical Research Service, Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Selective binding of anti-DNA antibodies to native dsDNA fragments of differing sequence. Immunol Lett 2012; 143:85-91. [PMID: 22285306 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune diseases are characterized by the development of autoantibodies directed against a limited subset of nuclear antigens, including DNA. DNA-specific B cells take up mammalian DNA through their B cell receptor, and this DNA is subsequently transported to an endosomal compartment where it can potentially engage TLR9. We have previously shown that ssDNA-specific B cells preferentially bind to particular DNA sequences, and antibody specificity for short synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs). Since CpG-rich DNA, the ligand for TLR9 is found in low abundance in mammalian DNA, we sought to determine whether antibodies derived from DNA-reactive B cells showed binding preference for CpG-rich native dsDNA, and thereby select immunostimulatory DNA for delivery to TLR9. We examined a panel of anti-DNA antibodies for binding to CpG-rich and CpG-poor DNA fragments. We show that a number of anti-DNA antibodies do show preference for binding to certain native dsDNA fragments of differing sequence, but this does not correlate directly with the presence of CpG dinucleotides. An antibody with preference for binding to a fragment containing optimal CpG motifs was able to promote B cell proliferation to this fragment at 10-fold lower antibody concentrations than an antibody that did not selectively bind to this fragment, indicating that antibody binding preference can influence autoreactive B cell responses.
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Microparticles as antigenic targets of antibodies to DNA and nucleosomes in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun 2011; 36:173-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Yasuda K, Richez C, Uccellini MB, Richards RJ, Bonegio RG, Akira S, Monestier M, Corley RB, Viglianti GA, Marshak-Rothstein A, Rifkin IR. Requirement for DNA CpG content in TLR9-dependent dendritic cell activation induced by DNA-containing immune complexes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:3109-17. [PMID: 19648272 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although TLR9 was originally thought to specifically recognize microbial DNA, it is now evident that mammalian DNA can be an effective TLR9 ligand. However, the DNA sequence required for TLR9 activation is controversial, as studies have shown conflicting results depending on the nature of the DNA backbone, the route of DNA uptake, and the cell type being studied. In systemic lupus erythematosus, a major route whereby DNA gains access to intracellular TLR9, and thereby activates dendritic cells (DCs), is through uptake as a DNA-containing immune complex. In this report, we used defined dsDNA fragments with a natural (phosphodiester) backbone and show that unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within dsDNA are required for murine DC TLR9 activation induced by a DNA-containing immune complex. The strongest activation is seen with dsDNA fragments containing optimal CpG motifs (purine-purine-CpG-pyrimidine-pyrimidine) that are common in microbial DNA but rare in mammalian DNA. Importantly, however, activation can also be induced by CpG-rich DNA fragments that lack these optimal CpG motifs and that we show are plentiful in CpG islands within mammalian DNA. No activation is induced by DNA fragments lacking CpG dinucleotides, although this CpG-free DNA can induce DC activation if internalized by liposomal transfection instead of as an immune complex. Overall, the data suggest that the release of CpG-rich DNA from mammalian DNA may contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and psoriasis in which activation of TLR9 in DCs by self DNA has been implicated in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Yasuda
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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9
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Uccellini MB, Busconi L, Green NM, Busto P, Christensen SR, Shlomchik MJ, Marshak-Rothstein A, Viglianti GA. Autoreactive B cells discriminate CpG-rich and CpG-poor DNA and this response is modulated by IFN-alpha. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 181:5875-84. [PMID: 18941176 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.9.5875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive B cells are activated by DNA, chromatin, or chromatin-containing immune complexes (ICs) through a mechanism dependent on dual engagement of the BCR and TLR9. We examined the contribution of endogenous DNA sequence elements to this process. DNA sequence can determine both recognition by the BCR and by TLR9. DNA fragments containing CpG islands, a natural source of unmethylated CpG dinucleotides, promote the activation of DNA-reactive B cells derived from BCR transgenic mice as well as DNA-reactive B cells present in the normal repertoire. ICs containing these CpG island fragments are potent ligands for AM14 IgG2a-reactive B cells. In contrast, ICs containing total mammalian DNA, or DNA fragments lacking immunostimulatory motifs, fail to induce B cell proliferation, indicating that BCR crosslinking alone is insufficient to activate low-affinity autoreactive B cells. Importantly, priming B cells with IFN-alpha lowers the BCR activation threshold and relaxes the selectivity for CpG-containing DNA. Taken together, our findings underscore the importance of endogenous CpG-containing DNAs in the TLR9-dependent activation of autoreactive B cells and further identify an important mechanism through which IFN-alpha can contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B Uccellini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Training Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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10
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Uccellini MB, Avalos AM, Marshak-Rothstein A, Viglianti GA. Toll-like receptor-dependent immune complex activation of B cells and dendritic cells. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 517:363-380. [PMID: 19378022 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-541-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
High titers of autoantibodies reactive with DNA/RNA molecular complexes are characteristic of autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In vitro and in vivo studies have implicated Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) in the activation of the corresponding autoantibody producing B cells. Importantly, TLR9/TLR7-deficiency results in the inability of autoreactive B cells to proliferate in response to DNA/RNA-associated autoantigens in vitro, and in marked changes in the autoantibody repertoire of autoimmune-prone mice. Uptake of DNA/RNA-associated autoantigen immune complexes (ICs) also leads to activation of dendritic cells (DCs) through TLR9 and TLR7.The initial studies from our lab involved ICs formed by a mixture of autoantibodies and cell debris released from dying cells in culture. To better understand the nature of the mammalian ligands that can effectively activate TLR7 and TLR9, we have developed a methodology for preparing ICs containing defined DNA fragments that recapitulate the immunostimulatory activity of the previous "black box" ICs. These reagents reveal an important role for nucleic acid sequence, even when the ligand is mammalian DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B Uccellini
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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11
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Abstract
The Vasa DEAD-box helicases are widespread markers of germ cells across species, and in some organisms have been shown to be essential for germ-cell formation and development. In contrast to the single Vasa gene in most systems analyzed, Caenorhabditis elegans has four Vasa family members, the germline helicases GLH-1, GLH-2, GLH-3, and GLH-4. Our analysis of deletion alleles of each glh gene demonstrates that GLH-1 is the key member of the family: loss of GLH-1 function causes sterility that is mainly maternal effect, is manifested predominantly at elevated temperature, and is due to reduced germ-cell proliferation and impaired formation of both sperm and oocytes. The other GLHs are not essential. However, GLH-4 serves redundant roles with GLH-1: loss of both genes' function causes glh-1-like sterility at all temperatures. Molecular epistasis analysis demonstrates that GLH-1 and GLH-4 are required for proper association of the PGL family of proteins with P granules, suggesting a pathway of P-granule assembly in which the GLHs are upstream of the PGL proteins and the mRNA cap-binding protein IFE-1. While loss of some P-granule components causes worms to be defective in RNA interference, loss of GLH-1 and GLH-4 does not compromise RNAi. Thus, RNAi likely does not require intact P granules but instead relies on particular P-granule factors. We discuss the evolution of the Vasa/GLH genes and current views of their functions and the assembly and roles of germ granules among species.
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Spike CA, Bader J, Reinke V, Strome S. DEPS-1 promotes P-granule assembly and RNA interference in C. elegans germ cells. Development 2008; 135:983-93. [PMID: 18234720 DOI: 10.1242/dev.015552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
P granules are germ-cell-specific cytoplasmic structures containing RNA and protein, and required for proper germ cell development in C. elegans. PGL-1 and GLH-1 were previously identified as critical components of P granules. We have identified a new P-granule-associated protein, DEPS-1, the loss of which disrupts P-granule structure and function. DEPS-1 is required for the proper localization of PGL-1 to P granules, the accumulation of glh-1 mRNA and protein, and germ cell proliferation and fertility at elevated temperatures. In addition, DEPS-1 is required for RNA interference (RNAi) of germline-expressed genes, possibly because DEPS-1 promotes the accumulation of RDE-4, a dsRNA-binding protein required for RNAi. A genome wide analysis of gene expression in deps-1 mutant germ lines identified additional targets of DEPS-1 regulation, many of which are also regulated by the RNAi factor RDE-3. Our studies suggest that DEPS-1 is a key component of the P-granule assembly pathway and that its roles include promoting accumulation of some mRNAs, such as glh-1 and rde-4, and reducing accumulation of other mRNAs, perhaps by collaborating with RDE-3 to generate endogenous short interfering RNAs (endo-siRNAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Spike
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Takasaki T, Liu Z, Habara Y, Nishiwaki K, Nakayama JI, Inoue K, Sakamoto H, Strome S. MRG-1, an autosome-associated protein, silences X-linked genes and protects germline immortality in Caenorhabditis elegans. Development 2007; 134:757-67. [PMID: 17215300 PMCID: PMC2435364 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
MRG15, a mammalian protein related to the mortality factor MORF4, is required for cell proliferation and embryo survival. Our genetic analysis has revealed that the Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog MRG-1 serves similar roles. Maternal MRG-1 promotes embryo survival and is required for proliferation and immortality of the primordial germ cells (PGCs). As expected of a chromodomain protein, MRG-1 associates with chromatin. Unexpectedly, it is concentrated on the autosomes and not detectable on the X chromosomes. This association is not dependent on the autosome-enriched protein MES-4. Focusing on possible roles of MRG-1 in regulating gene expression, we determined that MRG-1 is required to maintain repression in the maternal germ line of transgenes on extrachromosomal arrays, and of several X-linked genes previously shown to depend on MES-4 for repression. MRG-1 is not required for PGCs to acquire transcriptional competence or for the turn-on of expression of several PGC-expressed genes (pgl-1, glh-1, glh-4 and nos-1). By contrast to this result in PGCs, MRG-1 is required for ectopic expression of those germline genes in somatic cells lacking the NuRD complex component MEP-1. We discuss how an autosome-enriched protein might repress genes on the X chromosome, promote PGC proliferation and survival, and influence the germ versus soma distinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Takasaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nadaku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Yasuaki Habara
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nadaku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyoji Nishiwaki
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Chuoku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Nakayama
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Chuoku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kunio Inoue
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nadaku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakamoto
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nadaku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Susan Strome
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Author for correspondence (e-mail: )
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14
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Pieters R. Detection of autoimmunity by pharmaceuticals. Methods 2007; 41:112-7. [PMID: 17161307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the important health and economic impact of autoimmunogenicity or allergenicity by pharmaceuticals models to detect such adverse effects are not available yet. The most important reason for this is the related complex interplay of multiple factors, for which reason these adverse effects are also referred to as idiosyncratic in nature. Moreover, clinical effects are quite diverse, and involve both organ-specific and systemic effects, including a diversity of skin diseases. Because of its complexity on the one hand and the fundamental knowledge on certain particular mechanistic effects it may be more relevant to design a rationalistic toolbox of test models from which a predictive strategy can be composed. Since one mechanistic aspect centers around T cell sensitization a straightforward lymph node assay such as the reporter antigen-popliteal lymph node assay (RA-PLNA) would fit in such a toolbox. This RA-PLNA holds a strong promise to distinguish sensitizing and/or neoantigen-forming capacity of low molecular weight pharmaceuticals. In addition, from the pharmacokinetic point of view a rationalistic toolbox should also contain oral exposure models with immunological read out parameters in normal or in genetically predisposed animal strains. This review focuses on these two categories of candidate test methods, PLNA and oral exposure models, and proposes to use these in tandem in order to predict the hazard of induction of allergy or autoimmune phenomena by new pharmaceutical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Pieters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Immunotoxicology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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15
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Bender LB, Suh J, Carroll CR, Fong Y, Fingerman IM, Briggs SD, Cao R, Zhang Y, Reinke V, Strome S. MES-4: an autosome-associated histone methyltransferase that participates in silencing the X chromosomes in the C. elegans germ line. Development 2006; 133:3907-17. [PMID: 16968818 PMCID: PMC2435371 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Germ cell development in C. elegans requires that the X chromosomes be globally silenced during mitosis and early meiosis. We previously found that the nuclear proteins MES-2, MES-3, MES-4 and MES-6 regulate the different chromatin states of autosomes versus X chromosomes and are required for germline viability. Strikingly, the SET-domain protein MES-4 is concentrated on autosomes and excluded from the X chromosomes. Here, we show that MES-4 has histone H3 methyltransferase (HMT) activity in vitro, and is required for histone H3K36 dimethylation in mitotic and early meiotic germline nuclei and early embryos. MES-4 appears unlinked to transcription elongation, thus distinguishing it from other known H3K36 HMTs. Based on microarray analysis, loss of MES-4 leads to derepression of X-linked genes in the germ line. We discuss how an autosomally associated HMT may participate in silencing genes on the X chromosome, in coordination with the direct silencing effects of the other MES proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel B. Bender
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Authors for correspondence (e-mail: ; )
| | - Jinkyo Suh
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Coleen R. Carroll
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Youyi Fong
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Ian M. Fingerman
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Scott D. Briggs
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ru Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Valerie Reinke
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Susan Strome
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Authors for correspondence (e-mail: ; )
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16
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Libbey JE, Peterson LK, Tsunoda I, Fujinami RS. Monoclonal MOG-reactive autoantibody from progressive EAE has the characteristics of a natural antibody. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 173:135-45. [PMID: 16469392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A.SW mice sensitized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)92-106 is an animal model for progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). We isolated MOG-reactive monoclonal antibodies that were immunoglobulin (Ig)M and polyreactive, similar to natural autoantibodies. Upon analysis of the variable (V) light chains and the diversity (D) and joining (J) regions of V heavy chains, we found they were identical to germ line Vkappa19/28, Jkappa5, DFL16.1e and JH4, respectively. The sequence of the VH region had 99.7% and 100% identity at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively, compared with the germ line encoded antibody, P3, of the Q52 family. Although A strain mice have been reported to have an insertion in BAFF-R, the receptor for BAFF (B cell activation factor from the tumor necrosis factor family), which could explain our results, A.SW mice have no mutations in BAFF-R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132-2305, USA
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17
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Powers J, Rose DJ, Saunders A, Dunkelbarger S, Strome S, Saxton WM. Loss of KLP-19 polar ejection force causes misorientation and missegregation of holocentric chromosomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 166:991-1001. [PMID: 15452142 PMCID: PMC1534123 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200403036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Holocentric chromosomes assemble kinetochores along their length instead of at a focused spot. The elongated expanse of an individual holocentric kinetochore and its potential flexibility heighten the risk of stable attachment to microtubules from both poles of the mitotic spindle (merotelic attachment), and hence aberrant segregation of chromosomes. Little is known about the mechanisms that holocentric species have evolved to avoid this type of error. Our studies of the influence of KLP-19, an essential microtubule motor, on the behavior of holocentric Caenorhabditis elegans chromosomes suggest that it has a major role in combating merotelic attachments. Depletion of KLP-19, which associates with nonkinetochore chromatin, allows aberrant poleward chromosome motion during prometaphase, misalignment of holocentric kinetochores, and multiple anaphase chromosome bridges in all mitotic divisions. Time-lapse movies of GFP-labeled mono- and bipolar spindles demonstrate that KLP-19 generates a force on relatively stiff holocentric chromosomes that pushes them away from poles. We hypothesize that this polar ejection force minimizes merotelic misattachment by maintaining a constant tension on pole-kinetochore connections throughout prometaphase, tension that compels sister kinetochores to face directly toward opposite poles.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Powers
- Dept. of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E 3rd St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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18
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Guth AM, Zhang X, Smith D, Detanico T, Wysocki LJ. Chromatin Specificity of Anti-Double-Stranded DNA Antibodies and a Role for Arg Residues in the Third Complementarity-Determining Region of the Heavy Chain. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 171:6260-6. [PMID: 14634143 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.11.6260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A spontaneous, autoreactive autoantibody called SN5-18 (IgG2b, kappa) binds to a complex of H2A/H2B/dsDNA in chromatin, but erroneously appears to bind dsDNA when the Ab is used in a form that is not highly purified. Because of this finding, we evaluated the antigenic specificity of a prototypic anti-dsDNA Ab, 3H9/Vkappa4, now used widely in transgenic studies of tolerance and autoimmunity. We found that the purified mAb 3H9/Vkappa4 binds chromatin and specifically a complex of H2A/H2B/dsDNA, but not dsDNA in solid phase or in solution. When used in the form of culture supernatant or as a standard protein G preparation, mAb 3H9/Vkappa4 appears to bind dsDNA, apparently due to nuclear proteins in the preparation that assemble on target DNA. Because of the reported role of V(H)CDR3 Arg residues in dsDNA binding and the near identity of the SN5-18 sequence to other dsDNA-specific Ab, we tested the contributions of two V(H)CDR3 Arg residues in SN5-18 to chromatin specificity. We found that both these Arg residues at positions 104 and 106 were required for detectable chromatin binding. These results indicate a role for V(H)CDR3 Arg residues in chromatin specificity of lupus-derived autoantibodies. Further, they provide an explanation for a possible discrepancy in the form of tolerance observed in different anti-DNA Ig transgene models.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/chemistry
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/physiology
- Antibody Specificity/genetics
- Arginine/chemistry
- Arginine/genetics
- Arginine/physiology
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- Binding Sites, Antibody/genetics
- Binding, Competitive/genetics
- Binding, Competitive/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell-Free System
- Chromatin/immunology
- Chromatin/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Bacterial/metabolism
- Complementarity Determining Regions/chemistry
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- Complementarity Determining Regions/physiology
- DNA/immunology
- DNA/metabolism
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Histones/chemistry
- Hybridomas
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/physiology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/metabolism
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NZB
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Guth
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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19
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Abstract
Many chemicals, in particular drugs, cause systemic allergy or autoimmune-like disorders. Due to complex pathogenesis and strong dependence on genetic make-up, these immunotoxicological effects are usually missed in standard toxicity testing. Besides, animal studies that demonstrate chemically induced systemic allergy or autoimmune-like disorders are scarce. Here, animal models are presented that would fit into a predictive two-tiered strategy, designed to allow screening for immunostimulatory potential in the first tier, and more elaborate testing for allergenic or autoimmunogenic potential of selected chemicals in the second tier. The popliteal lymph node assay (PLNA), with or without reporter antigens, would fit in the first tier, and relevant route of exposure protocols with selected strains of mice or rats may be further developed to compose the second tier. To date, the relevant route of exposure models mentioned here (with 'normal' inbred mice and/or Brown Norway rats) has been tested with only a few chemicals, and the PLNA, although tested with over 100 chemicals, is not validated as yet. Conceivably, a major challenge in immunotoxicology is to incorporate the present knowledge on chemical-induced systemic allergy and autoimmunity in further development and validation of predictive models and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pieters
- IRAS-Immunotoxicology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80176, 3508 TD, The Netherlands.
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20
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Strome S, Powers J, Dunn M, Reese K, Malone CJ, White J, Seydoux G, Saxton W. Spindle dynamics and the role of gamma-tubulin in early Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. Mol Biol Cell 2001; 12:1751-64. [PMID: 11408582 PMCID: PMC37338 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.12.6.1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
gamma-Tubulin is a ubiquitous and highly conserved component of centrosomes in eukaryotic cells. Genetic and biochemical studies have demonstrated that gamma-tubulin functions as part of a complex to nucleate microtubule polymerization from centrosomes. We show that, as in other organisms, Caenorhabditis elegans gamma-tubulin is concentrated in centrosomes. To study centrosome dynamics in embryos, we generated transgenic worms that express GFP::gamma-tubulin or GFP::beta-tubulin in the maternal germ line and early embryos. Multiphoton microscopy of embryos produced by these worms revealed the time course of daughter centrosome appearance and growth and the differential behavior of centrosomes destined for germ line and somatic blastomeres. To study the role of gamma-tubulin in nucleation and organization of spindle microtubules, we used RNA interference (RNAi) to deplete C. elegans embryos of gamma-tubulin. gamma-Tubulin (RNAi) embryos failed in chromosome segregation, but surprisingly, they contained extensive microtubule arrays. Moderately affected embryos contained bipolar spindles with dense and long astral microtubule arrays but with poorly organized kinetochore and interpolar microtubules. Severely affected embryos contained collapsed spindles with numerous long astral microtubules. Our results suggest that gamma-tubulin is not absolutely required for microtubule nucleation in C. elegans but is required for the normal organization and function of kinetochore and interpolar microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Strome
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-3700, USA.
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21
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Bagenstose LM, Salgame P, Monestier M. Murine mercury-induced autoimmunity: a model of chemically related autoimmunity in humans. Immunol Res 1999; 20:67-78. [PMID: 10467984 DOI: 10.1007/bf02786508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to certain compounds or therapeutic drugs can result in the development of an autoimmune syndrome. Mercury (Hg) induced autoimmunity is one of the few animal models in which administration of a chemical induces a specific loss of tolerance to self-antigens. After receiving subtoxic doses of Hg or other heavy metals, susceptible mouse strains rapidly develop highly specific antibodies to nucleolar antigens. In addition, these animals display a general activation of the immune system, especially pronounced for the Th2 subset and a transient glomerulonephritis with immunoglobulin deposits. Like many human autoimmune diseases, this syndrome is associated with the expression of susceptible major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes. In this article, we review the essential features of this model, and we discuss the putative mechanisms by which Hg creates such a severe immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Bagenstose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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22
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Klonowski KD, Primiano LL, Monestier M. Atypical VH-D-JH Rearrangements in Newborn Autoimmune MRL Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.3.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Antinuclear Abs are the hallmark of the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The ability of self reactive autoantibodies to bind to DNA and nucleosomes is partly conferred by an increased number of arginine and asparagine residues in the heavy chain third complementarity determining region. This increased content of cationic residues is primarily the result of unusual VH-D-JH rearrangements, which include D-D fusions and D gene inversions. While self Ag-driven clonal expansion is a major contributor to the production of antinuclear Abs in lupus, we explore in this study the hypothesis that newly emerging B cells from autoimmune mice display more frequently these unusual VH-D-JH rearrangements. To this end, libraries of PCR-generated VH-D-JH junctions from MRL and C3H newborn livers were analyzed. When compared with the C3H controls, D and JH gene usage in MRL junctions suggests a greater frequency of secondary D-JH rearrangements in this strain. Furthermore, B cells from the autoimmune-prone MRL mice have significantly increased numbers of atypical VH-D-JH rearrangements (D-D fusions and D inversions). Therefore, B cells from MRL mice manifest intrinsic defects that could confer an increased propensity to produce unusual VH-D-JH rearrangements early in ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D. Klonowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Laura L. Primiano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Marc Monestier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Penn
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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24
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Bagenstose LM, Salgame P, Monestier M. IL-12 Down-Regulates Autoantibody Production in Mercury-Induced Autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.4.1612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In genetically susceptible H-2s mice, subtoxic doses of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) induce a complex autoimmune syndrome characterized by the production of anti-nucleolar IgG Abs, lymphoproliferation, increased serum levels of IgG1 and IgE Abs, and renal Ig deposits. Mercury-induced autoimmunity in H-2s mice provides a useful model for chemically related autoimmunity in humans. The increase in serum IgG1 and IgE, which are under IL-4 control, suggests a role for the Th2 subset in this syndrome. The IL-12 cytokine induces T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production and is necessary for differentiation of naive T cells into the Th1 subset. To gain an understanding of T cell control in this syndrome and, in particular, Th1/Th2 regulation, we assessed the effect of IL-12 administration in mercury-induced autoimmunity. Groups of A.SW mice (H-2s) received HgCl2 plus IL-12, HgCl2 alone, or IL-12 alone. IL-12 treatment resulted in a dramatic reduction of the anti-nucleolar Ab titers. IL-12 also inhibited the HgCl2-induced serum IgG1 increase, but, in contrast, did not significantly affect IgE induction in this model. This observation may be related to our unexpected finding that IL-12 further potentiated the HgCl2-triggered IL-4 induction in this model. The levels of renal Ig deposits were similar in mice receiving HgCl2 alone or HgCl2 plus IL-12. Our results indicate that IL-12 can down-regulate the autoimmune component of this experimental syndrome and that the various manifestations of mercury-induced autoimmunity are independently regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee M. Bagenstose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Padmini Salgame
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Marc Monestier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
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25
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Abstract
Birth defects cause a myriad of societal problems and place tremendous anguish on the affected individual and his or her family. Current estimates categorize about 3% of all newborn infants as having some form of birth defect or congenital anomaly. As more precise means of detecting subtle anomalies become available this estimate, no doubt, will increase. Even though birth defects have been observed in newborns throughout history, our knowledge about the causes and mechanisms through which these defects are manifested is limited. For example, it has been estimated that around 20% of all birth defects are due to gene mutations, 5-10% to chromosomal abnormalities, and another 5-10% to exposure to a known teratogenic agent or maternal factor [D.A. Beckman, R.L. Brent, Mechanisms of teratogenesis. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 24 (1984) 483-500; K. Nelson, L.B. Holmes Malformations due to presumed spontaneous mutations in newborn infants, N. Engl. J. Med. 320 (1989) 19-23.]. Together, these percentages account for only 30-40%, leaving the etiology of more than half of all human birth defects unexplained. It has been speculated that environmental factors account for no more than one-tenth of all congenital anomalies [D.A. Beckman, R.L. Brent, Mechanisms of teratogenesis, Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 24 (1984) 483-500]. Furthermore, since there is no evidence in humans that the exposure of an individual to any mutagen measurably increases the risk of congenital anomalies in his or her offspring' [J.F. Crow, C. Denniston, Mutation in human populations, Adv. Human Genet. 14 (1985) 59-121; J.M. Friedman, J.E. Polifka, Teratogenic Effects of Drugs: A Resource for Clinicians (TERIS). The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1994], the mutagenic activity of environmental agents and drugs as a factor in teratogenesis has been given very little attention. Epigenetic activity has also been given only limited consideration as a mechanism for teratogenesis. As new molecular methods are developed for assessing processes associated with teratogenesis, especially those with a genetic or an epigenetic basis, additional environmental factors may be identified. These are especially important because they are potentially preventable. This paper examines the relationships between chemicals identified as human teratogens (agents that cause birth defects) and their mutagenic activity as evaluated in one or more of the established short-term bioassays currently used to measure such damage. Those agents lacking mutagenic activity but with published evidence that they may otherwise alter the expressions or regulate interactions of the genetic material, i.e. exhibit epigenetic activity, have likewise been identified. The information used in making these comparisons comes from the published literature as well as from unpublished data of the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP).
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Bishop
- Laboratory of Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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26
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Monestier M, Stemmer C, Ong GL, Muller S. Induction of anti-polycation antibodies in H-2s mice by immunization with nuclear antigens. Mol Immunol 1997; 34:39-51. [PMID: 9182875 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(96)00111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Following administration of certain chemicals (heavy metals or lupus-inducing drugs), H-2s mice produce autoantibodies reacting with various nuclear antigens such as fibrillarin in the nucleolus and histones in chromatin. In the present study, we have immunized A.SW (H-2s) mice and their congenic counterparts A.BY (H-2b) mice with bovine thymus nuclei in Freund's adjuvant. As was previously observed with lupus-prone mice, such active immunization did not elicit antinuclear antibodies in any of the experimental groups. Surprisingly, the A.SW immunized with nuclei in adjuvant developed high titers of IgG antibodies that reacted exclusively with synthetic polycations. We obtained several monoclonal IgG antibodies from these mice and verified that these polycation-reactive antibodies were not directed against a specific nuclear antigen. The genetic analysis of the monoclonal antibodies further confirmed their clonal diversity. The mechanisms leading to the appearance of antibodies reactive with highly basic molecules in A.SW mice may be related to their predisposition to produce autoantibodies to cationic nuclear antigens (fibrillarin, histones) during chemically-induced autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monestier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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27
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Wloch MK, Alexander AL, Pippen AM, Pisetsky DS, Gilkeson GS. Differences in V kappa gene utilization and VH CDR3 sequence among anti-DNA from C3H-lpr mice and lupus mice with nephritis. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:2225-33. [PMID: 8814271 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the molecular properties of anti-DNA from lpr mice that express high levels of anti-DNA without immune-mediated nephritis, the sequences of VH and V kappa genes encoding 11 monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies derived from C3H-lpr/lpr (C3H-lpr) mice were studied. All of the C3H-lpr monoclonal anti-DNA bound single-stranded DNA while five also bound double-stranded DNA. Two of the hybridomas were clonally related as determined by Southern analysis and sequencing. Sequence analysis of C3H-lpr anti-DNA revealed the use of VH genes that encode anti-DNA from the MRL-lpr/lpr and (NZB X NZW) F1 mouse models of lupus, although differences occurred in the VH CDR3 amino acid content. In contrast, the V kappa genes from C3H-lpr mice lacked significant identity with previously reported V kappa genes for anti-DNA from lupus models. These results indicate that anti-DNA from C3H-lpr mice differ from anti-DNA from lupus mice with nephritis in patterns of V gene expression and suggest a molecular basis for the lack of pathogenicity of anti-DNA in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Wloch
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
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28
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Waisman A, Ruiz PJ, Mozes E. Variable regions of two murine antibodies that bind the SLE associated 16/6 idiotype. Lupus 1996; 5:279-87. [PMID: 8869899 DOI: 10.1177/096120339600500407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Experimental systemic lupus erythematosus can be induced in naive mice of different strains using a human monoclonal antibody bearing the 16/6 idiotype and a murine anti-16/6 Id monoclonal antibody designated 1A3-2. Herein we report the isolation of a second anti-16/6 Id antibody, 3F7-8, from BALB/c mice afflicted with experimental SLE. In contrast to the previously reported (1A3-2) anti-16/6 Id monoclonal antibody, mAb 3F7-8 does not induce experimental SLE upon immunization. The variable heavy and light chains of both antibodies were cloned and their sequences were determined. The VH of mAb 1A3-2 was found to express a germ line gene from the Q52 family, with a high homology to an anti-lysozyme antibody. The VH of monoclonal antibody 3F7-8 was found to express a 7183 germ line gene, showing over 95% homology with the VH of 12 anti-Sm antibodies isolated from MRL-lpr mice. Based on sequence homology to other known antibodies, we further demonstrated that monoclonal antibodies 1A3-2 and 3F7-8 bind lysozyme and the Sm ribonucleoproteins, respectively, in addition to their binding to the 16/6 Id.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/genetics
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Cross Reactions
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Idiotypes/immunology
- Immunoglobulin M/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- A Waisman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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29
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Brard F, Jovelin F, Petit S, Tron F, Gilbert D. Structural properties and mutation patterns of anti-nucleosome monoclonal antibodies are similar to those of anti-DNA antibodies. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:1587-94. [PMID: 8766565 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Four monoclonal antibodies (mAb) derived from an (NZB x NZW)F1 mouse bound to nucleosomes, total histones and to the H2A-H2B dimers but not to individual histones or DNA. Sequencing of their heavy (H)- and light (L)-chain variable region genes showed that they derived by somatic mutations from the same B cell precursor. The distribution of negatively and positively charged amino acids in the H-chain complementarity-determining regions was very similar to that observed not only in anti-H2A-H2B mAb derived from different lupus-prone mouse strains but also in anti-DNA mAb. Combined analysis of the mAb structures and their interactions with immobilized H2A-H2B dimer or total histones by plasmon resonance allowed us to assign the H-chain mutations a major role in the binding profiles of these anti-nucleosome mAb. Interestingly, four of the five H-chain mutations that distinguished mAb 3F6 from 2E1 generated negatively or positively charged amino acid residues, and two of them occurred at positions 56 and 76, which are frequently involved in the maturation process of anti-DNA antibodies. A modeling study of the 3F6 variable fragment (Fv) predicted that acidic residues occupy the cleft of the Ab combining site and have the potential to participate in electrostatic interactions. Thus, the demonstration that (NZB x NZW)F1-derived anti-H2A-H2B antibodies share certain structural features and mutation patterns with anti-DNA mAb suggest that common selection and maturation processes account for the production of these lupus-related autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Brard
- Groupe de Recherche en Immunopathologie, Faculté Mixte de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France
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30
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Monestier M, Novick KE. Specificities and genetic characteristics of nucleosome-reactive antibodies from autoimmune mice. Mol Immunol 1996; 33:89-99. [PMID: 8604228 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(95)00115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Antinuclear antibodies are present in the serum of individuals with systemic autoimmune diseases such as SLE. Most autoantibodies characterized to date are directed against isolated nuclear molecules such as DNA or histones. We have obtained from spontaneously autoimmune mice six IgG mAb that recognize conformational nucleosome epitopes, but do not react with individual histones or DNA. For three of these mAb, the epitope is at least partially present in the H2A-H2B-DNA nucleosome subparticle, although their binding characteristics differ from those of conventional anti-H2A-H2B-DNA antibodies. All six mAb use VH or Vkappa genes which are recurrently utilized in anti-DNA and other antinuclear antibodies. The V regions of the nucleosome-reactive mAb also contain charged (mostly cationic) residues at sites that are likely to be critical for interaction with nucleosomal antigens. These results suggest that the usage of certain V gene segments in conjunction with suitable V(D)J rearrangements may confer reactivity to nucleosomal antigens. B cells producing such autoantibodies are probably expanded early during the autoimmune process. Somatic mutations in the V regions of nucleosome-reactive mAb may modulate their specificities and result in the acquisition of binding patterns restricted to individual chromatin components such as DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monestier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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