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Nganou-Makamdop K, Douek DC. The Gut and the Translocated Microbiomes in HIV Infection: Current Concepts and Future Avenues. Pathog Immun 2024; 9:168-194. [PMID: 38807656 PMCID: PMC11132393 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v9i1.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that HIV infection results in disruption of the gut's mucosal integrity partly due a profound loss of gastrointestinal CD4+ T cells that are targets of the virus. In addition, systemic inflammation and immune activation that drive disease pathogenesis are reduced but not normalized by antiretroviral therapy (ART). It has long been postulated that through the process of microbial translocation, the gut microbiome acts as a key driver of systemic inflammation and immune recovery in HIV infection. As such, many studies have aimed at characterizing the gut microbiota in order to unravel its influence in people with HIV and have reported an association between various bacterial taxa and inflammation. This review assesses both contra-dictory and consistent findings among several studies in order to clarify the overall mechanisms by which the gut microbiota in adults may influence immune recovery in HIV infection. Independently of the gut microbiome, observations made from analysis of microbial products in the blood provide direct insight into how the translocated microbiome may drive immune recovery. To help better understand strengths and limitations of the findings reported, this review also highlights the numerous factors that can influence microbiome studies, be they experimental methodologies, and host-intrinsic or host-extrinsic factors. Altogether, a fuller understanding of the interplay between the gut microbiome and immunity in HIV infection may contribute to preventive and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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2
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Majumder N, Roy S, Sharma A, Arora S, Vaishya R, Bandyopadhyay A, Ghosh S. Assessing the advantages of 3D bioprinting and 3D spheroids in deciphering the osteoarthritis healing mechanism using human chondrocytes and polarized macrophages. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:025005. [PMID: 38198731 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad1d18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The molecular niche of an osteoarthritic microenvironment comprises the native chondrocytes, the circulatory immune cells, and their respective inflammatory mediators. Although M2 macrophages infiltrate the joint tissue during osteoarthritis (OA) to initiate cartilage repair, the mechanistic crosstalk that dwells underneath is still unknown. Our study established a co-culture system of human OA chondrocytes and M2 macrophages in 3D spheroids and 3D bioprinted silk-gelatin constructs. It is already well established that Silk fibroin-gelatin bioink supports chondrogenic differentiation due to upregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Additionally, the presence of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages significantly upregulated the expression of chondrogenic biomarkers (COL-II, ACAN) with an attenuated expression of the chondrocyte hypertrophy (COL-X), chondrocyte dedifferentiation (COL-I) and matrix catabolism (MMP-1 and MMP-13) genes even in the absence of the interleukins. Furthermore, the 3D bioprinted co-culture model displayed an upper hand in stimulating cartilage regeneration and OA inhibition than the spheroid model, underlining the role of silk fibroin-gelatin in encouraging chondrogenesis. Additionally, the 3D bioprinted silk-gelatin constructs further supported the maintenance of stable anti-inflammatory phenotype of M2 macrophage. Thus, the direct interaction between the primary OAC and M2 macrophages in the 3D context, along with the release of the soluble anti-inflammatory factors by the M2 cells, significantly contributed to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for immune cell-mediated OA healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilotpal Majumder
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fiber Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Subhadeep Roy
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fiber Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Aarushi Sharma
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fiber Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Shuchi Arora
- Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Raju Vaishya
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals Delhi, New Delhi 110076, India
| | - Amitabha Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Sourabh Ghosh
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fiber Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
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Upasani V, ter Ellen BM, Sann S, Lay S, Heng S, Laurent D, Ly S, Duong V, Dussart P, Smit JM, Cantaert T, Rodenhuis-Zybert IA. Characterization of soluble TLR2 and CD14 levels during acute dengue virus infection. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17265. [PMID: 37416678 PMCID: PMC10320027 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus infection results in a broad spectrum of diseases ranging from mild dengue fever (DF) to severe dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Hitherto, there is no consensus biomarker for the prediction of severe dengue disease in patients. Yet, early identification of patients who progress to severe dengue is pivotal for better clinical management. We have recently reported that an increased frequency of classical (CD14 ++CD16-) monocytes with sustained high TLR2 expression in acutely infected dengue patients correlates with severe dengue development. Here, we hypothesized that the relatively lower TLR2 and CD14 expression in mild dengue patients is due to the shedding of their soluble forms (sTLR2 and sCD14) and that these could be used as indicators of disease progression. Therefore, using commercial sandwich ELISAs, we evaluated the release of sTLR2 and sCD14 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in response to in vitro dengue virus (DENV) infection and assessed their levels in acute-phase plasma of 109 dengue patients. We show that while both sTLR2 and sCD14 are released by PBMCs in response to DENV infection in vitro, their co-circulation in an acute phase of the disease is not always apparent. In fact, sTLR2 was found only in 20% of patients irrespective of disease status. In contrast, sCD14 levels were detected in all patients and were significantly elevated in DF patients when compared to DHF patients and age-matched healthy donors. Altogether, our results suggest that sCD14 may help in identifying patients at risk of severe dengue at hospital admittance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinit Upasani
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bram M. ter Ellen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sotheary Sann
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sokchea Lay
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sothy Heng
- Kantha Bopha Children Hospital, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Denis Laurent
- Kantha Bopha Children Hospital, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sowath Ly
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Veasna Duong
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Jolanda M. Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Tineke Cantaert
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Izabela A. Rodenhuis-Zybert
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Sanjurjo L, Castelblanco E, Julve J, Villalmanzo N, Téllez É, Ramirez-Morros A, Alonso N, Mauricio D, Sarrias MR. Contribution of Elevated Glucose and Oxidized LDL to Macrophage Inflammation: A Role for PRAS40/Akt-Dependent Shedding of Soluble CD14. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051083. [PMID: 37237950 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a process in which macrophages play a key role, is accelerated in diabetes. Elevated concentrations of serum-oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) represent a common feature of both conditions. The main goal of this study was to determine the contribution of oxLDL to the inflammatory response of macrophages exposed to diabetic-mimicking conditions. THP1 cells and peripheral blood monocytes purified from non-diabetic healthy donors were cultured under normal (5 mM) or high glucose (HG) (15 mM) with oxLDL. Then, foam cell formation, expression of CD80, HLADR, CD23, CD206, and CD163, as well as toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and co-receptors CD36 and CD14 (both at the cell surface and soluble (sCD14)), and inflammatory mediators' production were measured by flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, or ELISA. Additionally, serum sCD14 was determined in subjects with subclinical atherosclerosis with and without diabetes by ELISA. Our results showed that oxLDL-mediated intracellular lipid accumulation via CD36 increased under HG and that HG + oxLDL enhanced TNF, IL1B, and IL8, and decreased IL10. Moreover, TLR4 was upregulated in macrophages under HG and monocytes of subjects with diabetes and atherosclerosis. Interestingly, HG-oxLDL upregulated CD14 gene expression, although its total cellular protein abundance remained unaltered. sCD14 shedding via PRAS40/Akt-dependent mechanisms, with pro-inflammatory activity, was significantly increased in cultured macrophages and plasma from subjects with diabetes and subclinical atherosclerosis or hypercholesterolemia. Our data support an enhanced synergistic pro-inflammatory effect induced by HG and oxLDL in cultured human macrophages, possibly explained by increased sCD14 shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Sanjurjo
- Innate Immunity Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Esmeralda Castelblanco
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol i Gurina, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Julve
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Group, Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (IRHSCSP), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Villalmanzo
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Health Sciences Research Institute and University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Érica Téllez
- Innate Immunity Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Anna Ramirez-Morros
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol i Gurina, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Gerència Territorial de la Catalunya Central, Institut Català de la Salut, 08272 Sant Fruitós de Bages, Spain
| | - Núria Alonso
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Health Sciences Research Institute and University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Dídac Mauricio
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol i Gurina, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Maria-Rosa Sarrias
- Innate Immunity Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Roy S, Sharma A, Ghosh S. Mechanistic crosstalk of extracellular calcium-mediated regulation of maturation and plasticity in human monocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 643:39-47. [PMID: 36586157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune cells play a pivotal role in controlling tissue repair and rejection after biomaterial implantation. Calcium supplementation regulates cellular responses and alter the pathophysiology of various diseases. A series of macrophage activations through differential plasticity has been observed after cell-to-material interactions. We investigated the role of calcium supplementation in controlling macrophage phenotypes in pro-inflammatory and pre-reparative states. Oxidative defence and mitochondria involvement in cellular plasticity and the sequential M0 to M1 and M1 to M2 transitions were observed after calcium supplementation. This study describes the molecular mechanism of reactive oxygen species and drives the interconnected cellular plasticity of macrophages in the presence of calcium. Gene expression, and immunostaining, revealed a relationship between MHC class II maturation and cellular plasticity. This study elucidated the role of controlled calcium supplementation under various conditions. These findings underscore the molecular mechanism of calcium-mediated immune induction and its favourable use in different calcium-containing biomaterials., essential for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadeep Roy
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fiber Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Aarushi Sharma
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fiber Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sourabh Ghosh
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fiber Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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LaFavers KA, Micanovic R, Sabo AR, Maghak LA, El-Achkar TM. Evolving Concepts in Uromodulin Biology, Physiology, and Its Role in Disease: a Tale of Two Forms. Hypertension 2022; 79:2409-2418. [PMID: 35959659 PMCID: PMC9669127 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.18567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Uromodulin (or Tamm-Horsfall protein) is a glycoprotein uniquely produced in the kidney by tubular cells of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and early distal tubules. This protein exhibits bidirectional secretion in the urine and in the renal interstitium and circulation. The role of this protein in maintaining renal and systemic homeostasis is becoming increasingly appreciated. Furthermore, perturbations of its functions may play a role in various diseases affecting the kidney and distant organs. In this review, we will discuss important advances in understanding its biology, highlighting the recent discoveries of its secretion and differential precursor processing that generates 2 forms: (1) a highly polymerizing form that is apically excreted in the urine and generates filaments and (2) a nonpolymerizing form that retains a polymerization inhibitory pro-peptide and is released basolaterally in the kidney interstitium and circulation, but can also be found in the urine. We will also discuss factors regulating its production and release, taking into account its intricate physiology, and propose best practices to report its levels. We also discuss breaking advances in its role in hypertension, acute kidney injury and progression to chronic disease, immunomodulation and regulating renal and systemic oxidative stress. We anticipate that this work will be a great resource for researchers and clinicians. This review will highlight the importance of defining what regulates the 2 forms of uromodulin, so that modulation of uromodulin levels and function could become a novel tool in our therapeutic armamentarium against kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaice A LaFavers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Radmila Micanovic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Angela R Sabo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Lauren A Maghak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Tarek M El-Achkar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
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Ciesielska A, Krawczy M, Sas-Nowosielska H, Hromada-Judycka A, Kwiatkowska K. CD14 recycling modulates LPS-induced inflammatory responses of murine macrophages. Traffic 2022; 23:310-330. [PMID: 35411668 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
TLR4 is activated by the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and triggers two pro-inflammatory signaling cascades: a MyD88-dependent one in the plasma membrane, and the following TRIF-dependent one in endosomes. An inadequate inflammatory reaction can be detrimental for the organism by leading to sepsis. Therefore, novel approaches to therapeutic modulation of TLR4 signaling are being sought after. The TLR4 activity is tightly connected with the presence of CD14, a GPI-anchored protein that transfers LPS monomers to the receptor and controls its endocytosis. In this study we focused on CD14 trafficking as a still poorly understood factor affecting TLR4 activity. Two independent assays were used to show that after endocytosis CD14 can recycle back to the plasma membrane in both unstimulated and stimulated cells. This route of CD14 trafficking can be controlled by sorting nexins (SNX) 1, 2, and 6, and is important for maintaining the surface level and the total level of CD14, but can also affect the amount of TLR4. Silencing of these SNXs attenuated especially the CD14-dependent endosomal signaling of TLR4, making them a new target for therapeutic regulation of the inflammatory response of macrophages to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ciesielska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Krawczy
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hanna Sas-Nowosielska
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Cell Motility, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Hromada-Judycka
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kwiatkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Micanovic R, LaFavers KA, Patidar KR, Ghabril MS, Doud EH, Mosley AL, Sabo AR, Khan S, El-Achkar TM. The kidney releases a nonpolymerizing form of uromodulin in the urine and circulation that retains the external hydrophobic patch domain. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F403-F418. [PMID: 35100812 PMCID: PMC8934678 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00322.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Uromodulin [Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP)] is a glycoprotein uniquely produced in the kidney. It is released by cells of the thick ascending limbs apically in the urine and basolaterally in the renal interstitium and systemic circulation. Processing of mature urinary THP, which polymerizes into supramolecular filaments, requires cleavage of an external hydrophobic patch (EHP) at the COOH-terminus. However, THP in the circulation is not polymerized, and it remains unclear if nonaggregated forms of THP exist natively in the urine. We propose that an alternative processing path, which retains the EHP domain, can lead to a nonpolymerizing form of THP. We generated an antibody that specifically recognizes THP with retained EHP (THP + EHP) and established its presence in the urine in a nonpolymerized native state. Proteomic characterization of urinary THP + EHP revealed its COOH-terminus ending at F617. In the human kidney, THP + EHP was detected in thick ascending limb cells and less strongly in the renal parenchyma. Using immunoprecipitation followed by proteomic sequencing and immunoblot analysis, we then demonstrated that serum THP has also retained EHP. In a small cohort of patients at risk for acute kidney injury, admission urinary THP + EHP was significantly lower in patients who subsequently developed acute kidney injury during hospitalization. Our findings uncover novel insights into uromodulin biology by establishing the presence of an alternative path for cellular processing, which could explain the release of nonpolymerizing THP in the circulation. Larger studies are needed to establish the utility of urinary THP + EHP as a sensitive biomarker of kidney health and susceptibility to injury.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this work, we discovered and characterized a novel form of uromodulin that does not polymerize because it retains an external hydrophobic patch at the COOH-terminus. These findings establish an alternative form of cellular processing of this protein and elucidate new aspects of its biology. We also provide evidence suggesting that measuring urinary nonpolymerizing uromodulin could be a promising assay to assess the risk of acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radmila Micanovic
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kaice A LaFavers
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kavish R Patidar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Indiana Center for Liver Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Marwan S Ghabril
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Indiana Center for Liver Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Emma H Doud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Amber L Mosley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Angela R Sabo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Shehnaz Khan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tarek M El-Achkar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Güleç RD, Arslan FD, Çalışkan T, Şenol N, Yılmaz N, Atalay S, Pirim İ. Could presepsin be an alternative marker in the early diagnosis of sepsis in COVID-19? Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2022; 82:108-114. [DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2022.2031278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasime Derya Güleç
- Department of Tissue Typing Laboratory, University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fatma Demet Arslan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Taner Çalışkan
- Department of Anesthesia and Reanimation, University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nimet Şenol
- Department of Anesthesia and Reanimation, University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nisel Yılmaz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sabri Atalay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Pirim
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
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Monnig MA, Lamb PS, Parra JM, Cioe PA, Martone CM, Monti PM, Szabo G. Immune Response to an Acute Moderate Dose of Alcohol in Healthy Young Adults. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 55:616-623. [PMID: 32776108 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior research on alcohol and the immune system has tended to focus on binge doses or chronic heavy drinking. The aim of this single-session preliminary study was to characterize immune response to moderate alcohol (0.60 g alcohol per kilogram body weight) in healthy, nonchronic drinkers. The sample (N = 11) averaged 26.6 years of age and was balanced in gender. Plasma samples were collected at baseline and 1, 2 and 3 hours postconsumption. Markers of microbial translocation [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] and innate immune response [LPS-binding protein (LBP), soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), and selected cytokines] were measured using immunoassays. Participants completed self-report questionnaires on subjective alcohol response and craving. Linear mixed models were used to assess changes in biomarkers and self-report measures. Breath alcohol concentration peaked at 0.069 ± 0.008% 1 hour postconsumption. LPS showed a significant linear decrease. LBP and sCD14 showed significant, nonlinear (U-shaped) trajectories wherein levels decreased at 1 hour then rebounded by 3 hours. Of nine cytokines tested, only MCP-1 and IL-8 were detectable in ≥50% of samples. IL-8 did not change significantly. MCP-1 showed a significant linear decrease and also accounted for significant variance in alcohol craving, with higher levels associated with stronger craving. Results offer novel evidence on acute immune response to moderate alcohol. Changes in LBP and sCD14, relative to LPS, may reflect their role in LPS clearance. Results also support further investigation into the role of MCP-1 in alcohol craving. Limitations include small sample size and lack of a placebo condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie A Monnig
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Philip S Lamb
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Jose M Parra
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Patricia A Cioe
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Christina M Martone
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Peter M Monti
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Beth Israel Lahey Health, Dept of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, ST-214B, 330 Brookline Ave, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Pellegrini G, Maddalone M, Malvezzi M, Toma M, Del Fabbro M, Canciani E, Dellavia C. sCD14 Level in Saliva of Children and Adolescents with and without Dental Caries, a Hurdle Model. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8080679. [PMID: 34438570 PMCID: PMC8394623 DOI: 10.3390/children8080679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Soluble CD14 (sCD14) plays an important role in the innate immune response of the oral cavity. The investigation of this biomarker for detection of carious lesions is an even more actual procedure due to its non-invasiveness and the ease of withdrawal. The purpose of the present observational case-control study was to evaluate whether the quantification of sCD14 in children and adolescent’s saliva can discriminate healthy subjects from those suffering from tooth decay. Materials and Methods: 164 subjects (6 to 17 years) were selected and divided into 2 groups: those with at least 1 decayed tooth were assigned to group Decayed (n = 82) and those free from dental caries to group Healthy (n = 82). The amount of salivary soluble CD14 was quantified. Results: Mean salivary soluble CD14 was 28.3 ± 10.8 μg/mL in the Healthy group and 22 ± 9.6 μg/mL in the Decayed group. A hurdle model was applied to the data to estimate both the probability of having carious lesions and their number in relation to sCD14 levels. sCD14 was strongly associated (p < 0.01) with an inverse relation to both the probability of having caries and their number (falling rate of 5% per unit CD14 μg/mL). Conclusions: This data confirms the relationship between sCD14 and the presence of dental caries. However, there is no clear cut off level between healthy and unhealthy subjects, so it is currently not possible to use sCD14 as a biomarker to determine the risk of decays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Pellegrini
- Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.T.); (M.D.F.); (E.C.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0250315406
| | - Marcello Maddalone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Matteo Malvezzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via della Commenda 19, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Marilisa Toma
- Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.T.); (M.D.F.); (E.C.); (C.D.)
| | - Massimo Del Fabbro
- Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.T.); (M.D.F.); (E.C.); (C.D.)
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Canciani
- Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.T.); (M.D.F.); (E.C.); (C.D.)
| | - Claudia Dellavia
- Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.T.); (M.D.F.); (E.C.); (C.D.)
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12
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Arıkan K, Karadag-Oncel E, Aytac S, Cetin M, Cengiz AB, Gümrük F, Kara A, Ceyhan M. Usage of Plasma Presepsin, C-Reactive Protein, Procalcitonin and Proadrenomedullin to Predict Bacteremia in Febril Neutropenia of Pediatric Hematological Malignancy Patients. Lab Med 2021; 52:477-484. [PMID: 33851202 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the value of presepsin and proadrenomedullin (proADM) as new markers for febrile neutropenia, by comparing them with conventional markers. METHODS Plasma specimens for presepsin, proADM, C-reactive protein (CRP), and procalcitonin (PCT) were collected every 3 days during each episode of febrile neutropenia. RESULTS A total of 39 patients experiencing a collective 47 episodes of febrile neutropenia with hematological malignant neoplasms, as well as 40 healthy control patients without infectious disease, were enrolled in this study. Levels of the studied analytes in the presepsin 1 group (with baseline values taken at admission), presepsin 2 group (values recorded on the 3rd day of febrile neutropenia), and presepsin 3 group (values recorded on the 6th day of hospitalization) were all higher in the subgroups with bacteremia. C-reactive protein 1 (baseline value taken at admission), procalcitonin 1 (as recorded at admission), and procalcitonin 2 (recorded on the 3rd day of febrile neutropenia) were higher in the subroups with bacteremia (P =.03, P = .04, and P = .04, respectively). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, presepsin 1 and/or PCT 1/CRP 1 combined analysis was superior in predicting bacteremia. CONCLUSION Presepsin could be used in combination with other biomarkers to detect bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamile Arıkan
- Health Sciences University, Izmir Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Eda Karadag-Oncel
- Health Sciences University, Izmir Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Selin Aytac
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Hematology Unit, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mualla Cetin
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Hematology Unit, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Bülent Cengiz
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Gümrük
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Hematology Unit, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ates Kara
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ceyhan
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Hematology Unit, Ankara, Turkey
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13
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Ciesielska A, Matyjek M, Kwiatkowska K. TLR4 and CD14 trafficking and its influence on LPS-induced pro-inflammatory signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:1233-1261. [PMID: 33057840 PMCID: PMC7904555 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 568] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 belongs to the TLR family of receptors inducing pro-inflammatory responses to invading pathogens. TLR4 is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) of Gram-negative bacteria and sequentially triggers two signaling cascades: the first one involving TIRAP and MyD88 adaptor proteins is induced in the plasma membrane, whereas the second engaging adaptor proteins TRAM and TRIF begins in early endosomes after endocytosis of the receptor. The LPS-induced internalization of TLR4 and hence also the activation of the TRIF-dependent pathway is governed by a GPI-anchored protein, CD14. The endocytosis of TLR4 terminates the MyD88-dependent signaling, while the following endosome maturation and lysosomal degradation of TLR4 determine the duration and magnitude of the TRIF-dependent one. Alternatively, TLR4 may return to the plasma membrane, which process is still poorly understood. Therefore, the course of the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses depends strictly on the rates of TLR4 endocytosis and trafficking through the endo-lysosomal compartment. Notably, prolonged activation of TLR4 is linked with several hereditary human diseases, neurodegeneration and also with autoimmune diseases and cancer. Recent studies have provided ample data on the role of diverse proteins regulating the functions of early, late, and recycling endosomes in the TLR4-induced inflammation caused by LPS or phagocytosis of E. coli. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of the internalization and intracellular trafficking of TLR4 and CD14, and also of LPS, in immune cells and discuss how dysregulation of the endo-lysosomal compartment contributes to the development of diverse human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ciesielska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Matyjek
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kwiatkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Nissen SK, Shrivastava K, Schulte C, Otzen DE, Goldeck D, Berg D, Møller HJ, Maetzler W, Romero-Ramos M. Alterations in Blood Monocyte Functions in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1711-1721. [PMID: 31449711 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PD is a multisystem disease where both central and peripheral nervous systems are affected. This systemic involvement also includes the immune response in PD, which implicates not only microglia in the brain, but also peripheral immune cells, such as monocytes; however, this aspect has been understudied. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the PD-related changes in peripheral immune cells, their responsiveness to stimulation, and their ability to release immunomodulatory molecules that might have consequences for the disease progression. METHODS Using flow cytometry, we investigated the monocytic population in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from PD patients and healthy individuals. We also evaluated the in vitro response to inflammogen lipopolysaccharides and to fibrillar α-synuclein by measuring the expression of CD14, CD163, and HLA-DR and by analysis of soluble immune-related molecules in the supernatant. RESULTS Peripheral blood immune cells from PD patients had lower survival in culture, but showed a higher monocytic proliferative ability than control cells, which was correlated with shorter disease duration and late disease onset. In addition, PD patients' cells were less responsive to stimulation, as shown by the lack of changes in CD163 and CD14 expression, and by the absence of significant upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines in culture. Moreover, PD peripheral immune cells shed lower in vitro levels of soluble CD163, which suggests a less responsive monocytic population and/or an activation status different from control cells. Interestingly, some of the results were sex associated, supporting a differential immune response in females versus males. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that PD involves monocytic changes in blood. These cells show reduced viability and are unresponsive to specific stimuli, which might have a relevant consequence for disease progression. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Schulte
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tuebingen & German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Erik Otzen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics & iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David Goldeck
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Centre for Medical Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Holger Jon Møller
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
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15
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Fedorko S, Walter J, Younsi A, Zweckberger K, Unterberg AW, Beynon C. Intraoperative point-of-care assessment of an inflammatory biomarker in chronic subdural hematomas: Technical note. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2019; 183:105396. [PMID: 31255894 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2019.105396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammatory processes have been associated with the development and recurrence of chronic subdural hematomas (cSDH). Elevated levels of presepsin, a truncated N-terminal fragment of soluble CD14, occur in various inflammatory conditions of bacterial and non-bacterial origin. Here we report on our initial experiences with the intraoperative point-of-care (POC) assessment of presepsin in patients treated for cSDH. PATIENTS AND METHODS The POC analyser Pathfast® was used in 21 patients treated for cSDH at our institution. Prior to surgery, levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cells (WBC) were assessed. After burr hole trephination and dura incision, samples of subdural fluid and whole blood were collected and immediately assessed with the POC analyser. Values of presepin were compared between samples of the subdural compartment and whole blood. RESULTS Presepsin levels were assessed within 13 min in all patients and no technical difficulties occurred. Compared to the reported normal range values of presepsin (55-184 pg/mL), mean levels of presepsin in samples of the subdural compartiment was increased more than 5-fold (821 ± 110.1 pg/mL). Furthermore, mean presepsin values in samples of the subdural compartiment were significantly higher than in samples of whole blood (154.8 ± 19.2 pg/mL; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION POC assessment of the inflammatory biomarker presepsin is feasible within minutes during surgical treatment of cSDH. Corresponding to previous studies, presepsin levels were highly elevated in the subdural fluid, indicating processes of inflammation. Whether results of intraoperative POC assessment of inflammatory biomarkers is associated with outcome parameters in patients treated for cSDH has to be addressed in further studies. In our view, there is a role for this promising technique in improving future treatment strategies in respective patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan Fedorko
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Walter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Younsi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Zweckberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas W Unterberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Beynon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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16
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Decreased Expression of CD14 in MSU-Mediated Inflammation May Be Associated with Spontaneous Remission of Acute Gout. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:7143241. [PMID: 31312662 PMCID: PMC6595337 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7143241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gout is a common metabolic disease in humans, and it is due to persistently elevated levels of uric acid in the blood. At high levels, uric acid crystallizes and the crystals deposit in joints and surrounding tissues, resulting in an attack of gout. Interestingly, the gout attack can spontaneously resolve within a few days. However, the self-limited mechanism of gout remains elusive. It has been demonstrated that CD14 plays an important role in self-remission of gout. In this study, we found that the proportion of CD14-positive PBMCs was decreased in gout patients when compared with healthy controls and the serum sCD14 level was also considerably decreased in gout patients in comparison to healthy controls. In addition, sCD14 levels were positively correlated with CRP levels. Furthermore, the effect of MSU on the levels of CD14 in healthy volunteer's PBMC was explored in in vitro experiment. The results showed that CD14 expression on macrophage and sCD14 levels in the culture supernatants were significantly decreased after MSU treatment. However, there was no significance in the levels of membrane CD14 and sCD14 in healthy volunteer's PBMC stimulated by LPS. Taken together, these results suggest that CD14 might play an important role in self-remission of gout.
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17
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Tajbakhsh A, Gheibi Hayat SM, Butler AE, Sahebkar A. Effect of soluble cleavage products of important receptors/ligands on efferocytosis: Their role in inflammatory, autoimmune and cardiovascular disease. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 50:43-57. [PMID: 30639340 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Efferocytosis, the clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs), is a physiologic, multifaceted and dynamic process and a fundamental mechanism for the preservation of tissue homeostasis by avoiding unwanted inflammation and autoimmune responses through special phagocytic receptors. Defective efferocytosis is associated with several disease states, including cardiovascular disease and impaired immune surveillance, as occurs in cancer and autoimmune disease. A major cause of defective efferocytosis is non-functionality of surface receptors on either the phagocytic cells or the ACs, such as TAM family tyrosine kinase, which turns to a soluble form by cleavage/shedding or alternative splicing. Recently, soluble forms have featured prominently as potential biomarkers, indicative of prognosis and enabling targeted therapy using several commonly employed drugs and inhibitors, such as bleomycin, dexamethasone, statins and some matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors such as TAPI-1 and BB3103. Importantly, to design drug carriers with enhanced circulatory durability, the adaptation of soluble forms of physiological receptors/ligands has been purported. Research has shown that soluble forms are more effective than antibody forms in enabling targeted treatment of certain conditions, such as autoimmune diseases. In this review, we sought to summarize the current knowledge of these soluble products, how they are generated, their interactions, roles, and their potential use as biomarkers in prognosis and treatment related to inflammatory, cardiovascular, and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Alexandra E Butler
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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18
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Chang YY, Lin TY, Kao MC, Chen TY, Cheng CF, Wong CS, Huang CJ. Magnesium sulfate inhibits binding of lipopolysaccharide to THP-1 cells by reducing expression of cluster of differentiation 14. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 27:249-260. [PMID: 30721372 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00568-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated effects of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on modulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-macrophage binding and cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) expression. Flow cytometry data revealed that the mean levels of LPS-macrophage binding and membrane-bound CD14 expression (mCD14) in differentiated THP-1 cells (a human monocytic cell line) treated with LPS plus MgSO4 (the LPS + M group) decreased by 28.2% and 25.3% compared with those THP-1 cells treated with LPS only (the LPS group) (P < 0.001 and P = 0.037), indicating that MgSO4 significantly inhibits LPS-macrophage binding and mCD14 expression. Notably, these effects of MgSO4 were counteracted by L-type calcium channel activation. Moreover, the mean level of soluble CD14 (sCD14; proteolytic cleavage product of CD14) in the LPS + M group was 25.6% higher than in the LPS group (P < 0.001), indicating that MgSO4 significantly enhances CD14 proteolytic cleavage. Of note, serine protease inhibition mitigated effects of MgSO4 on both decreasing mCD14 and increasing sCD14. In conclusion, MgSO4 inhibits LPS-macrophage binding through reducing CD14 expression. The mechanisms may involve antagonizing L-type calcium channels and activating serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ying Chang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyüan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Kao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ying Chen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Departments of Anesthesiology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Cheng
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Shung Wong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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19
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Kumar NP, Moideen K, Bhootra Y, Nancy A, Viswanathan V, Shruthi BS, Sivakumar S, Natarajan M, Kornfeld H, Babu S. Elevated circulating levels of monocyte activation markers among tuberculosis patients with diabetes co-morbidity. Immunology 2018; 156:249-258. [PMID: 30427060 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alteration in the frequency of monocyte subsets is a hallmark of tuberculosis-diabetes co-morbidity (TB-DM). To study this association, we examined the plasma levels of sCD14, sCD163, C-reactive protein (CRP) and soluble tissue factor (sTF) in individuals with TB-DM, TB or diabetes mellitus (DM), and in healthy controls (HC). Circulating levels of sCD14, sCD163 and sTF were significantly increased in TB-DM and DM compared with TB and HC; however, CRP was significantly increased in TB-DM and TB compared with DM and HC. During longitudinal follow up, sCD14, CRP and sTF levels remained significantly increased in TB-DM compared with TB from baseline (pre-treatment), during treatment (2nd month) and at the completion (6th month) of anti-TB treatment (ATT), whereas sCD163 was significantly higher in TB-DM compared with TB only at baseline. Moreover, the levels of sCD14 and sCD163 were significantly higher in TB-DM individuals with bilateral and cavitary disease and exhibited a significant positive relationship with bacterial burden. Levels of sCD14, sCD163 and CRP exhibited a positive relationship with HbA1c levels. Within the TB-DM group, those with known diabetes before incident TB (KDM) exhibited significantly higher levels of sCD14 and sCD163 compared with individuals with newly diagnosed DM with TB (NDM). Finally, KDM individuals on metformin treatment exhibited significantly lower levels of sCD14, sCD163 and CRP compared with those on non-metformin-containing regimens. Our data demonstrate that systemic monocyte activation marker levels reflect baseline disease severity and extent in TB-DM, differentiate KDM from NDM and are modulated by ATT and metformin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathella P Kumar
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Kadar Moideen
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Yukthi Bhootra
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Arul Nancy
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India.,Prof. M. Viswanathan Diabetes Research Center, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | - Mohan Natarajan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Hardy Kornfeld
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India.,LPD, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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20
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Petes C, Mintsopoulos V, Finnen RL, Banfield BW, Gee K. The effects of CD14 and IL-27 on induction of endotoxin tolerance in human monocytes and macrophages. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17631-17645. [PMID: 30242126 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon repeated exposure to endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), myeloid cells enter a refractory state called endotoxin tolerance as a homeostatic mechanism. In innate immune cells, LPS is recognized by co-receptors Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CD-14 to initiate an inflammatory response for subsequent cytokine production. One such cytokine, interleukin (IL)-27, is produced by myeloid cells in response to bacterial infection. In monocytes, IL-27 has proinflammatory functions such as up-regulating TLR4 expression for enhanced LPS-mediated cytokine production; alternatively, IL-27 induces inhibitory functions in activated macrophages. This study investigated the effects of IL-27 on the induction of endotoxin tolerance in models of human monocytes compared with macrophages. Our data demonstrate that IL-27 inhibits endotoxin tolerance by up-regulating cell surface TLR4 expression and soluble CD14 production to mediate stability of the surface LPS-TLR4-CD14 complex in THP-1 cells. In contrast, elevated basal expression of membrane-bound CD14 in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-THP-1 cells, primary monocytes, and primary macrophages may promote CD14-mediated endocytosis and be responsible for the preservation of an endotoxin-tolerized state in the presence of IL-27. Overall, the efficacy of IL-27 in inhibiting endotoxin tolerance in human THP-1 monocytes and PMA-THP-1 macrophages is affected by membrane-bound and soluble CD14 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlene Petes
- From the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Victoria Mintsopoulos
- From the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Renée L Finnen
- From the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Bruce W Banfield
- From the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Katrina Gee
- From the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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21
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Avila DV, Myers SA, Zhang J, Kharebava G, McClain CJ, Kim HY, Whittemore SR, Gobejishvili L, Barve S. Phosphodiesterase 4b expression plays a major role in alcohol-induced neuro-inflammation. Neuropharmacology 2017; 125:376-385. [PMID: 28807677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that alcohol-induced, gut-mediated peripheral endotoxemia plays a significant role in glial cell activation and neuro-inflammation. Using a mouse model of chronic alcohol feeding, we examined the causal role of endotoxin- and cytokine-responsive Pde4 subfamily b (Pde4b) expression in alcohol-induced neuro-inflammation. Both pharmacologic and genetic approaches were used to determine the regulatory role of Pde4b. In C57Bl/6 wild type (WT) alcohol fed (WT-AF) animals, alcohol significantly induced peripheral endotoxemia and Pde4b expression in brain tissue, accompanied by a decrease in cAMP levels. Further, along with Pde4b, there was a robust activation of astrocytes and microglia accompanied by significant increases in the inflammatory cytokines (Tnfα, Il-1β, Mcp-1 and Il-17) and the generalized inflammatory marker Cox-2. At the cellular level, alcohol and inflammatory mediators, particularly LPS, Tnfα and Hmgb1 significantly activated microglial cells (Iba-1 expression) and selectively induced Pde4b expression with a minimal to no change in Pde4a and d isoforms. In comparison, the alcohol-induced decrease in brain cAMP levels was completely inhibited in WT mice treated with the Pde4 specific pharmacologic inhibitor rolipram and in Pde4b-/- mice. Moreover, all the observed markers of alcohol-induced brain inflammation were markedly attenuated. Importantly, glial cell activation induced by systemic endotoxemia (LPS administration) was also markedly decreased in Pde4b-/- mice. Taken together, these findings strongly support the notion that Pde4b plays a critical role in coordinating alcohol-induced, peripheral endotoxemia mediated neuro-inflammation and could serve as a significant therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana V Avila
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Scott A Myers
- Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - JingWen Zhang
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Giorgi Kharebava
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, DICBR, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Craig J McClain
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, DICBR, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Scott R Whittemore
- Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Leila Gobejishvili
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Shirish Barve
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Lévêque M, Jeune KSL, Jouneau S, Moulis S, Desrues B, Belleguic C, Brinchault G, Le Trionnaire S, Gangneux JP, Dimanche-Boitrel MT, Martin-Chouly C. Soluble CD14 acts as a DAMP in human macrophages: origin and involvement in inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production. FASEB J 2017; 31:1891-1902. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600772r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuella Lévêque
- Stress Membrane and Signaling TeamResearch Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET)INSERM Unité 1085RennesFrance
- Unité Mixte de Service 3480 BiositUniversity of Rennes 1RennesFrance
| | - Karin Simonin-Le Jeune
- Stress Membrane and Signaling TeamResearch Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET)INSERM Unité 1085RennesFrance
- Unité Mixte de Service 3480 BiositUniversity of Rennes 1RennesFrance
| | - Stéphane Jouneau
- Chemical Contaminant Immunity and Inflammation TeamResearch Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET)INSERM Unité 1085RennesFrance
- Unité Mixte de Service 3480 BiositUniversity of Rennes 1RennesFrance
- Centre de Ressource et de Compétences de la MucoviscidoseCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de RennesRennesFrance
| | - Solenn Moulis
- Stress Membrane and Signaling TeamResearch Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET)INSERM Unité 1085RennesFrance
- Unité Mixte de Service 3480 BiositUniversity of Rennes 1RennesFrance
| | - Benoit Desrues
- Unité Mixte de Service 3480 BiositUniversity of Rennes 1RennesFrance
- Centre de Ressource et de Compétences de la MucoviscidoseCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de RennesRennesFrance
- Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress and Signaling (COSS)Centre Eugène MarquisINSERM Unité 1242RennesFrance
| | - Chantal Belleguic
- Centre de Ressource et de Compétences de la MucoviscidoseCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de RennesRennesFrance
| | - Graziella Brinchault
- Centre de Ressource et de Compétences de la MucoviscidoseCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de RennesRennesFrance
| | - Sophie Le Trionnaire
- Stress Membrane and Signaling TeamResearch Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET)INSERM Unité 1085RennesFrance
- Unité Mixte de Service 3480 BiositUniversity of Rennes 1RennesFrance
| | - Jean-Pierre Gangneux
- Unité Mixte de Service 3480 BiositUniversity of Rennes 1RennesFrance
- Centre de Ressource et de Compétences de la MucoviscidoseCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de RennesRennesFrance
| | - Marie-Thérèse Dimanche-Boitrel
- Stress Membrane and Signaling TeamResearch Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET)INSERM Unité 1085RennesFrance
- Unité Mixte de Service 3480 BiositUniversity of Rennes 1RennesFrance
| | - Corinne Martin-Chouly
- Stress Membrane and Signaling TeamResearch Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET)INSERM Unité 1085RennesFrance
- Unité Mixte de Service 3480 BiositUniversity of Rennes 1RennesFrance
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Koizumi Y, Shimizu K, Shigeta M, Okuno T, Minamiguchi H, Kito K, Hodohara K, Yamagishi Y, Andoh A, Fujiyama Y, Mikamo H. Plasma presepsin level is an early diagnostic marker of severe febrile neutropenia in hematologic malignancy patients. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:27. [PMID: 28056845 PMCID: PMC5217328 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a common infectious complication in chemotherapy. The mortality of FN is higher in hematologic malignancy patients, and early diagnostic marker is needed. Presepsin is a prompt and specific marker for bacterial sepsis, but its efficacy in severe febrile neutropenia (FN) is not well confirmed. We tried to clarify whether it is a useful maker for early diagnosis of FN in patients during massive chemotherapy. METHODS We measured plasma presepsin levels every 2-3 day in FN cases and evaluated its change during the course of massive chemotherapy. The patients had hematologic malignancy or bone marrow failure, and in all cases, neutropenia was severe during the episode. The baseline levels, onset levels, increase rate at FN onset, and onset / baseline ratio were evaluated for their efficacy of early FN diagnosis. RESULTS Eleven episodes of bacteremia (six gram negatives and five gram positives) in severe neutropenia were analyzed in detail. While plasma presepsin level was strongly associated to the CRP level (r = 0.61, p < 0.01), it was not associated with the absolute WBC count (r = -0.19, p = 0.19), absolute neutrophil count (r = -0.11, p = 0.41) or absolute monocyte count (r = -0.12, p = 0.40). The average of onset presepsin level was 638 ± 437 pg/mL and the cutoff value (314 pg/mL) has detected FN onset in 9 of 11 cases. The two cases undetected by presepsin were both Bacillus species bacteremia. CONCLUSIONS Plasma presepsin level is a reliable marker of FN even in massive chemotherapy with very low white blood cell counts. Closer monitoring of this molecule could be a help for early diagnosis in FN. But bacteremia caused by Bacillus species was an exception in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Koizumi
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan. .,Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Kaoru Shimizu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Masayo Shigeta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Takafumi Okuno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Minamiguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Keiko Hodohara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yuka Yamagishi
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Akira Andoh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Fujiyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Hiroshige Mikamo
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
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Zhang JK, Morrison TK, Falk MC, Kang YH, Lee CH. Characterization of the binding of soluble CD14 to human endothelial cells and mechanism for CD14-dependent cell activation by LPS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/096805199600300404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The binding of soluble CD14 (sCD14) to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was examined in order to understand the role of CD14 in potentiating LPS activity. Both purified sCD14 and [125I]-sCD14 potentiated LPS-stimulated ICAM-1 expression in HUVEC. This potentiation was blocked by anti-CD14 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 63D3, UCHM-1 and RM052. Saturation binding assay revealed that [125I]-sCD14 bound to HUVEC with a ligand-acceptor dissociation constant of 290 nM. The binding of [125 I]-sCD14 was inhibited by sCD14 with a sCD14-acceptor dissociation constant of 24 nM. The density of CD14 acceptors was estimated to be 4-8 x 105 sites per cell. The [125I]-sCD14 binding was inhibited by anti-human CD14 mAbs UCHM-1 and RM052 but not 63D3. The bound [125I]-sCD14 could be washed off by acid buffer, pH 3.0, and its localization on the cell membrane was confirmed by light microscopic autoradiography. Based on the previously published description of LPS-sCD14 interactions and our observation that anti-CD14 mAbs inhibiting sCD14-acceptor binding also blocked the potentiation of LPS activity by sCD14, we propose that bridging or crosslinking between the putative LPS-receptor complex with the sCD14-acceptor complex via LPS-sCD14 interactions is the mechanism of CD14-dependent activation of endothelial cells (EC) by LPS. Re-examination of the published data suggests that this mechanism is a universal one for EC, leukocytes and lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Kui Zhang
- Septic Shock Research Program and Pathobiology Branch, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Timothy K. Morrison
- Septic Shock Research Program and Pathobiology Branch, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael C. Falk
- Septic Shock Research Program and Pathobiology Branch, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuan-Hsu Kang
- Septic Shock Research Program and Pathobiology Branch, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Che-Hung Lee
- Septic Shock Research Program and Pathobiology Branch, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Diagnostic and prognostic value of soluble CD14 subtype (Presepsin) for sepsis and community-acquired pneumonia in ICU patients. Ann Intensive Care 2016; 6:59. [PMID: 27389015 PMCID: PMC4936977 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-016-0160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The soluble CD14 subtype, Presepsin, appears to be an accurate sepsis diagnostic marker, but data from intensive care units (ICUs) are scarce. This study was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of Presepsin in ICU patients with severe sepsis (SS), septic shock (SSh) and severe community-acquired pneumonia (sCAP). Methods Presepsin and procalcitonin (PCT) levels were determined for patients at admission to ICU. Four groups have been differentiated: (1) absence or (2) presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, (3) SS or (4) SSh; and 2 groups, among the patients admitted for acute respiratory failure: absence or presence of sCAP. Biomarkers were tested for diagnosis of SS, SSh and sCAP and for prediction of ICU mortality. Results One hundred and forty-four patients were included: 44 SS and 56 SSh. Plasma levels of Presepsin and PCT were significantly higher in septic than in non-septic patients and in SSh as compared to others. The sepsis diagnostic accuracy of Presepsin was not superior to that of PCT (AUC: 0.75 vs 0.80). In the 72/144 patients admitted for acute respiratory failure, the capability of Presepsin to diagnose sCAP was significantly better than PCT. Presepsin levels were also predictive of ICU mortality in sepsis and in sCAP patients. Conclusion Plasma levels of Presepsin were useful for the diagnosis of SS, SSh and sCAP and may predict ICU mortality in these patients.
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Otterdal K, Portillo A, Astrup E, Ludviksen JK, Schjalm C, Raoult D, Olano JP, Halvorsen B, Oteo JA, Aukrust P, Mollnes TE, Nilsson PH. Rickettsia conorii is a potent complement activator in vivo and combined inhibition of complement and CD14 is required for attenuation of the cytokine response ex vivo. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:734.e1-6. [PMID: 27217049 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mediterranean spotted fever caused by Rickettsia conorii is a potentially lethal disease characterized by vascular inflammation affecting multiple organs. Studies of R. conorii so far have focused on activation of inflammatory cells and their release of inflammatory cytokines, but complement activation has not been investigated in R. conorii-infected patients. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of complement activation markers and the soluble cross-talking co-receptor CD14 (sCD14) in plasma from R. conorii-infected patients. The clinical data were supplemented with ex vivo experiments where the cytokine response was characterized in human whole blood stimulated with R. conorii. Complement activation markers at the level of C3 (C3bc, C3bBbP) and terminal pathway activation (sC5b-9), as well as sCD14, were markedly elevated (p <0.01 for all), and closely correlated (p <0.05 for all), in patients at admission compared with healthy matched controls. All tested markers were significantly reduced to baseline values at time of follow up. Rickettsia conorii incubated in human whole blood was shown to trigger complement activation accompanied by release of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor. Whereas inhibition of either C3 or CD14 had only a minor effect on released cytokines, combined inhibition of C3 and CD14 resulted in significant reduction, virtually to baseline levels, of the four cytokines (p <0.05 for all). Our data show that complement is markedly activated upon R. conorii infection and complement activation is, together with CD14, responsible for a major part of the cytokine response induced by R. conorii in human whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Otterdal
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Portillo
- Centre of Rickettsioses and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital San Pedro-Center of Biomedical Research from La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - E Astrup
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - J K Ludviksen
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway
| | - C Schjalm
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - D Raoult
- Unité des Rickettsies, Université de la Mediterranée, Marseille, France
| | - J P Olano
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - B Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - J A Oteo
- Centre of Rickettsioses and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital San Pedro-Center of Biomedical Research from La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - P Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - T E Mollnes
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Health Sciences, K.G Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - P H Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Zschemisch NH, Brüsch I, Hambusch AS, Bleich A. Transcription Factor SP2 Enhanced the Expression of Cd14 in Colitis-Susceptible C3H/HeJBir. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155821. [PMID: 27191968 PMCID: PMC4871554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic analysis in the IL10-deficient mouse model revealed a modifier locus of experimental inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on chromosome 18, with the allele of the strain C3H/HeJBir (C3Bir) conferring resistance and the allele of C57BL/6J (B6) conferring susceptibility. Differential Cd14 expression was associated with this background specific susceptibility to intestinal inflammation. Polymorphisms of the Cd14 promoter were found to be likely causative for strain specific expression, and Cd14-knockout mice revealed a protective role of this gene-product in experimental IBD. In this study, luciferase reporter assays confirmed an increased activity of the C3Bir derived Cd14 promoter compared to the one of B6. Promoter truncation experiments and site-directed mutagenesis in both strains resulted in reduced Cd14 promoter activity and confirmed that a central AP1 and the proximal SP1 transcription factor binding sites mediated the basal activity of the Cd14 promoter in the mouse. Moreover, a T to C exchange at position -259 replaced putative STAT1 and CDX1 sites in the Cd14 promoter from B6 by a SP2 site in C3Bir. Ablation of the Sp2 site through truncation was associated with a decreased promoter activity. Site-directed mutagenesis also demonstrated that the inactivation of SP2 led to a substantial loss of promoter activity in C3Bir. Performing electrophoretic mobility shift and supershift assays demonstrated interaction of SP2 with its potential binding site. In addition, retroviral—mediated overexpression of the SP2 transcription factor in primary bone marrow macrophages derived from C3Bir mice caused a significant increase in Cd14 transcription. These data characterized SP2 as important factor responsible for higher Cd14 expression and reduced IBD susceptibility mediated by the C3Bir allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils-Holger Zschemisch
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Inga Brüsch
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Hambusch
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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sCD14 is not a bona-fide biomarker of microbial translocation in HIV-1-infected Africans living in Belgium. AIDS 2016; 30:921-4. [PMID: 26636930 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare microbial translocation and its biomarkers in HIV-1-infected African and White patients of the Liège AIDS Reference Center. DESIGN The study is based on a cross-sectional dataset of HIV-infected patients treated at the Liège AIDS Reference Center. Groups of white and African patients have been randomly selected to be identical for sex, age and duration of treatment. METHODS sCD14, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) and routine HIV-follow-up parameters were measured on plasma samples. RESULTS High values of LPS and LBP were observed in both groups of patients without significant difference between them. High values of sCD14 were observed in 53.1% of whites and only in 18.8% of African patients (P = 0.0042). A correlation between LPS and sCD14 was observed in whites but not African patients. CONCLUSION Our observation suggests that factors not related to microbial translocation are responsible for lower sCD14 value in Africans.
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He Y, Liu S, Kling DE, Leone S, Lawlor NT, Huang Y, Feinberg SB, Hill DR, Newburg DS. The human milk oligosaccharide 2'-fucosyllactose modulates CD14 expression in human enterocytes, thereby attenuating LPS-induced inflammation. Gut 2016; 65:33-46. [PMID: 25431457 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major cause of enteric infection, Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria activate mucosal inflammation through lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding to intestinal toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Breast feeding lowers risk of disease, and human milk modulates inflammation. OBJECTIVE This study tested whether human milk oligosaccharides (HMOSs) influence pathogenic Escherichia coli-induced interleukin (IL)-8 release by intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), identified specific proinflammatory signalling molecules modulated by HMOSs, specified the active HMOS and determined its mechanism of action. METHODS Models of inflammation were IECs invaded by type 1 pili enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) in vitro: T84 modelled mature, and H4 modelled immature IECs. LPS-induced signalling molecules co-varying with IL-8 release in the presence or absence of HMOSs were identified. Knockdown and overexpression verified signalling mediators. The oligosaccharide responsible for altered signalling was identified. RESULTS HMOSs attenuated LPS-dependent induction of IL-8 caused by ETEC, uropathogenic E. coli, and adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) infection, and suppressed CD14 transcription and translation. CD14 knockdown recapitulated HMOS-induced attenuation. Overexpression of CD14 increased the inflammatory response to ETEC and sensitivity to inhibition by HMOSs. 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), at milk concentrations, displayed equivalent ability as total HMOSs to suppress CD14 expression, and protected AIEC-infected mice. CONCLUSIONS HMOSs and 2'-FL directly inhibit LPS-mediated inflammation during ETEC invasion of T84 and H4 IECs through attenuation of CD14 induction. CD14 expression mediates LPS-TLR4 stimulation of portions of the 'macrophage migration inhibitory factors' inflammatory pathway via suppressors of cytokine signalling 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/NF-κB. HMOS direct inhibition of inflammation supports its functioning as an innate immune system whereby the mother protects her vulnerable neonate through her milk. 2'-FL, a principal HMOS, quenches inflammatory signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- YingYing He
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA Program in Glycobiology, Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | - ShuBai Liu
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David E Kling
- Program in Glycobiology, Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Serena Leone
- Program in Glycobiology, Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathan T Lawlor
- Program in Glycobiology, Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yi Huang
- Program in Glycobiology, Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samuel B Feinberg
- Program in Glycobiology, Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David R Hill
- Program in Glycobiology, Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David S Newburg
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA Program in Glycobiology, Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
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Elevated serum soluble CD14 levels in chronic HBV infection are significantly associated with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:6607-17. [PMID: 26643893 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver diseases including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). CD14 and its soluble form sCD14 play important roles in immunity and are involved in the translocation of bacteria and their products which is related to the pathogenesis in chronic HBV infection. This study investigated serum sCD14 levels in HBV chronically infected patients with various clinical diseases. Serum sCD14 levels in HBV patients were significantly elevated compared with those of healthy controls. HCC patients had significantly highest levels of serum sCD14 across all the HBV-related diseases. Serum sCD14 levels significantly discriminated HCC from other HBV-related non-HCC diseases. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of sCD14 levels for HCC was significantly higher in comparison with other HBV-related non-HCC diseases. The AUC of sCD14 for HCC (0.868, 95 % CI 0.791-0.946, P < 0.001) was higher than that of alpha-fetoprotein (0.660, 95 % CI 0.508-0.811, P = 0.039). Serum level of sCD14 was associated with the overall survival (OS) of HCC patients, with sCD14 levels >20 ng/mL being significantly related to poorer OS (P = 0.017). Multivariate regression showed that serum sCD14 level was an independent factor associated with the OS rates of HBV-related HCC patients (HR 2.544, 95 % CI 1.169-5.538, P = 0.019). HCC resection resulted in a significant decrease of sCD14 levels (P < 0.001). These findings suggest the potential role of sCD14 in the pathogenesis of chronic HBV infection, especially the development of HCC, and the potential usefulness of sCD14 as a biomarker for discriminating clinical diseases and predicting survival of HCC patients in chronic HBV infection.
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Abstract
Soluble CD14 is associated with morbidity and mortality in HIV disease. It is a co-receptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that is released from monocytes upon activation. We demonstrate here, that inflammatory cytokines can induce the release of sCD14 in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures from healthy donors, and that TLR ligands other than LPS can cause a decrease in the monocyte cell surface expression of CD14. Thus, sCD14 is a marker of monocyte activation, not restricted to activation by LPS.
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Hajishengallis G, Russell MW. Innate Humoral Defense Factors. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [PMCID: PMC7149745 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although innate immunity came into the research spotlight in the late 1990s when its instructive role in the adaptive immune response was recognized, innate humoral defense factors have a much older history. The exocrine secretions of the body contain a plethora of distinct soluble factors (lysozyme, lactoferrin, peroxidases, proline-rich proteins, histatins, etc.) that protect the body from mucosal microbial pathogens. More recent studies have established that the humoral arm of innate immunity contains a heterogeneous group of pattern-recognition molecules (e.g., pentraxins, collectins, and ficolins), which perform diverse host-defense functions, such as agglutination and neutralization, opsonization, control of inflammation, and complement activation and regulation. These pattern-recognition molecules, which act as functional predecessors of antibodies (“ante-antibodies”), and the classic soluble innate defense factors form an integrated system with complementary specificity, action, and tissue distribution, and they are the subject of this chapter.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) of the liver contributes to the pathobiology of liver injury in transplantation, liver surgery, and hemorrhagic shock. Ischemia/reperfusion induces an inflammatory response that is driven, in part, by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR) signaling. CD14 is known to participate in the function of TLR4. We hypothesized that CD14 would be involved in the pathobiology of warm hepatic I/R. METHODS Using a 70% liver inflow inclusion model, CD14 knockout and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to 1-h warm ischemia followed by reperfusion. CD14 mRNA, circulating transaminase, interleukin 6, soluble CD14, and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) levels were measured. CD14 neutralizing antibody or isotype control antibody was given before ischemia or reperfusion for CD14 blockade in WT mice. Recombinant HMGB1 was given before reperfusion in some experiments to test if liver injury worsens. RESULTS There was an upregulation of CD14 mRNA in reperfused livers together with increased soluble CD14 levels in the circulation. Compared with WT control mice, CD14 knockout mice had much lower alanine aminotransferase and interleukin 6 levels at 6 and 24 h following I/R, and much less liver necrosis by histology. TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase dUTP nick end labeling) staining displayed less apoptosis at 24 h in the absence of CD14. CD14 blockage by neutralizing antibody also attenuated liver injury and the inflammatory response in C57BL/6 mice following I/R, but did not provide additional protection to TLR4 mutant C3H/Hej mice. CD14 deficiency did not change circulating HMGB1 levels following I/R (6 h). A dose of recombinant HMGB1, which worsened hepatic injury when given before reperfusion in WT mice, did not increase liver damage in CD14-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS CD14 is actively involved in hepatic I/R injury. Its deficiency or blockade ischemia attenuates liver injury and inflammatory response. CD14 mediates liver damage and inflammatory responses in the setting of warm hepatic I/R in mice.
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Knobloch J, Feldmann M, Wahl C, Jungck D, Behr J, Stoelben E, Koch A. Endothelin Receptor Antagonists Attenuate the Inflammatory Response of Human Pulmonary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells to Bacterial Endotoxin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 346:290-9. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.202358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Reiner AP, Lange EM, Jenny NS, Chaves PHM, Ellis J, Li J, Walston J, Lange LA, Cushman M, Tracy RP. Soluble CD14: genomewide association analysis and relationship to cardiovascular risk and mortality in older adults. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 33:158-64. [PMID: 23162014 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CD14 is a glycosylphosphotidylinositol-anchored membrane glycoprotein expressed on neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages that also circulates as a soluble form (sCD14). Despite the well-recognized role of CD14 in inflammation, relatively little is known about the genetic determinants of sCD14 or the relationship of sCD14 to vascular- and aging-related phenotypes. METHODS AND RESULTS We measured baseline levels of sCD14 in >5000 European-American and black adults aged 65 years and older from the Cardiovascular Health Study, who were well characterized at baseline for atherosclerotic risk factors and subclinical cardiovascular disease, and who have been followed for clinical cardiovascular disease and mortality outcomes up to 20 years. At baseline, sCD14 generally showed strong positive correlations with traditional cardio-metabolic risk factors and with subclinical measures of vascular disease such as carotid wall thickness and ankle-brachial index (independently of traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors), and was also inversely correlated with body mass index. In genomewide association analyses of sCD14, we (1) confirmed the importance of the CD14 locus on chromosome 5q21 in European-American; (2) identified a novel African ancestry-specific allele of CD14 associated with lower sCD14 in blacks; and (3) identified a putative novel association in European-American of a nonsynonymous variant of PIGC, which encodes an enzyme required for the first step in glycosylphosphotidylinositol anchor biosynthesis. Finally, we show that, like other acute phase inflammatory biomarkers, sCD14 predicts incident cardiovascular disease, and strongly and independently predicts all-cause mortality in older adults. CONCLUSIONS CD14 independently predicts risk mortality in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, Box 357236, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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Liu HH, Hu Y, Zheng M, Suhoski MM, Engleman EG, Dill DL, Hudnall M, Wang J, Spolski R, Leonard WJ, Peltz G. Cd14 SNPs regulate the innate immune response. Mol Immunol 2012; 51:112-27. [PMID: 22445606 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.02.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
CD14 is a monocytic differentiation antigen that regulates innate immune responses to pathogens. Here, we show that murine Cd14 SNPs regulate the length of Cd14 mRNA and CD14 protein translation efficiency, and consequently the basal level of soluble CD14 (sCD14) and type I IFN production by murine macrophages. This has substantial downstream consequences for the innate immune response; the level of expression of at least 40 IFN-responsive murine genes was altered by this mechanism. We also observed that there was substantial variation in the length of human CD14 mRNAs and in their translation efficiency. sCD14 increased cytokine production by human dendritic cells (DCs), and sCD14-primed DCs augmented human CD4T cell proliferation. These findings may provide a mechanism for exploring the complex relationship between CD14 SNPs, serum sCD14 levels, and susceptibility to human infectious and allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hsing Liu
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Rodriguez B, Bazdar DA, Funderburg N, Asaad R, Luciano AA, Yadavalli G, Kalayjian RC, Lederman MM, Sieg SF. Frequencies of FoxP3+ naive T cells are related to both viral load and naive T cell proliferation responses in HIV disease. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:621-8. [PMID: 21653240 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1210661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection results in depletion and dysfunction of naïve CD4(+) T cells. The mechanisms underlying these deficiencies are not understood. We investigated the frequencies of CD4(+) naïve subsets in HIV disease as defined by expression of CD25 and/or FoxP3 and the relationship of these frequencies to naïve T cell proliferation function. We observed increased proportions of CD25(+)FoxP3(+) and CD25(+)FoxP3(-) cells and decreased proportions of CD25(-)FoxP3(-) cells within the naïve CD4(+) cell compartment from HIV-infected persons compared with findings in healthy donors. These perturbations were related to higher plasma HIV RNA levels but not with higher immune activation, as measured by the proportions of CD38(+) memory CD4(+) T cells. Naïve T cell proliferation responses to mitogen stimulation were inversely related to the frequencies and absolute numbers of FoxP3(+) naïve T cells. MDA, a marker of oxidative stress, and sCD14, a marker of monocyte activation and a surrogate for microbial translocation, were increased in serum samples from HIV(+) donors; however, neither marker was related to naïve T cell function in HIV(+) donors. These observations suggest that alterations in naïve T cell subset frequencies could contribute to naïve T cell dysfunction in HIV disease, but these alterations are not necessarily the result of chronic immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benigno Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Zhou J, Ouyang X, Cui X, Schoeb TR, Smythies LE, Johnson MR, Guay-Woodford LM, Chapman AB, Mrug M. Renal CD14 expression correlates with the progression of cystic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2010; 78:550-60. [PMID: 20555320 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2010.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte and macrophage markers are among the most highly overexpressed genes in cpk mouse kidneys with severely progressive renal cystic disease. We show here that one of these markers, CD14, is abnormally transcribed, activated and shed in cystic kidneys. However, these abnormalities were not associated with an increased number of interstitial CD14-positive mononuclear cells. Instead, we found that most non-cystic and cystic renal tubular epithelia were CD14-positive; even distal nephron-derived principal cells. Cd14 was significantly overexpressed in the kidneys of 5-day-old cpk mice and further increased as the disease progressed. In the cpk model with variable rates of cystic kidney enlargement (due to an intercross of two distinct genetic backgrounds), Cd14 expression positively correlated with kidney volume, exceeding the correlation with MCP-1, an established marker of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). In 16 patients with ADPKD, the baseline urinary CD14 level showed some tendency to correlate with the 2-year change in total kidney volume; however, the tendency was not statistically significant. But the association was significant when the analysis was confined to males. Clearly more studies need to be done to evaluate the utility of CD14 as a marker for outcomes in ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juling Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Julius P, Grosse-Thie C, Kuepper M, Bratke K, Virchow JC. sCD14 in bronchoalveolar lavage 18, 42 and 162 hours after segmental allergen provocation. Scand J Immunol 2010; 71:304-11. [PMID: 20384875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2010.02375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been associated with a protective role in the development of asthma while higher levels of endotoxin have been linked with more severe asthma. LPS recruit neutrophils and eosinophils and activate macrophages via the CD14 receptor. The soluble CD 14 receptor (sCD14) has been found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in different diseases including allergic asthma. To elucidate the kinetics and the regulation of sCD14 concentrations in BAL in asthma, 18 patients with allergic asthma underwent segmental allergen challenge at different time points (10 min, 18, 42 and 162 h). In addition, CD14(+) peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC-CD14(+)) cultures from seven allergic and seven non-allergic subjects were stimulated with LPS, leukotrien D(4) (LTD(4)), a combination of LPS and LTD(4), IL-17 and LTD(4) in presence of the leukotriene-receptor antagonist (LTRA) Montelukast for 6, 12 and 24 h. sCD14 concentrations in BAL and the supernatants were measured by ELISA. sCD14 concentrations in BAL were significantly increased 18 h after allergen challenge and peaked at 42 h. At 162 h, concentrations had returned to baseline levels. In PBMC-CD14(+) cultures, sCD14 levels increased significantly 24 h after stimulation with LTD(4) and Montelukast was able to block LTD(4)-induced stimulation. Allergen challenge leads to a significant increase in sCD14 concentrations in BAL and might modulate the allergen-induced inflammation. In addition, LTD(4) might play a role in the release of sCD14, and it could be speculated that sCD14 reduction by LTRA might contribute to the mechanisms of LTRA in the treatment of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Julius
- Department of Pneumology, University Medical Clinic, Rostock, Germany.
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Marcos V, Latzin P, Hector A, Sonanini S, Hoffmann F, Lacher M, Koller B, Bufler P, Nicolai T, Hartl D, Griese M. Expression, regulation and clinical significance of soluble and membrane CD14 receptors in pediatric inflammatory lung diseases. Respir Res 2010; 11:32. [PMID: 20302606 PMCID: PMC2845564 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory lung diseases are a major morbidity factor in children. Therefore, novel strategies for early detection of inflammatory lung diseases are of high interest. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is recognized via Toll-like receptors and CD14. CD14 exists as a soluble (sCD14) and membrane-associated (mCD14) protein, present on the surface of leukocytes. Previous studies suggest sCD14 as potential marker for inflammatory diseases, but their potential role in pediatric lung diseases remained elusive. Therefore, we examined the expression, regulation and significance of sCD14 and mCD14 in pediatric lung diseases. Methods sCD14 levels were quantified in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of children with infective (pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, CF) and non-infective (asthma) inflammatory lung diseases and healthy control subjects by ELISA. Membrane CD14 expression levels on monocytes in peripheral blood and on alveolar macrophages in BALF were quantified by flow cytometry. In vitro studies were performed to investigate which factors regulate sCD14 release and mCD14 expression. Results sCD14 serum levels were specifically increased in serum of children with pneumonia compared to CF, asthma and control subjects. In vitro, CpG induced the release of sCD14 levels in a protease-independent manner, whereas LPS-mediated mCD14 shedding was prevented by serine protease inhibition. Conclusions This study demonstrates for the first time the expression, regulation and clinical significance of soluble and membrane CD14 receptors in pediatric inflammatory lung diseases and suggests sCD14 as potential marker for pneumonia in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Marcos
- Children's Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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Yin GN, Jeon H, Lee S, Lee HW, Cho JY, Suk K. Role of soluble CD14 in cerebrospinal fluid as a regulator of glial functions. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:2578-90. [PMID: 19360901 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples derived from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or Parkinson's disease (PD) was performed. On the basis of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis, and Western blot validation, it was found that the level of soluble form of monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 precursor was elevated in CSF from AD or PD patients compared with normal subjects. The soluble CD14 protein and mRNA expression was detected in microglia cells, indicating that microglia may be a cellular source of soluble CD14 in CSF. Next, the role of soluble CD14 in the regulation of glial functions was investigated. Soluble CD14 inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or LPS/interferon-gamma-induced nitric oxide production and cell death of microglia and astrocytes. Soluble CD14 suppressed glial neurotoxicity in a coculture of glia/neuroblastoma. In addition, soluble CD14 moderately enhanced phagocytic activity of microglia. These results suggest that microglia-derived soluble CD14 is a candidate CSF biomarker for AD and PD, and the soluble CD14 may inhibit glial activation by interfering with LPS effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Nan Yin
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, CMRI, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Lin J, Yao YM, Dong N, Chai JK, Yu Y, Hou XX, Zhu JM, Sheng ZY. Influence of CD14 polymorphism on CD14 expression in patients with extensive burns. Burns 2009; 35:365-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kirilina EA, Mikhailova AA, Efremov MA, Petrov RV. Myelopeptide 6, a novel endogenous bone marrow-derived differentiation factor. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2008; 421:282-285. [PMID: 18841816 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496608040182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E A Kirilina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117871 Russia
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Vidal K, Donnet-Hughes A. CD14: a soluble pattern recognition receptor in milk. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 606:195-216. [PMID: 18183930 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-74087-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An innate immune system capable of distinguishing among self, non-self, and danger is a prerequisite for health. Upon antigenic challenge, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family of proteins, enable this system to recognize and interact with a number of microbial components and endogenous host proteins. In the healthy host, such interactions culminate in tolerance to self-antigen, dietary antigen, and commensal microorganisms but in protection against pathogenic attack. This duality implies tightly regulated control mechanisms that are not expected of the inexperienced neonatal immune system. Indeed, the increased susceptibility of newborn infants to infection and to certain allergens suggests that the capacity to handle certain antigenic challenges is not inherent. The observation that breast-fed infants experience a lower incidence of infections, inflammation, and allergies than formula-fed infants suggests that exogenous factors in milk may play a regulatory role. There is increasing evidence to suggest that upon exposure to antigen, breast milk educates the neonatal immune system in the decision-making processes underlying the immune response to microbes. Breast milk contains a multitude of factors such as immunoglobulins, glycoproteins, glycolipids, and antimicrobial peptides that, qualitatively or quantitatively, may modulate how neonatal cells perceive and respond to microbial components. The specific role of several of these factors is highlighted in other chapters in this book. However, an emerging concept is that breast milk influences the neonatal immune system's perception of "danger." Here we discuss how CD14, a soluble PRR in milk, may contribute to this education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Vidal
- Nutition and Health Department, Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
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De Schepper S, De Ketelaere A, Bannerman DD, Paape MJ, Peelman L, Burvenich C. The toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) pathway and its possible role in the pathogenesis of Escherichia coli mastitis in dairy cattle. Vet Res 2007; 39:5. [PMID: 18073092 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2007044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is one of the most costly production diseases in the dairy industry that is caused by a wide array of microorganisms. In this review, we focus on the Gram-negative Escherichia coli infections that often occur at periods when the innate immune defence mechanisms are impaired (i.e., parturition through the first 60 days of lactation). There is substantial evidence demonstrating that at these periods, the expected influx of polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes (PMN) into the mammary gland is delayed during inflammation after intramammary infection with E. coli. Here, we provide some hypotheses on the potential mechanisms of action on how the disease may develop under circumstances of immunosuppression, and describe the potential involvement of the toll-like receptor-4 signal transduction pathway in the pathogenesis of E. coli mastitis. In addition, some ideas are proposed to help prevent E. coli mastitis and potentially other diseases caused by Gram-negative infections in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie De Schepper
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Zhao D, Sun T, Zhang X, Guo Y, Yu D, Yang M, Tan W, Wang G, Lin D. Role of CD14 promoter polymorphisms in Helicobacter pylori infection--related gastric carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:2362-8. [PMID: 17438094 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genetic variation in CD14 may affect CD14 expression and susceptibility to Helicobacter pylori infection-related cancers. This study examined functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the CD14 promoter and their associations with risk of developing gastric carcinoma in relation to H. pylori infection. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Thirty individual DNAs were sequenced to identify variants, and the function of the variants was examined by reporter gene assays. Genotypes and haplotypes were analyzed in 470 patients and 470 controls, and odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated by logistic regression. Serologic H. pylori antibody and soluble CD14 (sCD14) levels were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Two SNPs (-651C>T and -260C>T) were identified, of which the -260CT and -260TT genotypes were associated with elevated risk of gastric carcinoma (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.09-2.85 and OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.20-3.16, respectively). Haplotype analysis suggested a synergistic effect of the two SNPs (OR for the T(-651)-T(-260) haplotype, 3.39 versus OR for the C(-651)-T(-260) haplotype, 1.45; P = 0.02), which is consistent with reporter gene assays. A multiplicative joint effect between H. pylori infection and -260C>T polymorphism was observed (OR for the presence of both -260TT genotype and H. pylori infection, 4.03; 95% CI, 1.80-9.04). Patients had significantly higher sCD14 than controls (1,866 +/- 2,535 ng/mL versus 1,343 +/- 2,119 ng/mL; P < 0.001), and this difference was associated with the CD14 -260 polymorphism and H. pylori infection. CONCLUSIONS Functional polymorphism in CD14 is associated with greater risk of H. pylori-related gastric carcinoma, which might be mediated by elevated sCD14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Department of Etiology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Lin L, Nemeth E, Goodnough JB, Thapa DR, Gabayan V, Ganz T. Soluble hemojuvelin is released by proprotein convertase-mediated cleavage at a conserved polybasic RNRR site. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2007; 40:122-31. [PMID: 17869549 PMCID: PMC2211380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2007.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As the principal iron-regulatory hormone, hepcidin plays an important role in systemic iron homeostasis. The regulation of hepcidin expression by iron loading appears to be unexpectedly complex and has attracted much interest. The GPI-linked membrane protein hemojuvelin (GPI-hemojuvelin) is an essential upstream regulator of hepcidin expression. A soluble form of hemojuvelin (s-hemojuvelin) exists in blood and acts as antagonist of GPI-hemojuvelin to downregulate hepcidin expression. The release of s-hemojuvelin is negatively regulated by both transferrin-bound iron (holo-Tf) and non-transferrin-bound iron (FAC), indicating s-hemojuvelin could be one of the mediators of hepcidin regulation by iron. In this report, we investigate the proteinase involved in the release of s-hemojuvelin and show that s-hemojuvelin is released by a proprotein convertase through the cleavage at a conserved polybasic RNRR site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Zhao Z, Fleming R, McCloud B, Klempner MS. CD14 mediates cross talk between mononuclear cells and fibroblasts for upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 by Borrelia burgdorferi. Infect Immun 2007; 75:3062-9. [PMID: 17403874 PMCID: PMC1932873 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00202-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease is an infection caused by a tick-borne spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) was selectively upregulated in the erythema migrans skin lesions of patients with acute Lyme disease. In this study, the mechanism of upregulation of MMP-9 was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The concentrations of MMP-9 and soluble CD14 were markedly elevated in serum from patients with acute Lyme disease and were also upregulated in U937 cells by B. burgdorferi in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. MMP-9 mRNA was expressed at baseline in fibroblasts in the presence or absence of B. burgdorferi. However, when fibroblasts were incubated with supernatants from U937 cells with B. burgdorferi or recombinant CD14, the expression of MMP-9 was significantly increased. This effect was completely abolished by the anti-CD14 antibody. These data suggest that the upregulation of MMP-9 by B. burgdorferi involves the CD14 pathway in infiltrating inflammatory cells. Fibroblasts could be recruited to amplify local production of MMP-9 by acquiring CD14 from macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Zhao
- Boston Medical Center, 650 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Sanz G, Pérez E, Jiménez-Marín A, Mompart F, Morera L, Barbancho M, Llanes D, Garrido JJ. Molecular cloning, chromosomal location, and expression analysis of porcine CD14. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 31:738-47. [PMID: 17169425 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
CD14 is a membrane-associated glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein that binds lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria and enables LPS-dependent responses in a variety of cells. In this study a cDNA containing the porcine CD14 coding sequence has been cloned and its complete sequence determined. The amino acid sequence deduced from pig CD14 cDNA encodes a 373 amino acid polypeptide that exhibits 75%, 72%, 69%, 66%, 57% and 56% similarity to CD14 from cow, horse, human, rabbit, mouse and rat, respectively. Structural analysis showed that the porcine CD14 is a membrane glycoprotein with a GPI-anchor site and an extracellular domain containing 11 leucine-rich repeats. In addition, the LPS-binding regions identified in the human CD14 are highly conserved in the N-terminal domain of the porcine sequence. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to locate the CD14 gene on the pig chromosome 2, band q28. Expression analysis revealed that porcine CD14 transcripts were detected in all tissues and cells examined, suggesting that the expression of porcine CD14 gene is not restricted to myeloid cell lineage. Finally, we report that LPS stimulation significantly up-regulated CD14 gene expression in porcine alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Sanz
- Unidad de Marcadores Genéticos Moleculares, Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Lundell AC, Adlerberth I, Lindberg E, Karlsson H, Ekberg S, Aberg N, Saalman R, Hock B, Steinkasserer A, Hesselmar B, Wold AE, Rudin A. Increased levels of circulating soluble CD14 but not CD83 in infants are associated with early intestinal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:62-71. [PMID: 17210043 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble forms of the monocyte marker CD14 and the mature dendritic cell marker CD83 are plasma proteins with immunoregulatory functions. The physiological stimulus for their production is unclear and their possible role in allergy development is unknown. METHODS We measured the plasma levels of soluble CD14 (sCD14) and soluble CD83 (sCD83) in 64 Swedish children in relation to intestinal bacterial colonization pattern in a prospective birth cohort. Soluble CD14 and sCD83 levels were quantified by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in plasma obtained at birth and at 4, 18 and 36 months of age. All major aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were quantified in faecal samples obtained regularly over the first 8 weeks of life. Clinical allergy and IgE levels were evaluated at 18 months of age. RESULTS Soluble CD14 in plasma increased during the first 18 months of life while sCD83 peaked at 4 months of age. Children who were perinatally colonized with Staphylococcus aureus had significantly higher levels of sCD14 in plasma at 4 months of age relative to non-colonized children. The levels of sCD14 were unrelated to colonization with Escherichia coli, other enterobacteria, enterococci, clostridia, Bacteroides, bifidobacteria or lactobacilli. Further, children with food allergy by 18 months tended to have lower levels of sCD14 than healthy children. Plasma levels of sCD83 were not related to either bacterial colonization pattern or allergy development. CONCLUSIONS Perinatal colonization with S. aureus may trigger the occurrence of sCD14 in plasma, which may influence development of the infantile immune system and risk of allergy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-C Lundell
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, The Sahigrenska Adademy, Göteborg, Sweden.
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