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Aguilar-Bretones M, Fouchier RA, Koopmans MP, van Nierop GP. Impact of antigenic evolution and original antigenic sin on SARS-CoV-2 immunity. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e162192. [PMID: 36594464 PMCID: PMC9797340 DOI: 10.1172/jci162192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and vaccinations targeting the spike protein (S) offer protective immunity against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This immunity may further be shaped by cross-reactivity with common cold coronaviruses. Mutations arising in S that are associated with altered intrinsic virus properties and immune escape result in the continued circulation of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Potentially, vaccine updates will be required to protect against future variants of concern, as for influenza. To offer potent protection against future variants, these second-generation vaccines may need to redirect immunity to epitopes associated with immune escape and not merely boost immunity toward conserved domains in preimmune individuals. For influenza, efficacy of repeated vaccination is hampered by original antigenic sin, an attribute of immune memory that leads to greater induction of antibodies specific to the first-encountered variant of an immunogen compared with subsequent variants. In this Review, recent findings on original antigenic sin are discussed in the context of SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Unanswered questions and future directions are highlighted, with an emphasis on the impact on disease outcome and vaccine design.
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McCarthy MW. Original antigen sin and COVID-19: implications for seasonal vaccination. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:1353-1358. [PMID: 36243027 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2137402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Original antigenic sin describes the phenomenon in which immunity against pathogens or antigens is shaped by the host's first exposure to a related pathogen or antigen. AREAS COVERED When primary immunity is boosted not by the homologous but by a cross-reacting vaccine, the newly formed antibodies may react better with the primary antigen than with the antigen actually eliciting the response. This form of immune imprinting, which has been observed with influenza, dengue, human immunodeficiency virus, and other pathogens, has profound implications for the approach to seasonal vaccination against a variety of diseases, including COVID-19. EXPERT OPINION Public health agencies and regulatory bodies have consistently recommended repeated vaccination every few months as a way to protect against COVID-19. However, the risks and benefits of this approach requires scrutiny given the concern for original antigenic sin in response to SARS-CoV-2. This manuscript examines what is known about immune imprinting and looks ahead to explore how this phenomenon may impact seasonal vaccination against emerging SARS-CoV-2 subvariants such as BA.4, BA.5, and BA.5.1, which have been associated increased transmissibility due to enhanced immune escape.
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Zamora-Ceballos M, Moreno N, Gil-Cantero D, Castón JR, Blanco E, Bárcena J. Immunogenicity of Multi-Target Chimeric RHDV Virus-like Particles Delivering Foreign B-Cell Epitopes. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020229. [PMID: 35214688 PMCID: PMC8875457 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) vaccine platform is a nanoparticle composed of 180 copies of the viral capsid protein, VP60, self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs). RHDV VLPs are able to accept the simultaneous incorporation of target epitopes at different insertion sites. The resulting chimeric RHDV VLPs displaying immunogenic foreign antigens have been shown to induce specific protective immune responses against inserted heterologous T-cytotoxic and B-cell epitopes in the mouse and pig models. In this study, we explored whether RHDV-based engineered VLPs can be developed as efficient multivalent vaccines co-delivering different foreign B-cell antigens. We generated bivalent chimeric RHDV VLPs displaying two model B-cell epitopes at different surface-exposed insertion sites, as well as the corresponding monovalent chimeric VLPs. The immunogenic potential of the bivalent chimeric VLPs versus the monovalent constructs was assessed in the mouse model. We found that the bivalent chimeric VLPs elicited a strong and balanced antibody response towards the two target epitopes tested, although slight reductions were observed in the levels of specific serum antibody titers induced by bivalent chimeric VLPs as compared with the corresponding monovalent constructs. These results suggest that RHDV VLPs could represent a promising platform for the development of efficient multivalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Zamora-Ceballos
- Instituto Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain; (M.Z.-C.); (N.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Noelia Moreno
- Instituto Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain; (M.Z.-C.); (N.M.); (E.B.)
| | - David Gil-Cantero
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.G.-C.); (J.R.C.)
| | - José R. Castón
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.G.-C.); (J.R.C.)
| | - Esther Blanco
- Instituto Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain; (M.Z.-C.); (N.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Juan Bárcena
- Instituto Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain; (M.Z.-C.); (N.M.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-916-202-300
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Wee EG, Moyo N, Hannoun Z, Giorgi EE, Korber B, Hanke T. Effect of epitope variant co-delivery on the depth of CD8 T cell responses induced by HIV-1 conserved mosaic vaccines. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 21:741-753. [PMID: 34169114 PMCID: PMC8187930 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To stop the HIV-1 pandemic, vaccines must induce responses capable of controlling vast HIV-1 variants circulating in the population as well as those evolved in each individual following transmission. Numerous strategies have been proposed, of which the most promising include focusing responses on the vulnerable sites of HIV-1 displaying the least entropy among global isolates and using algorithms that maximize vaccine match to circulating HIV-1 variants by vaccine cocktails of optimized complementing sequences. In this study, we investigated CD8 T cell responses induced by a bi-valent mosaic of highly conserved HIVconsvX regions delivered by a combination of simian adenovirus ChAdOx1 and poxvirus MVA. We compared partially and fully mono- and bi-valent prime-boost regimens and their ability to elicit T cells recognizing natural epitope variants using an interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. We used 11 well-defined CD8 T cell epitopes in two mouse haplotypes and, for each epitope, assessed recognition of the two vaccine forms together with the other most frequent epitope variants in the HIV-1 database. We conclude that for the magnitude and depth of epitope recognition, CD8 T cell responses benefitted in most comparisons from the combined bi-valent mosaic and envisage the main advantage of the bi-valent vaccine during its deployment to diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund G. Wee
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Nathifa Moyo
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Zara Hannoun
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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5
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Kostoff RN, Kanduc D, Porter AL, Shoenfeld Y, Calina D, Briggs MB, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A. Vaccine- and natural infection-induced mechanisms that could modulate vaccine safety. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1448-1458. [PMID: 33110761 PMCID: PMC7581376 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A degraded/dysfunctional immune system appears to be the main determinant of serious/fatal reaction to viral infection (for COVID-19, SARS, and influenza alike). There are four major approaches being employed or considered presently to augment or strengthen the immune system, in order to reduce adverse effects of viral exposure. The three approaches that are focused mainly on augmenting the immune system are based on the concept that pandemics/outbreaks can be controlled/prevented while maintaining the immune-degrading lifestyles followed by much of the global population. The fourth approach is based on identifying and introducing measures aimed at strengthening the immune system intrinsically in order to minimize future pandemics/outbreaks. Specifically, the four measures are: 1) restricting exposure to virus; 2) providing reactive/tactical treatments to reduce viral load; 3) developing vaccines to prevent, or at least attenuate, the infection; 4) strengthening the immune system intrinsically, by a) identifying those factors that contribute to degrading the immune system, then eliminating/reducing them as comprehensively, thoroughly, and rapidly as possible, and b) replacing the eliminated factors with immune-strengthening factors. This paper focuses on vaccine safety. A future COVID-19 vaccine appears to be the treatment of choice at the national/international level. Vaccine development has been accelerated to achieve this goal in the relatively near-term, and questions have arisen whether vaccine safety has been/is being/will be compromised in pursuit of a shortened vaccine development time. There are myriad mechanisms related to vaccine-induced, and natural infection-induced, infections that could adversely impact vaccine effectiveness and safety. This paper summarizes many of those mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N. Kostoff
- Research Affiliate, School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Gainesville, VA, 20155, USA
| | - Darja Kanduc
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Alan L. Porter
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Search Technology, Inc., Peachtree Corners, GA, 30092, USA
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 5265601, Israel
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71409, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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6
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Gallinaro A, Borghi M, Pirillo MF, Cecchetti S, Bona R, Canitano A, Michelini Z, Di Virgilio A, Olvera A, Brander C, Negri D, Cara A. Development and Preclinical Evaluation of an Integrase Defective Lentiviral Vector Vaccine Expressing the HIVACAT T Cell Immunogen in Mice. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 17:418-428. [PMID: 32154327 PMCID: PMC7056611 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cellular immune responses play a fundamental role in controlling viral replication and AIDS progression in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects and in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques. Integrase defective lentiviral vector (IDLV) represents a promising vaccine candidate, inducing functional and durable immune responses in mice and non-human primates. Here, we designed HIV- and SIV-based IDLVs to express the HIVACAT T cell immunogen (HTI), a mosaic antigen designed to cover vulnerable sites in HIV-1 Gag, Pol, Vif, and Nef. We observed that HTI expression during lentiviral vector production interfered profoundly with IDLV particles release because of sequestration of both HIV- and SIV-Gag proteins in the cytoplasm of the vector-producing cells. However, modifications in IDLV design and vector production procedures greatly improved recovery of both HIV- and SIV-based IDLV-HTI. Immunization experiments in BALB/c mice showed that both IDLVs elicited HTI-specific T cell responses. However, immunization with HIV-based IDLV elicited also a T cell response toward exogenous HIV proteins in IDLV particles, suggesting that SIV-based IDLV may be a preferable platform to assess the induction of transgene-specific immune responses against rationally designed HIV structural antigens. These data support the further evaluation of IDLV as an effective platform of T cell immunogens for the development of an effective HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina Borghi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Serena Cecchetti
- Confocal Microscopy Unit NMR, Confocal Microscopy Area Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Bona
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Canitano
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Zuleika Michelini
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Virgilio
- Center for Animal Research and Welfare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alex Olvera
- Irsicaixa AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- Irsicaixa AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- AELIX Therapeutics, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Donatella Negri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cara
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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7
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Ragonnaud E, Pedersen AG, Holst PJ. Breadth of T Cell Responses After Immunization with Adenovirus Vectors Encoding Ancestral Antigens or Polyvalent Papillomavirus Antigens. Scand J Immunol 2017; 85:182-190. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Ragonnaud
- Department of International Health Immunology and Microbiology; Center for Medical Parasitology; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - A. G. Pedersen
- Department of Systems Biology; Technical University of Denmark; Lyngby Denmark
| | - P. J. Holst
- Department of International Health Immunology and Microbiology; Center for Medical Parasitology; Copenhagen Denmark
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8
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Abdul-Jawad S, Ondondo B, van Hateren A, Gardner A, Elliott T, Korber B, Hanke T. Increased Valency of Conserved-mosaic Vaccines Enhances the Breadth and Depth of Epitope Recognition. Mol Ther 2016; 24:375-384. [PMID: 26581160 PMCID: PMC4817818 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The biggest roadblock in development of effective vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the virus genetic diversity. For T-cell vaccine, this can be tackled by focusing the vaccine-elicited T-cells on the highly functionally conserved regions of HIV-1 proteins, mutations in which typically cause a replicative fitness loss, and by computing multivalent mosaic proteins, which maximize the coverage of potential 9-mer T-cell epitopes of the input viral sequences. Our first conserved region vaccines HIVconsv employed clade alternating consensus sequences and showed promise in the initial clinical trials in terms of magnitude and breadth of elicited CD8(+) T-cells. Here, monitoring T-cells restricted by HLA-A*02:01 in transgenic mice, we assessed whether or not the tHIVconsv design (HIVconsv with a tissue plasminogen activator leader sequence) benefits from combining with a complementing conserved mosaic immunogen tHIVcmo, and compared the bivalent immunization to that with trivalent conserved mosaic vaccines. A hierarchy of tHIVconsv ≤ tHIVconsv+tHIVcmo < tCmo1+tCmo2+tCmo3 vaccinations for induction of CD8(+) T-cell responses was observed in terms of recognition of tested peptide variants. Thus, our HLA-A*02:01-restricted epitope data concur with previously published mouse and macaque observations and suggest that even conserved region vaccines benefit from oligovalent mosaic design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andy van Hateren
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Tim Elliott
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA; The New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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9
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Characterization of T-cell responses to conserved regions of the HIV-1 proteome in BALB/c mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1565-72. [PMID: 25230940 PMCID: PMC4248756 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00587-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A likely requirement for a protective vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)/AIDS is, in addition to eliciting antibody responses, induction of effective T cells. To tackle HIV-1 diversity by T-cell vaccines, we designed an immunogen, HIVconsv, derived from the most functionally conserved regions of the HIV-1 proteome and demonstrated its high immunogenicity in humans and rhesus macaques when delivered by regimens combining plasmid DNA, nonreplicating simian (chimpanzee) adenovirus ChAdV-63, and nonreplicating modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) as vectors. Here, we aimed to increase the decision power for iterative improvements of this vaccine strategy in the BALB/c mouse model. First, we found that prolonging the period after the ChAdV63.HIVconsv prime up to 6 weeks increased the frequencies of HIV-1-specific, gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing T cells induced by the MVA.HIVconsv boost. Induction of strong responses allowed us to map comprehensively the H-2d-restricted T-cell responses to these regions and identified 8 HIVconsv peptides, of which three did not contain a previously described epitope and were therefore considered novel. Induced effector T cells were oligofunctional and lysed sensitized targets in vitro. Our study therefore provides additional tools for studying and optimizing vaccine regimens in this commonly used small animal model, which will in turn guide vaccine improvements in more expensive nonhuman primate and human clinical trials.
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Schussek S, Trieu A, Doolan DL. Genome- and proteome-wide screening strategies for antigen discovery and immunogen design. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:403-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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11
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Park KS, Seo YB, Lee JY, Im SJ, Seo SH, Song MS, Choi YK, Sung YC. Complete protection against a H5N2 avian influenza virus by a DNA vaccine expressing a fusion protein of H1N1 HA and M2e. Vaccine 2011; 29:5481-7. [PMID: 21664216 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Most influenza vaccines target hemagglutinin (HA) in order to protect the host against infection. However, theses vaccines are strain-specific due to major antigenic variations of HA. Since it is difficult to predict epidemic and pandemic strains of influenza virus, the development of effective vaccines against divergent influenza viruses is urgently needed. Although M2e-based vaccines are associated with weaker protection than HA-based vaccines that induce neutralizing antibodies against challenge virus matched-strain, the extracellular domain of Matrix 2 protein (M2e) is one of a potential broad-spectrum immunogen because it contains highly conserved sequences among influenza A viruses. In this study, M2e sequence was fused to H1N1 HA DNA (M2e-HA) and the immunogenicity and antiviral efficacy of this DNA vaccine was evaluated in response to challenge with a heterosubtypic H5N2 avian influenza virus. Compared to vaccination with HA or M2e DNA alone, vaccination with M2e-HA DNA or combination of M2e DNA and HA DNA (M2e DNA+HA DNA) induced a broad immunity without evidence of immune interference. In addition, HA-specific CD8(+) and M2e-specific T cell responses elicited by M2e-HA DNA vaccination were significantly higher than those of HA or M2e DNA vaccine alone, respectively. Following challenge with a heterosubtypic influenza virus infection, vaccination with M2e-HA DNA conferred complete protection against mortality. In combination, these results suggest that DNA vaccines expressing a fusion protein, M2e-HA, may provide an attractive approach for the development of broad-spectrum influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Seok Park
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
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12
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Im EJ, Hong JP, Roshorm Y, Bridgeman A, Létourneau S, Liljeström P, Potash MJ, Volsky DJ, McMichael AJ, Hanke T. Protective efficacy of serially up-ranked subdominant CD8+ T cell epitopes against virus challenges. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002041. [PMID: 21625575 PMCID: PMC3098219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodominance in T cell responses to complex antigens like viruses is still incompletely understood. Some data indicate that the dominant responses to viruses are not necessarily the most protective, while other data imply that dominant responses are the most important. The issue is of considerable importance to the rational design of vaccines, particularly against variable escaping viruses like human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and hepatitis C virus. Here, we showed that sequential inactivation of dominant epitopes up-ranks the remaining subdominant determinants. Importantly, we demonstrated that subdominant epitopes can induce robust responses and protect against whole viruses if they are allowed at least once in the vaccination regimen to locally or temporally dominate T cell induction. Therefore, refocusing T cell immune responses away from highly variable determinants recognized during natural virus infection towards subdominant, but conserved regions is possible and merits evaluation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung-Jun Im
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jessie P. Hong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yaowaluck Roshorm
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Bridgeman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sven Létourneau
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Liljeström
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mary Jane Potash
- Molecular Virology Division, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David J. Volsky
- Molecular Virology Division, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. McMichael
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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13
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Enzyme digests eliminate nonfunctional Env from HIV-1 particle surfaces, leaving native Env trimers intact and viral infectivity unaffected. J Virol 2011; 85:5825-39. [PMID: 21471242 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00154-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs) bear nonnative "junk" forms of envelope (Env) glycoprotein that may undermine the development of antibody responses against functional gp120/gp41 trimers, thereby blunting the ability of particles to elicit neutralizing antibodies. Here, we sought to better understand the nature of junk Env with a view to devising strategies for its removal. Initial studies revealed that native trimers were surprisingly stable in the face of harsh conditions, suggesting that junk Env is unlikely to arise by trimer dissociation or gp120 shedding. Furthermore, the limited gp120 shedding that occurs immediately after synthesis of primary HIV-1 isolate Envs is not caused by aberrant cleavage at the tandem gp120/gp41 cleavage sites, which were found to cleave in a codependent manner. A major VLP contaminant was found to consist of an early, monomeric form of gp160 that is glycosylated in the endoplasmic reticulum (gp160ER) and then bypasses protein maturation and traffics directly into particles. gp160ER was found to bind two copies of monoclonal antibody (MAb) 2G12, consistent with its exclusively high-mannose glycan profile. These findings prompted us to evaluate enzyme digests as a way to remove aberrant Env. Remarkably, sequential glycosidase-protease digests led to a complete or near-complete removal of junk Env from many viral strains, leaving trimers and viral infectivity largely intact. "Trimer VLPs" may be useful neutralizing antibody immunogens.
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14
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Mónaco DC, Rodríguez AM, Pascutti MF, Carobene M, Falivene J, Gómez A, Maeto C, Turk G, Nájera JL, Esteban M, Gherardi MM. T-cell immune responses against Env from CRF12_BF and subtype B HIV-1 show high clade-specificity that can be overridden by multiclade immunizations. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17185. [PMID: 21364754 PMCID: PMC3041790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The extreme genetic diversity of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) poses a daunting challenge to the generation of an effective AIDS vaccine. In Argentina, the epidemic is characterized by the high prevalence of infections caused by subtype B and BF variants. The aim of this study was to characterize in mice the immunogenic and antigenic properties of the Env protein from CRF12_BF in comparison with clade B, employing prime-boost schemes with the combination of recombinant DNA and vaccinia virus (VV) vectors. Methodology/Principal Findings As determined by ELISPOT from splenocytes of animals immunized with either EnvBF or EnvB antigens, the majority of the cellular responses to Env were found to be clade-specific. A detailed peptide mapping of the responses reveal that when there is cross-reactivity, there are no amino acid changes in the peptide sequence or were minimal and located at the peptide ends. In those cases, analysis of T cell polifunctionality and affinity indicated no differences with respect to the cellular responses found against the original homologous sequence. Significantly, application of a mixed immunization combining both clades (B and BF) induced a broader cellular response, in which the majority of the peptides targeted after the single clade vaccinations generated a positive response. In this group we could also find significant cellular and humoral responses against the whole gp120 protein from subtype B. Conclusions/Significance This work has characterized for the first time the immunogenic peptides of certain EnvBF regions, involved in T cell responses. It provides evidence that to improve immune responses to HIV there is a need to combine Env antigens from different clades, highlighting the convenience of the inclusion of BF antigens in future vaccines for geographic regions where these HIV variants circulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C. Mónaco
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana M. Rodríguez
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María F. Pascutti
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauricio Carobene
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juliana Falivene
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Gómez
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cynthia Maeto
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Turk
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José L. Nájera
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Magdalena Gherardi
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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15
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Hallengärd D, Haller BK, Petersson S, Boberg A, Maltais AK, Isaguliants M, Wahren B, Bråve A. Increased expression and immunogenicity of HIV-1 protease following inactivation of the enzymatic activity. Vaccine 2010; 29:839-48. [PMID: 21109032 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 protease is an important target for anti-HIV therapy but has not received much attention as a vaccine antigen. To investigate the immunogenic properties of HIV-1 protease, we designed DNA plasmids encoding variants of the protease gene. Mutations resulting in enzymatic inactivation (D25N) and resistance to standard antiretroviral drugs (V82F/I84V) were introduced in order to examine the impact of the enzymatic activity on immunogenicity and the possibility to induce immune responses against drug resistant protease, respectively. The enzymatic inactivation of protease resulted in significantly increased in vitro expression as well as in vivo immunogenicity. The inactivated protease was highly immunogenic in both BALB/c and HLA-A0201 transgenic C57Bl/6 mice, and the immunogenicity was retained when the gene was delivered as a part of a multigene HIV-1 DNA vaccine. The drug resistance mutations hampered both the cellular and humoral immune responses, as the mutations also affect both CD4 and CD8 T cell epitopes. Taken together, our data demonstrates the possibility to drastically increase the immunogenicity of HIV-1 protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hallengärd
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute and Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Nobels väg 18, 171 82 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
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16
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Pillai RM, Babu JM, Jissa VT, Lakshmi S, Chiplunkar SV, Patkar M, Tongaonkar H, Reddy KB, Chakka KN, Siddiqui M, Roychoudury S, Abraham P, Peedicayil A, Gnanamony M, Subashini J, Ram TS, Dey B, Singh N, Singh A, Jain SK, Jayshree RS. Region-wise distribution of high-risk human papillomavirus types in squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix in India. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010; 20:1046-51. [PMID: 20683415 DOI: 10.1111/igc.0b013e3181e02fe0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Assessment of the prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) in squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the cervix across India was undertaken to estimate the impact of available prophylactic HPV-L1 vaccines in the country and to find out additional types that might be needed to be incorporated in second-generation vaccines. METHODS High-risk (HR) HPVs were genotyped from 667 histopathologically confirmed cases of SCC from 6 different centers representing 4 regions across India: Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Mumbai; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Cancer Foundation of India, Kolkata; Christian Medical College, Vellore; Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore; and Regional Cancer Center, Thiruvananthapuram. Human papillomaviruses in tumor biopsies were analyzed by Xcytonscreen HPV based on PGMY09/11 multiplex polymerase chain reaction and reverse dot blot assay. RESULTS Overall viral prevalence across India was not different; 92.1% of 667 cases harbored HPV; 8% were negative. Infection with single HR type was seen in 86.8%: predominant types being HPV-16 followed by HPV-18, -45, -73, -31, -56, -52, -58, -59, -33, -68, -51, -35, -26, and -39. Human papillomavirus types 16/18-positive fraction formed 79.6%; other types comprised 12.4%. CONCLUSIONS Prophylactic HPV-16/18-L1 vaccines would provide greater than 75% protection against SCC in India. Ranking and frequencies of non-16/18 types were different from earlier reports. Hence, considering the possibility of promotion of persistence of nonvaccine types in the vaccinees due to original antigenic sin and the lack of organized screening programs in India, a broad-based vaccine approach would be appropriate.
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17
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Abstract
New blood tests for TB are now available. One measures the release of IFN-gamma and the other estimates the number of cells secreting IFN-gamma after stimulation with antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The choice of antigens (esat-6 and cfp-10) is intended to distinguish TB infection from Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination. Tests differ in lymphocyte numbers, the use of an additional antigen (TB7.7 - Rv2654) and sensitivity in concurrent HIV infection. Their role in the routine diagnosis of TB is limited. In latent TB infection, the new tests correlate better with exposure to TB. However, the time course of the immune response, the significance of negative tests, conversions from positive to negative and vice versa and their value in predicting who will develop TB are not yet known. Prospective studies of these tests are needed to establish their practical value rather than theoretical role in latent TB infection. Cohorts of both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed subjects who may develop active disease should be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham H Bothamley
- Homerton University Hospital, NE London TB Network, Homerton Row, London E9 6SR, UK.
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18
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Schaubert KL, Price DA, Salkowitz JR, Sewell AK, Sidney J, Asher TE, Blondelle SE, Adams S, Marincola FM, Joseph A, Sette A, Douek DC, Ayyavoo V, Storkus W, Leung MY, Ng HL, Yang OO, Goldstein H, Wilson DB, Kan-Mitchell J. Generation of robust CD8+ T-cell responses against subdominant epitopes in conserved regions of HIV-1 by repertoire mining with mimotopes. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:1950-62. [PMID: 20432235 PMCID: PMC3086652 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200940079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
HLA-A 0201-restricted virus-specific CD8(+) CTL do not appear to control HIV effectively in vivo. To enhance the immunogenicity of a highly conserved subdominant epitope, TV9 (TLNAWVKVV, p24 Gag(19-27)), mimotopes were designed by screening a large combinatorial nonapeptide library with TV9-specific CTL primed in vitro from healthy donors. A mimic peptide with a low binding affinity to HLA-A 0201, TV9p6 (KINAWIKVV), was studied further. Parallel cultures of in vitro-primed CTL showed that TV9p6 consistently activated cross-reactive and equally functional CTL as measured by cytotoxicity, cytokine production and suppression of HIV replication in vitro. Comparison of TCRB gene usage between CTL primed from the same donors with TV9 or TV9p6 revealed a degree of clonal overlap in some cases and an example of a conserved TCRB sequence encoded distinctly at the nucleotide level between individuals (a "public" TCR); however, in the main, distinct clonotypes were recruited by each peptide antigen. These findings indicate that mimotopes can mobilize functional cross-reactive clonotypes that are less readily recruited from the naïve T-cell pool by the corresponding WT epitope. Mimotope-induced repertoire diversification could potentially override subdominance under certain circumstances and enhance vaccine-induced responses to conserved but poorly immunogenic determinants within the HIV proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri L. Schaubert
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Institute, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - David A. Price
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | - Janelle R. Salkowitz
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Institute, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Tedi E. Asher
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sylvie E. Blondelle
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121
- Mixture Sciences Incorporated, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Sharon Adams
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Francesco M. Marincola
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Aviva Joseph
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Velpandi Ayyavoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Walter Storkus
- Departments of Immunology and Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Ming-Ying Leung
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
| | - Hwee L. Ng
- Department of Medicine and AIDS Institute, Center for Health Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Otto O. Yang
- Department of Medicine and AIDS Institute, Center for Health Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Harris Goldstein
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Darcy B. Wilson
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121
- Mixture Sciences Incorporated, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - June Kan-Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Institute, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
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19
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Rosario M, Hopkins R, Fulkerson J, Borthwick N, Quigley MF, Joseph J, Douek DC, Greenaway HY, Venturi V, Gostick E, Price DA, Both GW, Sadoff JC, Hanke T. Novel recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG, ovine atadenovirus, and modified vaccinia virus Ankara vaccines combine to induce robust human immunodeficiency virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses in rhesus macaques. J Virol 2010; 84:5898-908. [PMID: 20375158 PMCID: PMC2876636 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02607-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), which elicits a degree of protective immunity against tuberculosis, is the most widely used vaccine in the world. Due to its persistence and immunogenicity, BCG has been proposed as a vector for vaccines against other infections, including HIV-1. BCG has a very good safety record, although it can cause disseminated disease in immunocompromised individuals. Here, we constructed a recombinant BCG vector expressing HIV-1 clade A-derived immunogen HIVA using the recently described safer and more immunogenic BCG strain AERAS-401 as the parental mycobacterium. Using routine ex vivo T-cell assays, BCG.HIVA(401) as a stand-alone vaccine induced undetectable and weak CD8 T-cell responses in BALB/c mice and rhesus macaques, respectively. However, when BCG.HIVA(401) was used as a priming component in heterologous vaccination regimens together with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara-vectored MVA.HIVA and ovine atadenovirus-vectored OAdV.HIVA vaccines, robust HIV-1-specific T-cell responses were elicited. These high-frequency T-cell responses were broadly directed and capable of proliferation in response to recall antigen. Furthermore, multiple antigen-specific T-cell clonotypes were efficiently recruited into the memory pool. These desirable features are thought to be associated with good control of HIV-1 infection. In addition, strong and persistent T-cell responses specific for the BCG-derived purified protein derivative (PPD) antigen were induced. This work is the first demonstration of immunogenicity for two novel vaccine vectors and the corresponding candidate HIV-1 vaccines BCG.HIVA(401) and OAdV.HIVA in nonhuman primates. These results strongly support their further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximillian Rosario
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Richard Hopkins
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - John Fulkerson
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Nicola Borthwick
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Máire F. Quigley
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Joan Joseph
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Hui Yee Greenaway
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Vanessa Venturi
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Emma Gostick
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - David A. Price
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Gerald W. Both
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Jerald C. Sadoff
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
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20
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Zhang T, Xu Y, Qiao L, Wang Y, Wu X, Fan D, Peng Q, Xu X. Trivalent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) VLP vaccine covering HPV type 58 can elicit high level of humoral immunity but also induce immune interference among component types. Vaccine 2010; 28:3479-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Donaldson EF, Lindesmith LC, Lobue AD, Baric RS. Viral shape-shifting: norovirus evasion of the human immune system. Nat Rev Microbiol 2010; 8:231-41. [PMID: 20125087 PMCID: PMC7097584 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses are a major cause of gastroenteritis, and there are currently no vaccines or antiviral treatments available to treat or prevent the >260 million gastroenteritis cases that are reported globally each year. Noroviruses have proven difficult to work with in the laboratory owing to the lack of cell culture systems and animal models, and therefore little is known about the pathogenesis caused by this virus, which has hampered the development of efficacious therapeutics. The norovirus family contains two genogroups (GI and GII) that are most commonly associated with enteric disease in humans, and these genogroups contain more than 25 different genotypes that account for most human norovirus cases. However, outbreaks caused by the GII.4 genotype occur much more frequently than those caused by other genotypes in the GII genogroup, and GI outbreaks occur even less frequently. Although the majority of norovirus outbreaks are caused by the GII.4 genotype, the molecular and biological factors that regulate this disease burden are only partially understood. The GII.4 genotype seems to operate in a similar fashion as influenza virus, whereby evolution of novel immune escape variants allows the virus to escape the predominant memory immune response. By contrast, the prototypic GI.1 noroviruses have remained relatively static over the same time period, evolving variants with identical histo-blood group antigen binding capabilities and similar antigenic properties. The molecular mechanisms governing differential evolution patterns remain a key mystery in the norovirus field. Immunity against noroviruses has been difficult to assess owing to the complex effects of host pre-exposure histories and differential host susceptibility, which is correlated with blood group and secretor status. However, recent work has suggested that the GI and GII genogroups may use different mechanisms to escape immunological memory and that this is perhaps directly related to the plasticity of and complex evolutionary-related sequence information encoded in the P2 subdomain of the capsid protein. The GII genogroup contains more amino acid sequence in the P2 subdomain, which may allow increased capsid plasticity and a tolerance for more amino acid variation or insertions and deletions. This would provide a larger repertoire of sequence targets for natural selection and adaptation to complex environmental selection processes, like herd immunity. By contrast, the GI genogroup contains less sequence information with more conserved, surface-exposed residues that are probably recognized by homologous antibodies as well as antibodies generated against heterologous GI strains. Thus, complex patterns of GI pre-exposure history, antibody cross reactivity and original antigenic sin may facilitate secondary infections of GI strains, whereas antigenic drift and receptor switching allow GII noroviruses, especially GII.4 viruses, to persist in human populations.
Noroviruses are the most common cause of food-borne gastroenteritis worldwide; however, the development of effective vaccines and antiviral therapies has proved to be challenging. In this Review, Baric and colleagues discuss the molecular and structural mechanisms underlying the persistence of noroviruses in human populations. Noroviruses are the most common cause of food-borne gastroenteritis worldwide, and explosive outbreaks frequently occur in community settings, where the virus can immobilize large numbers of infected individuals for 24–48 hours, making the development of effective vaccines and antiviral therapies a priority. However, several challenges have hampered therapeutic design, including: the limitations of cell culture and small-animal model systems; the complex effects of host pre-exposure histories; differential host susceptibility, which is correlated with blood group and secretor status; and the evolution of novel immune escape variants. In this Review, we discuss the molecular and structural mechanisms that facilitate the persistence of noroviruses in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric F Donaldson
- University of North Carolina, Department of Epidemiology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Abstract
The immune system recognizes a myriad of invading pathogens and their toxic products. It does so with a finite repertoire of antibodies and T cell receptors. We here describe theories that quantify the dynamics of the immune system. We describe how the immune system recognizes antigens by searching the large space of receptor molecules. We consider in some detail the theories that quantify the immune response to influenza and dengue fever. We review theoretical descriptions of the complementary evolution of pathogens that occurs in response to immune system pressure. Methods including bioinformatics, molecular simulation, random energy models, and quantum field theory contribute to a theoretical understanding of aspects of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Deem
- Department of Bioengineering and Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
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Fryer HR, Scherer A, Oxenius A, Phillips R, McLean AR. No evidence for competition between cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in HIV-1 infection. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 276:4389-97. [PMID: 19776069 PMCID: PMC2817101 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong competition between cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) specific for different epitopes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection would have important implications for the design of an HIV vaccine. To investigate evidence for this type of competition, we analysed CTL response data from 97 patients with chronic HIV infection who were frequently sampled for up to 96 weeks. For each sample, CTL responses directed against a range of known epitopes in gag, pol and nef were measured using an enzyme-linked immunospot assay. The Lotka-Volterra model of competition was used to predict patterns that would be expected from these data if competitive interactions materially affect CTL numbers. In this application, the model predicts that when hosts make responses to a larger number of epitopes, they would have diminished responses to each epitope and that if one epitope-specific response becomes dramatically smaller, others would increase in size to compensate; conversely if one response grows, others would shrink. Analysis of the experimental data reveals results that are wholly inconsistent with these predictions. In hosts who respond to more epitopes, the average epitope-specific response tends to be larger, not smaller. Furthermore, responses to different epitopes almost always increase in unison or decrease in unison. Our findings are therefore inconsistent with the hypothesis that there is competition between CTL responses directed against different epitopes in HIV infection. This suggests that vaccines that elicit broad responses would be favourable because they would direct a larger total response against the virus, in addition to being more robust to the effects of CTL escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Fryer
- The Institute for Emerging Infections, The James Martin 21st Century School, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK.
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Heterotypic humoral and cellular immune responses following Norwalk virus infection. J Virol 2009; 84:1800-15. [PMID: 20007270 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02179-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus immunity is poorly understood as the limited data available on protection after infection are often contradictory. In contrast to the more prominent GII noroviruses, GI norovirus infections are less frequent in outbreaks. The GI noroviruses display very complex patterns of heterotypic immune responses following infection, and many individuals are highly susceptible to reinfection. To study the immune responses and mechanisms of GI.1 persistence, we built structural models and recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) of five GI strains: GI.1-1968, GI.1-2001, GI.2-1999, GI.3-1999, and GI.4-2000. Structural models of four GI genotype capsid P domain dimers suggested that intragenotype structural variation is limited, that the GI binding pocket is mostly preserved between genotypes, and that a conserved, surface-exposed epitope may allow for highly cross-reactive immune responses. GI VLPs bound to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) including fucose, Lewis, and A antigens. Volunteers infected with GI.1-1968 (n = 10) had significant increases between prechallenge and convalescent reactive IgG for all five GI VLPs measured by enzyme immunoassay. Potential cross-neutralization of GI VLPs was demonstrated by convalescent-phase serum cross-blockade of GI VLP-HBGA interaction. Although group responses were significant for all GI VLPs, each individual volunteer demonstrated a unique VLP blockade pattern. Further, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with each of the VLPs, and secretion of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) was measured. As seen with blockade responses, IFN-gamma secretion responses differed by individual. Sixty percent responded to at least one GI VLP, with only two volunteers responding to GI.1 VLP. Importantly, four of five individuals with sufficient PBMCs for cross-reactivity studies responded more robustly to other GI VLPs. These data suggest that preexposure history and deceptive imprinting may complicate PBMC and B-cell immune responses in some GI.1-1968-challenged individuals and highlight a potential complication in the design of efficacious norovirus vaccines.
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Bridgeman A, Roshorm Y, Lockett LJ, Xu ZZ, Hopkins R, Shaw J, Both GW, Hanke T. Ovine atadenovirus, a novel and highly immunogenic vector in prime-boost studies of a candidate HIV-1 vaccine. Vaccine 2009; 28:474-83. [PMID: 19853074 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ovine adenovirus type 7 (OAdV) is the prototype member of the genus Atadenovirus. No immunity to the virus has so far been detected in human sera. We describe the construction and evaluation of a candidate HIV-1 vaccine based on OAdV and its utilisation alone and in combination with plasmid-, human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV5; a Mastadenovirus)-, and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA)-vectored vaccines. All vectors expressed HIVA, an immunogen consisting of HIV-1 clade A consensus Gag-derived protein coupled to a T cell polyepitope. OAdV.HIVA was genetically stable, grew well and expressed high levels of protein from the Rous sarcoma virus promoter. OAdV.HIVA was highly immunogenic in mice and efficiently primed and boosted HIV-1-specific T cell responses together with heterologous HIVA-expressing vectors. There were significant differences between OAdV and HAdV5 vectors in priming of naïve CD8(+) T cell responses to HIVA and in the persistence of MHC class I-restricted epitope presentation in the local draining lymph nodes. OAdV.HIVA primed T cells more rapidly but was less persistent than AdV5.HIVA and thus induced a qualitatively distinct T cell response. Nevertheless, both vectors primed a response in mice that reduced viral titres in a surrogate challenge model by three to four orders of magnitude. Thus, OAdV is a novel, underexplored vaccine vector with potential for further development for HIV-1 and other vaccines. The data are discussed in the context of the latest HIV-1 vaccine developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bridgeman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
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Pérez CL, Larsen MV, Gustafsson R, Norström MM, Atlas A, Nixon DF, Nielsen M, Lund O, Karlsson AC. Broadly immunogenic HLA class I supertype-restricted elite CTL epitopes recognized in a diverse population infected with different HIV-1 subtypes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:5092-100. [PMID: 18354235 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.7.5092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The genetic variations of the HIV-1 virus and its human host constitute major obstacles for obtaining potent HIV-1-specific CTL responses in individuals of diverse ethnic backgrounds infected with different HIV-1 variants. In this study, we developed and used a novel algorithm to select 184 predicted epitopes representing seven different HLA class I supertypes that together constitute a broad coverage of the different HIV-1 strains as well as the human HLA alleles. Of the tested 184 HLA class I-restricted epitopes, 114 were recognized by at least one study subject, and 45 were novel epitopes, not previously described in the HIV-1 immunology database. In addition, we identified 21 "elite" epitopes that induced CTL responses in at least 4 of the 31 patients. A majority (27 of 31) of the study population recognized one or more of these highly immunogenic epitopes. We also found a limited set of 9 epitopes that together induced HIV-1-specific CTL responses in all HIV-1-responsive patients in this study. Our results have important implications for the validation of potent CTL responses and show that the goal for a vaccine candidate in inducing broadly reactive CTL immune responses is attainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina L Pérez
- Department of Microbiology, Cell Biology, and Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institutet, and The Swedish Institute of Infectious Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
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García-Quintanilla A. Overcoming viral escape with vaccines that generate and display antigen diversity in vivo. Virol J 2007; 4:125. [PMID: 18034902 PMCID: PMC2169210 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-4-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 11/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viral diversity is a key problem for the design of effective and universal vaccines. Virtually, a vaccine candidate including most of the diversity for a given epitope would force the virus to create escape mutants above the viability threshold or with a high fitness cost. Presentation of the hypothesis Therefore, I hypothesize that priming the immune system with polyvalent vaccines where each single vehicle generates and displays multiple antigen variants in vivo, will elicit a broad and long-lasting immune response able to avoid viral escape. Testing the hypothesis To this purpose, I propose the use of yeasts that carry virus-like particles designed to pack the antigen-coding RNA inside and replicate it via RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. This would produce diversity in vivo limited to the target of interest and without killing the vaccine vehicle. Implications of the hypothesis This approach is in contrast with peptide cocktails synthesized in vitro and polyvalent strategies where every cell or vector displays a single or definite number of mutants; but similarly to all them, it should be able to overcome original antigenic sin, avoid major histocompatibility complex restriction, and elicit broad cross-reactive immune responses. Here I discuss additional advantages such as minimal global antagonism or those derived from using a yeast vehicle, and potential drawbacks like autoimmunity. Diversity generated by this method could be monitored both genotypically and phenotypically, and therefore selected or discarded before use if needed.
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Létourneau S, Im EJ, Mashishi T, Brereton C, Bridgeman A, Yang H, Dorrell L, Dong T, Korber B, McMichael AJ, Hanke T. Design and pre-clinical evaluation of a universal HIV-1 vaccine. PLoS One 2007; 2:e984. [PMID: 17912361 PMCID: PMC1991584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background One of the big roadblocks in development of HIV-1/AIDS vaccines is the enormous diversity of HIV-1, which could limit the value of any HIV-1 vaccine candidate currently under test. Methodology and Findings To address the HIV-1 variation, we designed a novel T cell immunogen, designated HIVCONSV, by assembling the 14 most conserved regions of the HIV-1 proteome into one chimaeric protein. Each segment is a consensus sequence from one of the four major HIV-1 clades A, B, C and D, which alternate to ensure equal clade coverage. The gene coding for the HIVCONSV protein was inserted into the three most studied vaccine vectors, plasmid DNA, human adenovirus serotype 5 and modified vaccine virus Ankara (MVA), and induced HIV-1-specific T cell responses in mice. We also demonstrated that these conserved regions prime CD8+ and CD4+ T cell to highly conserved epitopes in humans and that these epitopes, although usually subdominant, generate memory T cells in patients during natural HIV-1 infection. Significance Therefore, this vaccine approach provides an attractive and testable alternative for overcoming the HIV-1 variability, while focusing T cell responses on regions of the virus that are less likely to mutate and escape. Furthermore, this approach has merit in the simplicity of design and delivery, requiring only a single immunogen to provide extensive coverage of global HIV-1 population diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Létourneau
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eung-Jun Im
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tumelo Mashishi
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Choechoe Brereton
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Bridgeman
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hongbing Yang
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Dorrell
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tao Dong
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamo National Laboratory, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. McMichael
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Im EJ, Hanke T. Short communication: preclinical evaluation of candidate HIV type 1 vaccines in inbred strains and an outbred stock of mice. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2007; 23:857-62. [PMID: 17678467 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2007.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Outstanding animal immunogenicity is a prerequisite for progression of novel vaccines to clinical trials. The measurement of vaccine immunogenicity is critically dependent on the specificity, accuracy, sensitivity, and precision of the employed assays. This has been greatly aided by the generation of isogenic mouse strains. Here, we identified three novel H-2(d) -restricted CD8+ T cell epitopes derived from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and demonstrated a fine evaluation of the vaccine-elicited T cell responses in an inbred mouse strain. However, unlike inbred mice, outbred mouse stock indicated preferential induction of CD4+ T cell responses by a heterologous DNA-prime-recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara boost regimen and induction of dominant responses to the env-derived vaccine component, i.e., observations reminiscent of human data. Thus, an outbred mouse stock may provide more rigorous and realistic tests for candidate vaccine evaluation in addition to sensitive assays in a selected, well-responding inbred strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung-Jun Im
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
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Im EJ, Saubi N, Virgili G, Sander C, Teoh D, Gatell JM, McShane H, Joseph J, Hanke T. Vaccine platform for prevention of tuberculosis and mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 through breastfeeding. J Virol 2007; 81:9408-18. [PMID: 17596303 PMCID: PMC1951420 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00707-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most children in Africa receive their vaccine against tuberculosis at birth. Those infants born to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-positive mothers are at high risk of acquiring HIV-1 infection through breastfeeding in the first weeks of their lives. Thus, the development of a vaccine which would protect newborns against both of these major global killers is a logical yet highly scientifically, ethically, and practically challenging aim. Here, a recombinant lysine auxotroph of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), a BCG strain that is safer than those currently used and expresses an African HIV-1 clade-derived immunogen, was generated and shown to be stable and to induce durable, high-quality HIV-1-specific CD4(+)- and CD8(+)-T-cell responses. Furthermore, when the recombinant BCG vaccine was used in a priming-boosting regimen with heterologous components, the HIV-1-specific responses provided protection against surrogate virus challenge, and the recombinant BCG vaccine alone protected against aerosol challenge with M. tuberculosis. Thus, inserting an HIV-1-derived immunogen into the scheduled BCG vaccine delivered at or soon after birth may prime HIV-1-specific responses, which can be boosted by natural exposure to HIV-1 in the breast milk and/or by a heterologous vaccine such as recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara delivering the same immunogen, and decrease mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 during breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung-Jun Im
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
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