1
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Cimpean M, Cooper MA. Metabolic regulation of NK cell antiviral functions during cytomegalovirus infection. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:525-534. [PMID: 36843434 PMCID: PMC11262056 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells quickly mount cytotoxic responses, produce cytokines, and proliferate in response to infected or transformed cells. Moreover, they can develop memory, with enhanced effector responses following activation, in some cases with antigen specificity. To optimally execute these functions, NK cells undergo metabolic reprogramming. Here, we discuss the interplay between metabolism and NK cell function in the context of viral infections. We review findings supporting metabolic regulation of NK cell effector functions, with a focus on NK cell antiviral infection in the context of cytomegalovirus in the mouse (MCMV) and human (HCMV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cimpean
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - Megan A. Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
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2
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Semmes EC, Permar SR. Human Cytomegalovirus Infection Primes Fetal Natural Killer Cells for Fc-Mediated Antiviral Defense. J Infect Dis 2023; 227:739-741. [PMID: 35876548 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C Semmes
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
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3
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Siemaszko J, Marzec-Przyszlak A, Bogunia-Kubik K. Activating NKG2C Receptor: Functional Characteristics and Current Strategies in Clinical Applications. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2023; 71:9. [PMID: 36899273 PMCID: PMC10004456 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-023-00674-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The interest in NK cells and their cytotoxic activity against tumour, infected or transformed cells continuously increases as they become a new efficient and off-the-shelf agents in immunotherapies. Their actions are balanced by a wide set of activating and inhibitory receptors, recognizing their complementary ligands on target cells. One of the most studied receptors is the activating CD94/NKG2C molecule, which is a member of the C-type lectin-like family. This review is intended to summarise latest research findings on the clinical relevance of NKG2C receptor and to examine its contribution to current and potential therapeutic strategies. It outlines functional characteristics and molecular features of CD94/NKG2C, its interactions with HLA-E molecule and presented antigens, pointing out a key role of this receptor in immunosurveillance, especially in the human cytomegalovirus infection. Additionally, the authors attempt to shed some light on receptor's unique interaction with its ligand which is shared with another receptor (CD94/NKG2A) with rather opposite properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda Siemaszko
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Marzec-Przyszlak
- Department of Biosensors and Processing of Biomedical Signals, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Zabrze, Poland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katarzyna Bogunia-Kubik
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
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4
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Della Chiesa M, Setti C, Giordano C, Obino V, Greppi M, Pesce S, Marcenaro E, Rutigliani M, Provinciali N, Paleari L, DeCensi A, Sivori S, Carlomagno S. NK Cell-Based Immunotherapy in Colorectal Cancer. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1033. [PMID: 35891197 PMCID: PMC9323201 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Natural Killer (NK) cells are all round players in immunity thanks to their powerful and immediate response against transformed cells and the ability to modulate the subsequent adaptive immune response. The potential of immunotherapies based on NK cell involvement has been initially revealed in the hematological setting but has inspired the design of different immune tools to also be applied against solid tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Indeed, despite cancer prevention screening plans, surgery, and chemotherapy strategies, CRC is one of the most widespread cancers and with the highest mortality rate. Therefore, further efficient and complementary immune-based therapies are in urgent need. In this review, we gathered the most recent advances in NK cell-based immunotherapies aimed at fighting CRC, in particular, the use of monoclonal antibodies targeting tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), immune checkpoint blockade, and adoptive NK cell therapy, including NK cells modified with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR-NK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Della Chiesa
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (C.S.); (C.G.); (V.O.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (E.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Chiara Setti
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (C.S.); (C.G.); (V.O.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (E.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Chiara Giordano
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (C.S.); (C.G.); (V.O.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (E.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Valentina Obino
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (C.S.); (C.G.); (V.O.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (E.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Marco Greppi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (C.S.); (C.G.); (V.O.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (E.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Silvia Pesce
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (C.S.); (C.G.); (V.O.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (E.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (C.S.); (C.G.); (V.O.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (E.M.); (S.S.)
| | | | | | - Laura Paleari
- A.Li.Sa., Liguria Region Health Authority, 16121 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Andrea DeCensi
- Medical Oncology, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy; (N.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Simona Sivori
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (C.S.); (C.G.); (V.O.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (E.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Simona Carlomagno
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (C.S.); (C.G.); (V.O.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (E.M.); (S.S.)
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5
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Martini F, Champagne E. The Contribution of Human Herpes Viruses to γδ T Cell Mobilisation in Co-Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122372. [PMID: 34960641 PMCID: PMC8704314 DOI: 10.3390/v13122372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are activated in viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. Among viruses that promote γδ T cell mobilisation in humans, herpes viruses (HHVs) occupy a particular place since they infect the majority of the human population and persist indefinitely in the organism in a latent state. Thus, other infections should, in most instances, be considered co-infections, and the reactivation of HHV is a serious confounding factor in attributing γδ T cell alterations to a particular pathogen in human diseases. We review here the literature data on γδ T cell mobilisation in HHV infections and co-infections, and discuss the possible contribution of HHVs to γδ alterations observed in various infectious settings. As multiple infections seemingly mobilise overlapping γδ subsets, we also address the concept of possible cross-protection.
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6
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Feyaerts D, Joosten I, van der Molen RG. A pregnancy to remember: trained immunity of the uterine mucosae. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:539-541. [PMID: 33299087 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Feyaerts
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Irma Joosten
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Renate G van der Molen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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7
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Semmes EC, Hurst JH, Walsh KM, Permar SR. Cytomegalovirus as an immunomodulator across the lifespan. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:112-120. [PMID: 32818717 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a nearly ubiquitous β-herpesvirus that establishes latent infection in the majority of the world's population. HCMV infection profoundly influences the host immune system and, perhaps more than any other human pathogen, has been shown to create a lasting imprint on human T and NK cell compartments. HCMV-seropositivity has been associated with both beneficial effects, such as increased vaccine responsiveness or heterologous protection against infections, and deleterious effects, such as pathological neurodevelopmental sequelae from congenital infection in utero and cumulative damage from chronic lifelong latency into old age. The significance of many of these associations is unclear, as studies into the causal mechanisms linking HCMV and these disease outcomes are lacking; however, HCMV-mediated changes to the immune system may play a key role. This review examines how HCMV impacts the host immune system in an age-dependent manner with important implications for human immunophenotypes and long-term disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C Semmes
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Children's Health and Discovery Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jillian H Hurst
- Children's Health and Discovery Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University, Durham NC, USA
| | - Kyle M Walsh
- Children's Health and Discovery Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Children's Health and Discovery Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University, Durham NC, USA.
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8
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Natural Killer Cell Hypo-responsiveness in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia can be Circumvented In Vitro by Adequate Activating Signaling. Hemasphere 2019; 3:e308. [PMID: 31976482 PMCID: PMC6924557 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by an acquired immune dysfunction, which may underlie the hampered efficacy of cellular immunotherapy. Most data on dampened immune responses in CLL come from studies investigating CLL and T cell interactions. Natural killer (NK) cells may be an attractive alternative source of effector cells in immunotherapy in CLL, provided that functionality is retained within the CLL micro-environment. Despite their important role in anti-tumor responses, NK cells are not extensively characterized in CLL. Here, we studied the expression of activating and inhibitory receptors on CLL-derived and healthy control (HC) NK cells, and their functional response towards several stimuli. NK cells from CLL patients have an increased maturation stage, with an expansion of NKG2C+ NK cells in CMV seropositive individuals. The cytotoxicity receptor NKG2D is downregulated, and the killing capacity through this receptor was markedly reduced in CLL-derived NK cells. In contrast, activation via CD16 (FCγRIII) led to adequate activation and functional responses in CLL-derived NK cells. These findings indicate that NK cells in CLL are not intrinsically defect and still perform effector functions upon adequate activating signaling. Clinical relevance of this finding was shown by treatment with novel nanobody-Fc constructs, which induced cytotoxic responses in both CLL- and HC-derived NK cells via CD16. Our results show that NK cells, in contrast to the T cell compartment, retain their function within the CLL micro-environment, provided that they receive an adequate activating signal. These findings warrant future studies on NK cell mediated immunotherapeutic strategies in CLL.
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9
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Cadena-Mota S, Monsiváis-Urenda A, Salgado-Bustamante M, Monjarás-Ávila C, Bernal-Silva S, Aranda-Romo S, Noyola DE. Effect of cytomegalovirus infection and leukocyte immunoglobulin like receptor B1 polymorphisms on receptor expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Microbiol Immunol 2019; 62:755-762. [PMID: 30461037 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte immunoglobulin like receptor B1 (LILRB1) plays a significant role in a number of infectious, autoimmune, cardiovascular, and oncologic disorders. LILRB1 expression varies between individuals and may be associated with polymorphisms on the regulatory region of the LILRB1 gene, as well as to previous cytomegalovirus infection. In this study, the contribution of these two factors to LILRB1 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy young adults was analyzed. LILRB1 expression in NK cells, T cells, B cells and monocytes was significantly stronger in individuals who had had cytomegalovirus infection than in those who had not (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001, respectively). Overall, no differences in LILRB1 expression were observed between individuals with and without GAA haplotypes of the LILRB1 regulatory region. However, when analyzed according to cytomegalovirus infection status, significant differences in LILRB1+ NK cells were observed. A higher proportion of LILRB1+ cells was found in GAA+ than in GAA- individuals who had not been infected (P < 0.01), whereas GAA- individuals had a larger proportion of LILRB1+ cells than GAA+ individuals who were cytomegalovirus positive (P < 0.01). In conclusion, cytomegalovirus infection has a major effect on LILRB1 expression in NK and other mononuclear cells and polymorphisms in the LILRB1 regulatory region appear to have a modulatory influence over this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Cadena-Mota
- Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology Department, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, 2405 Venustiano Carranza Avenue, Colonia los Filtros, 78210 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Adriana Monsiváis-Urenda
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, 2405 Venustiano Carranza Avenue, Colonia los Filtros, 78210 San Luis Potosí, Mexico.,Research Center for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, 550 Sierra Leona Avenue, Lomas 2da Sección, 78210 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Mariana Salgado-Bustamante
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, 2405 Venustiano Carranza Avenue, Colonia los Filtros, 78210 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - César Monjarás-Ávila
- Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology Department, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, 2405 Venustiano Carranza Avenue, Colonia los Filtros, 78210 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Sofía Bernal-Silva
- Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology Department, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, 2405 Venustiano Carranza Avenue, Colonia los Filtros, 78210 San Luis Potosí, Mexico.,Research Center for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, 550 Sierra Leona Avenue, Lomas 2da Sección, 78210 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Saray Aranda-Romo
- Faculty of Dentistry, Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Pathology Laboratory, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, 2 Dr. Manuel Nava Avenue, Zona Universitaria, 78290 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Daniel E Noyola
- Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology Department, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, 2405 Venustiano Carranza Avenue, Colonia los Filtros, 78210 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
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10
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Bigley AB, Baker FL, Simpson RJ. Cytomegalovirus: an unlikely ally in the fight against blood cancers? Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 193:265-274. [PMID: 29737525 PMCID: PMC6150251 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a potentially fatal complication in patients receiving haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), but recent evidence indicates that CMV has strong anti-leukaemia effects due in part to shifts in the composition of natural killer (NK) cell subsets. NK cells are the primary mediators of the anti-leukaemia effect of allogeneic HSCT, and infusion of allogeneic NK cells has shown promise as a means of inducing remission and preventing relapse of several different haematological malignancies. The effectiveness of these treatments is limited, however, when tumours express human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-E, a ligand for the inhibitory receptor NKG2A, which is expressed by the vast majority of post-transplant reconstituted and ex-vivo expanded NK cells. It is possible to enhance NK cell cytotoxicity against HLA-Epos malignancies by increasing the proportion of NK cells expressing NKG2C (the activating receptor for HLA-E) and lacking the corresponding inhibitory receptor NKG2A. The proportion of NKG2Cpos /NKG2Aneg NK cells is typically low in healthy adults, but it can be increased by CMV infection or ex-vivo expansion of NK cells using HLA-E-transfected feeder cells and interleukin (IL)-15. In this review, we will discuss the role of CMV-driven NKG2Cpos /NKG2Aneg NK cell expansion on anti-tumour cytotoxicity and disease progression in the context of haematological malignancies, and explore the possibility of harnessing NKG2Cpos /NKG2Aneg NK cells for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. B. Bigley
- Department of Nutritional SciencesThe University of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
- Department of Health and Human PerformanceUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - F. L. Baker
- Department of Nutritional SciencesThe University of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
- Department of Health and Human PerformanceUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - R. J. Simpson
- Department of Nutritional SciencesThe University of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
- Department of Health and Human PerformanceUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUSA
- Department of PediatricsThe University of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
- Department of ImmunobiologyThe University of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
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11
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Beaulieu AM. Memory responses by natural killer cells. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:1087-1096. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ri0917-366r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aimee M. Beaulieu
- Center for Immunity and InflammationNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers Biomedical and Health SciencesRutgers—The State University of New Jersey Newark New Jersey USA
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular GeneticsNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers Biomedical and Health SciencesRutgers—The State University of New Jersey Newark New Jersey USA
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12
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Characterization of IFNγ-producing natural killer cells induced by cytomegalovirus reactivation after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Oncotarget 2018; 8:51-63. [PMID: 27980216 PMCID: PMC5352173 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection after umbilical cord blood or HLA-matched hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), a population of NKG2C-expressing natural killer (NK) cells expand and persist. The expanded NK cells express high levels of inhibitory killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) specific for self-HLA and potently produce IFNγ. However, it remains unknown whether similar events would occur after haploidentical HSCT (haplo-HSCT). Here, we demonstrated that IFNγ-producing NK cells were expanded in haplo-HSCT patients with CMV reactivation. We then identified these expanded cells as a subset of CD56dim NK cells that expressed higher levels of both NKG2C and KIR, but lower level of NKG2A. Functionally, the subset of NK cells expressing NKG2C and self-KIR in patients with CMV reactivation accounted for IFNγ production in response to K562 cells. However, these phenomena were not observed in patients without CMV reactivation. We therefore characterized a subset of NK cells with the CD56dim, NKG2C+, and self-KIR+ phenotype that expanded and were responsible for IFNγ production during CMV infection after haplo-HSCT. Together, these findings support a notion that CMV reactivation induces expansion of more mature NK cells with memory-like features, which contributes to long-term control of both CMV infection and leukemia relapse after haplo-HSCT.
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13
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Holder KA, Comeau EM, Grant MD. Origins of natural killer cell memory: special creation or adaptive evolution. Immunology 2018; 154:38-49. [PMID: 29355919 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The few initial formative studies describing non-specific and apparently spontaneous activity of natural killer (NK) cells have since multiplied into thousands of scientific reports defining their unique capacities and means of regulation. Characterization of the array of receptors that govern NK cell education and activation revealed an unexpected relationship with the major histocompatibility molecules that NK cells originally became well known for ignoring. Proceeding true to form, NK cells continue to up-end archetypal understanding of their ever-expanding capabilities. Discovery that the NK cell repertoire is extremely diverse and can be reshaped by particular viruses into unique subsets of adaptive NK cells challenges, or at least broadens, the definition of immunological memory. This review provides an overview of studies identifying adaptive NK cells, addressing the origins of NK cell memory and introducing the heretical concept of NK cells with extensive antigenic specificity. Whether these newly apparent properties reflect adaptive utilization of known NK cell attributes and receptors or a specially creative allocation from an undefined receptor array remains to be fully determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla A Holder
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Programme, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada
| | - Emilie M Comeau
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Programme, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada
| | - Michael D Grant
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Programme, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada
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14
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Brizić I, Hiršl L, Britt WJ, Krmpotić A, Jonjić S. Immune responses to congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Microbes Infect 2017; 20:543-551. [PMID: 29287989 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common cause of viral infection acquired in utero. Even though the infection has been studied for several decades, immune determinants important for virus control and mechanisms of long-term sequelae caused by infection are still insufficiently characterized. Animal models of congenital HCMV infection provide unique opportunity to study various aspects of human disease. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the role of immune system in congenital CMV infection, with emphasis on lessons learned from mouse model of congenital CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilija Brizić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia; Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Lea Hiršl
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia; Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - William J Britt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Pediatrics Infectious Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Astrid Krmpotić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia; Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
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15
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Goodier MR, Jonjić S, Riley EM, Juranić Lisnić V. CMV and natural killer cells: shaping the response to vaccination. Eur J Immunol 2017; 48:50-65. [PMID: 28960320 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are highly prevalent, persistent human pathogens that not only evade but also shape our immune responses. Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in the control of CMV and CMVs have in turn developed a plethora of immunoevasion mechanisms targeting NK cells. This complex interplay can leave a long-lasting imprint on the immune system in general and affect responses toward other pathogens and vaccines. This review aims to provide an overview of NK cell biology and development, the manipulation of NK cells by CMVs and the potential impact of these evasion strategies on responses to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Goodier
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Department for Histology and Embryology and Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Eleanor M Riley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Vanda Juranić Lisnić
- Department for Histology and Embryology and Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
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16
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Pupuleku A, Costa-García M, Farré D, Hengel H, Angulo A, Muntasell A, López-Botet M. Elusive Role of the CD94/NKG2C NK Cell Receptor in the Response to Cytomegalovirus: Novel Experimental Observations in a Reporter Cell System. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1317. [PMID: 29114247 PMCID: PMC5660692 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection promotes the differentiation and persistent expansion of a mature NK cell subset, which displays high surface levels of the activating CD94/NKG2C NK cell receptor, together with additional distinctive phenotypic and functional features. The mechanisms underlying the development of adaptive NK cells remain uncertain but some observations support the involvement of a cognate interaction of CD94/NKG2C with ligand(s) displayed by HCMV-infected cells. To approach this issue, the heterodimer and its adaptor (DAP12) were expressed in the human Jurkat leukemia T cell line; signaling was detected by transfection of a reporter plasmid encoding for Luciferase (Luc) under NFAT/AP1-dependent control. Engagement of the receptor by solid-phase bound CD94- or NKG2C-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) triggered Luc expression. Moreover, reporter activation was detectable upon interaction with HLA-E+ 721.221 (.221-AEH) cells, as well as with 721.221 cells incubated with synthetic peptides, which stabilized surface expression of endogenous HLA-E; the response was specifically antagonized by soluble NKG2C- and HLA-E-specific mAbs. By contrast, activation of Jurkat-NKG2C+ was undetectable upon interaction with Human Fetal Foreskin Fibroblasts (HFFF) infected with HCMV laboratory strains (i.e., AD169, Towne), regardless of their differential ability to preserve surface HLA-E expression. On the other hand, infection with two clinical isolates or with the endotheliotropic TB40/E strain triggered Jurkat-NKG2C+ activation; yet, this response was not inhibited by blocking mAbs and was independent of CD94/NKG2C expression. The results are discussed in the framework of previous observations supporting the hypothetical existence of specific ligand(s) for CD94/NKG2C in HCMV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldi Pupuleku
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcel Costa-García
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Domènec Farré
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ana Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aura Muntasell
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Botet
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Albayati Z, Alyami A, Alomar S, Middleton D, Bonnett L, Aleem S, Flanagan BF, Christmas SE. The Influence of Cytomegalovirus on Expression of HLA-G and its Ligand KIR2DL4 by Human Peripheral Blood Leucocyte Subsets. Scand J Immunol 2017; 86:396-407. [PMID: 28817184 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
HLA-G is a non-classical class I HLA antigen, normally expressed in high levels only on extravillous cytotrophoblast. It has immunosuppressive properties in pregnancy and has also been found to be upregulated on leucocytes in viral infection. In this study, proportions of all leucocyte subsets expressing HLA-G were found to be low in healthy subjects positive or negative for cytomegalovirus (CMV). Significantly greater proportions of CD4+ CD69+ and CD56+ T cells expressed HLA-G compared to other T cells. However, following stimulation with CMV antigens or intact CMV, proportions of CD4+, CD8+, CD69+ and CD56+ T cells, and also B cells expressing HLA-G, were significantly increased in CMV+ subjects. Despite some subjects having alleles of HLA-G associated with high levels of expression, no relationship was found between HLA-G genotype and expression levels. Purified B cells from CMV+ subjects stimulated in mixed culture with CMV antigens showed significantly increased HLA-G mRNA expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Serum levels of soluble HLA-G were similar in CMV- and CMV+ subjects but levels in culture supernatants were significantly higher in cells from CMV+ than from CMV- subjects stimulated with CMV antigens. The HLA-G ligand KIR2DL4 was mainly expressed on NK cells and CD56+ T cells with no differences between CMV+ and CMV- subjects. Following stimulation with IL-2, an increase in the proportion of CD56+ T cells positive for KIR2DL4 was found, together with a significant decrease in CD56dimCD16+ NK cells. The results show that CMV influences HLA-G expression in healthy subjects and may contribute to viral immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Albayati
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - A Alyami
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - S Alomar
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - D Middleton
- Transplant Immunology, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospital Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - L Bonnett
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - S Aleem
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - B F Flanagan
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - S E Christmas
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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18
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Peng H, Tian Z. Natural Killer Cell Memory: Progress and Implications. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1143. [PMID: 28955346 PMCID: PMC5601391 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory is a cardinal feature of adaptive immunity. Although natural killer (NK) cells have long been considered short-lived innate lymphocytes that respond rapidly to transformed and virus-infected cells without prior sensitization, accumulating evidence has recently shown that NK cells develop long-lasting and antigen-specific memory to haptens and viruses. Additionally, cytokine stimulation alone can induce memory-like NK cells with longevity and functional competence, leading to emerging interest in harnessing NK cell memory for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the evidence of NK cell memory in different settings, summarize recent advances in mechanisms driving the formation of NK cell memory, and discuss the therapeutic potential of NK cells with memory-like properties in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Institute of Immunology, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are potent innate cytotoxic lymphocytes for the destruction of infected and transformed cells. Although they were originally considered to be ready-made assassins after their hematopoietic development, it has recently become clear that their activity is regulated by mechanisms such as repertoire composition, licensing, priming, and adaptive memory-like differentiation. Some of these mechanisms are influenced by infectious disease agents, including herpesviruses. In this review, we will compare expansion, stimulation, and effector functions of NK cell populations after infections with β- and γ 1-herpesviruses because, though closely related, these pathogens seem to drive completely opposite NK cell responses. The discussed findings suggest that different NK cell subsets expand and perform protective functions during infectious diseases and might be used diagnostically to predict resistance to the causative pathogens as well as treat them by adoptive transfer of the respective populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Obinna Chijioke
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Lugli E, Hudspeth K, Roberto A, Mavilio D. Tissue-resident and memory properties of human T-cell and NK-cell subsets. Eur J Immunol 2017; 46:1809-17. [PMID: 27431095 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Efficient immune responses to invading pathogens are the result of the complex but coordinated synergy between a variety of cell types from both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. While adaptive and innate immune responses are highly complementary, some cells types within these two systems perform similar functions, underscoring the need for redundancy and increased flexibility. In this review, we will discuss the striking shared features of immunological memory and tissue residency recently discovered between T cells, a component of the adaptive immune system, and natural killer (NK) cells, members generally assigned to the innate compartment. Specifically, we will focus on the T-cell and NK-cell diversity at the single-cell level, on the discrete function of specific subsets, and on their anatomical location. Finally, we will discuss the implication of such diversity in the generation of long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Lugli
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Kelly Hudspeth
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Roberto
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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21
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Hassouneh F, Lopez-Sejas N, Campos C, Sanchez-Correa B, Tarazona R, Solana R, Pera A. Differential Effect of Cytomegalovirus Infection with Age on the Expression of CD57, CD300a, and CD161 on T-Cell Subpopulations. Front Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28626460 PMCID: PMC5454039 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence is a progressive deterioration of the immune system with aging. It affects both innate and adaptive immunity limiting the response to pathogens and to vaccines. As chronic cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is probably one of the major driving forces of immunosenescence, and its persistent infection results in functional and phenotypic changes to the T-cell repertoire, the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of CMV-seropositivity and aging on the expression of CD300a and CD161 inhibitory receptors, along with the expression of CD57 marker on CD4+, CD8+, CD8+CD56+ (NKT-Like) and CD4−CD8− (DN) T-cell subsets. Our results showed that, regardless of the T-cell subset, CD57−CD161−CD300a+ T-cells expand with age in CMV-seropositive individuals, whereas CD57−CD161+CD300a+ T-cells decrease. Similarly, CD57+CD161−CD300a+ T-cells expand with age in CMV-seropositive individuals in all subsets except in DN cells and CD57−CD161+CD300a− T-cells decrease in all T-cell subsets except in CD4+ T-cells. Besides, in young individuals, CMV latent infection associates with the expansion of CD57+CD161−CD300a+CD4+, CD57−CD161−CD300a+CD4+, CD57+CD161−CD300a+CD8+, CD57−CD161−CD300a+CD8+, CD57+CD161−CD300a+NKT-like, and CD57+CD161−CD300a+DN T-cells. Moreover, in young individuals, CD161 expression on T-cells is not affected by CMV infection. Changes of CD161 expression were only associated with age in the context of CMV latent infection. Besides, CD300a+CD57+CD161+ and CD300a−CD57+CD161+ phenotypes were not found in any of the T-cell subsets studied except in the DN subpopulation, indicating that in the majority of T-cells, CD161 and CD57 do not co-express. Thus, our results show that CMV latent infection impact on the immune system depends on the age of the individual, highlighting the importance of including CMV serology in any study regarding immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhri Hassouneh
- Maimonides Biomedicine Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Nelson Lopez-Sejas
- Maimonides Biomedicine Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Campos
- Maimonides Biomedicine Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Tarazona
- Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Rafael Solana
- Maimonides Biomedicine Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Alejandra Pera
- Maimonides Biomedicine Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Division of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
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22
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Severe Symptomatic Primary Human Cytomegalovirus Infection despite Effective Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02245-16. [PMID: 28031361 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02245-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection usually goes unnoticed, causing mild or no symptoms in immunocompetent individuals. However, some rare severe clinical cases have been reported without investigation of host immune responses or viral virulence. In the present study, we investigate for the first time phenotypic and functional features, together with gene expression profiles in immunocompetent adults experiencing a severe primary HCMV infection. Twenty primary HCMV-infected patients (PHIP) were enrolled, as well as 26 HCMV-seronegative and 39 HCMV-seropositive healthy controls. PHIP had extensive lymphocytosis marked by massive expansion of natural killer (NK) and T cell compartments. Interestingly, PHIP mounted efficient innate and adaptive immune responses with a deep HCMV imprint, revealed mainly by the expansion of NKG2C+ NK cells, CD16+ Vδ2(-) γδ T cells, and conventional HCMV-specific CD8+ T cells. The main effector lymphocytes were activated and displayed an early immune phenotype that developed toward a more mature differentiated status. We suggest that both massive lymphocytosis and excessive lymphocyte activation could contribute to massive cytokine production, known to mediate tissue damage observed in PHIP. Taken together, these findings bring new insights into the comprehensive understanding of immune mechanisms involved during primary HCMV infection in immunocompetent individuals.IMPORTANCE HCMV-specific immune responses have been extensively documented in immunocompromised patients and during in utero acquisition. While it usually goes unnoticed, some rare severe clinical cases of primary HCMV infection have been reported in immunocompetent patients. However, host immune responses or HCMV virulence in these patients has not so far been investigated. In the present study, we show massive expansion of NK and T cell compartments during the symptomatic stage of acute HCMV infection. The patients mounted efficient innate and adaptive immune responses with a deep HCMV imprint. The massive lymphocytosis could be the result of nonadapted or uncontrolled immune responses limiting the effectiveness of the specific responses mounted. Both massive lymphocytosis and excessive lymphocyte activation could contribute to massive cytokine production, known to mediate tissue damage. Furthermore, we cannot exclude a delayed immune response caused by immune escape established by HCMV strains.
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23
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Nerreter T, Zeiß S, Herrmann T, Einsele H, Seggewiss-Bernhardt R. Robust 8-color flow cytometry panel reveals enhanced effector function of NKG2C + CD57 + FcεRγ - NK cells in CMV seropositive human blood donors. Immunobiology 2017; 222:719-725. [PMID: 28139257 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that human NK cells may develop memory-like features. Here, we report the establishment of a robust 8-color flow cytometry panel that allows quantification and functional analysis of different memory-like NK cell subsets (NKG2C+/CD57+, FcεRγ-) from relatively small blood samples. We could confirm previous publications reporting an enhanced prevalence of the mentioned memory-like NK cell subsets in CMV seropositive human donors and were able to show a clear congruence between enhanced expression of NKG2C and CD57, the absence of FcεRγ and CMV seropositivity supporting the hypothesis of memory-like NK cell development following viral infections. While we could not detect significant differences in effector functions (i.e. degranulation and production of IFNγ) in regard to age or CMV seropositivity when looking at the overall NK cell population, a significantly enhanced expression of CD107a and IFNγ could be observed in NKG2C+/CD57+ as well as FcεRγ- NK cell subpopulations in CMV+ donors. This enhancement of effector functions was even more pronounced in NKG2C+/CD57+ NK cells that were also negative for FcεRγ; CMV seropositive donors showed a dramatically increased expression of CD107a as well as IFNγ. With only small-sized volumes of blood needed, our proposed 8-color panel and experimental protocol offers easy handling and a reliable and reproducible option for implementation in accompanying clinical research, e.g. for evaluation of immunosuppressed patients suffering from autoimmune diseases or in allograft recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nerreter
- Immune Recovery Section, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Hematology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Stephan Zeiß
- Immune Recovery Section, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Hematology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Institute of Virology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Immune Recovery Section, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Hematology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ruth Seggewiss-Bernhardt
- Immune Recovery Section, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Hematology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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24
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Juárez-Vega G, Rangel-Ramírez V, Monsiváis-Urenda A, Niño-Moreno P, Garcia-Sepúlveda C, Noyola DE, González-Amaro R. Comparative analysis of NK cell receptor repertoire in adults and very elderly subjects with cytomegalovirus infection. Hum Immunol 2017; 78:274-280. [PMID: 28093266 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in children and young adults has been associated with changes in the innate immune system. We herein analyzed the possible effect of very long term HCMV infection on the expression of several NK cell receptors. Ninety HCMV-seropositive individuals were included and classified as young adults (n=30), elderly (n=30) and very elderly subjects (n=30). A peripheral blood sample was obtained and the expression of NK cell receptors (NKG2A, NKG2C, ILT2, CD161, KIR2DL1, KIR3DL1, and KIR3DL2) by NK and other lymphocyte subsets was assessed by flow cytometry. In addition, the frequency of the sixteen KIR genes was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. We found a significant increase in the number of NKG2C+ NK and T cells in elderly individuals compared to young adults accompanied by an opposite trend in the number of NKG2A+ lymphocytes, and ILT2+ cells were also increased in elderly individuals. A significant increase in the levels of CD3-CD56+NKG2C+CD57+ cells was also detected in the elderly groups. Finally, KIR gene analysis revealed that the KIR genotype 2 was significantly less frequent in the elderly individuals. Our results support that long-term infection by HCMV exerts a significant progressive effect on the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Velia Rangel-Ramírez
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Adriana Monsiváis-Urenda
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico; Research Center for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Perla Niño-Moreno
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico; Research Center for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | | | - Daniel E Noyola
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Roberto González-Amaro
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico; Research Center for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
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25
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Yi RT, Niu YH, Liu HL, Zhang TY, Yang YC, Zhang Y, Yin DL, Chen TY, Zhao YR. Natural Killer Group 2A Expressed on Both Peripheral CD3 -CD56 +NK Cells and CD3 +CD8 +T Cells Plays a Pivotal Negative Regulatory Role in the Progression of Hepatitis B Virus-Related Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2016; 36:689-697. [PMID: 27828717 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2015.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the role of surface receptors natural killer group 2A (NKG2A) and natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) on CD3+CD8+T cells and CD3-CD56+NK cells in the progression of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), we measured the expression of NKG2A and NKG2D on the surface of these 2 types of circulating cells by flow cytometry in 3 groups. One group consists of 36 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), another one consists of 22 patients with HBV-related ACLF, and the last one has 12 normal controls (NC). The experimental result indicated that there was no significant difference in the proportion of CD3+CD8+T cells in total lymphocytes between the 3 groups. However, the percentage of CD3-CD56+NK cells in ACLF group was evidently higher than that in the CHB group (P < 0.05). In addition, the expression of NKG2D on CD3+CD8+T cells in the ACLF group was significantly lower than that in the CHB group (P < 0.05), but there were no statistically significant differences in its percentages on CD3-CD56+NK cells between the 3 groups. The expression of NKG2A on CD3+CD8+T cells in the ACLF group was significantly higher than that in the NC group (P < 0.05), and on NK cells was significantly higher than that in the CHB group (P < 0.05) and NC group (P < 0.01). The increase in ratios of NKG2A to NKG2D on CD3+CD8+T cells and CD3-CD56+NK cells in the ACLF group was significantly more than that in the CHB group and NC group. The results indicate that the imbalance between NKG2A and NKG2D may contribute to the progression of HBV-related ACLF mediated by CD3-CD56+NK cells and CD3+CD8+T cells. Compared with NKG2D, NKG2A expressed on both peripheral CD3-CD56+NK cells and CD3+CD8+T cells plays a more pivotal negative regulatory role in the progression of HBV-related ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Tian Yi
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China
| | - Ying-Hua Niu
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China
| | - Hong-Li Liu
- 2 Central Laboratory, Shaanxi Provincial Infectious Diseases Hospital and Xi'an Eighth Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center , Xi'an, China
| | - Tie-Ying Zhang
- 3 Department of Internal Medicine, No. 1 Hospital of Xi'an , Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Cong Yang
- 4 Molecular Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- 5 Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an Zhongxin Hospital , Xi'an, China
| | - Dong-Lin Yin
- 6 Department of Infectious Diseases, No. 3 People's Hospital Affiliated to Medical College, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Yan Chen
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China
| | - Ying-Ren Zhao
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China
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26
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Lopez-Sejas N, Campos C, Hassouneh F, Sanchez-Correa B, Tarazona R, Pera A, Solana R. Effect of CMV and Aging on the Differential Expression of CD300a, CD161, T-bet, and Eomes on NK Cell Subsets. Front Immunol 2016; 7:476. [PMID: 27872625 PMCID: PMC5097920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells involved in the defense against virus-infected cells and tumor cells. NK cell phenotype and function is affected with age and cytomegalovirus (CMV) latent infection. Aging affects the frequency and phenotype of NK cells, and CMV infection also contributes to these alterations. Thus, a reduction of CD56bright NK cell subpopulation associated with age and an expansion of memory-like NK cells CD56dimCD57+NKG2C+ probably related to CMV seropositivity have been described. NK cells express T-bet and Eomes transcription factors that are necessary for the development of NK cells. Here, we analyze the effect of age and CMV seropositivity on the expression of CD300a and CD161 inhibitory receptors, and T-bet and Eomes transcription factors in NK cell subsets defined by the expression of CD56 and CD57. CD300a is expressed by the majority of NK cells. CD56bright NK cells express higher levels of CD300a than CD56dim NK cells. An increase in the expression of CD300a was associated with age, whereas a decreased expression of CD161 in CD56dim NK cells was associated with CMV seropositivity. In CD56dim NK cells, an increased percentage of CD57+CD300a+ and a reduction in the percentage of CD161+CD300a+ cells were found to be associated with CMV seropositivity. Regarding T-bet and Eomes transcription factors, CMV seropositivity was associated with a decrease of T-bethi in CD56dimCD57+ NK cells from young individuals, whereas Eomes expression was increased with CMV seropositivity in both CD56bright and CD56dimCD57+/− (from middle age and young individuals, respectively) and was decreased with aging in all NK subsets from the three group of age. In conclusion, CMV infection and age induce significant changes in the expression of CD300a and CD161 in NK cell subsets defined by the expression of CD56 and CD57. T-bet and Eomes are differentially expressed on NK cell subsets, and their expression is affected by CMV latent infection and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Lopez-Sejas
- Maimonides Biomedicine Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba , Cordoba , Spain
| | - Carmen Campos
- Maimonides Biomedicine Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba , Cordoba , Spain
| | - Fakhri Hassouneh
- Maimonides Biomedicine Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba , Cordoba , Spain
| | | | - Raquel Tarazona
- Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura , Cáceres , Spain
| | - Alejandra Pera
- Maimonides Biomedicine Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba , Cordoba , Spain
| | - Rafael Solana
- Maimonides Biomedicine Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba , Cordoba , Spain
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Makwana NB, Foley B, Lee S, Fernandez S, Irish AB, Price P. Asymptomatic CMV infections in long-term renal transplant recipients are associated with the loss of FcRγ from LIR-1+NK cells. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2597-2608. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nandini B. Makwana
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Western Australia; Nedlands Australia
- Biomedical Science; Curtin University; Bentley Australia
| | - Bree Foley
- Telethon Kids Institute; University of Western Australia; Subiaco Australia
| | - Silvia Lee
- Biomedical Science; Curtin University; Bentley Australia
- Microbiology; Royal Perth Hospital; Perth Australia
| | - Sonia Fernandez
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Western Australia; Nedlands Australia
| | - Ashley B. Irish
- Nephrology and Renal Transplantation; Fiona Stanley Hospital; Murdoch Australia
| | - Patricia Price
- Biomedical Science; Curtin University; Bentley Australia
- CHIRI; Curtin University; Bentley Australia
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Chijioke O, Landtwing V, Münz C. NK Cell Influence on the Outcome of Primary Epstein-Barr Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2016; 7:323. [PMID: 27621731 PMCID: PMC5002423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The herpesvirus Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) was discovered as the first human candidate tumor virus in Burkitt’s lymphoma more than 50 years ago. Despite its strong growth transforming capacity, more than 90% of the human adult population carries this virus asymptomatically under near perfect immune control. The mode of primary EBV infection is in part responsible for EBV-associated diseases, including Hodgkin’s lymphoma. It is, therefore, important to understand which circumstances lead to symptomatic primary EBV infection, called infectious mononucleosis (IM). Innate immune control of lytic viral replication by early-differentiated natural killer (NK) cells was found to attenuate IM symptoms and continuous loss of the respective NK cell subset during the first decade of life might predispose for IM during adolescence. In this review, we discuss the evidence that NK cells are involved in the immune control of EBV, mechanisms by which they might detect and control lytic EBV replication, and compare NK cell subpopulations that expand during different human herpesvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obinna Chijioke
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Landtwing
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich , Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich , Zürich , Switzerland
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Bigley AB, Rezvani K, Shah N, Sekine T, Balneger N, Pistillo M, Agha N, Kunz H, O'Connor DP, Bollard CM, Simpson RJ. Latent cytomegalovirus infection enhances anti-tumour cytotoxicity through accumulation of NKG2C+ NK cells in healthy humans. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 185:239-51. [PMID: 26940026 PMCID: PMC4955006 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection markedly expands NKG2C+/NKG2A- NK cells, which are potent killers of infected cells expressing human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-E. As HLA-E is also over-expressed in several haematological malignancies and CMV has been linked to a reduced risk of leukaemic relapse, we determined the impact of latent CMV infection on NK cell cytotoxicity against four tumour target cell lines with varying levels of HLA-E expression. NK cell cytotoxicity against K562 (leukaemia origin) and U266 (multiple myeloma origin) target cells was strikingly greater in healthy CMV-seropositive donors than seronegative donors and was associated strongly with target cell HLA-E and NK cell NKG2C expression. NK cell cytotoxicity against HLA-E transfected lymphoma target cells (221.AEH) was ∼threefold higher with CMV, while NK cell cytotoxicity against non-transfected 721.221 cells was identical between the CMV groups. NK cell degranulation (CD107a(+) ) and interferon (IFN)-γ production to 221.AEH cells was localized almost exclusively to the NKG2C subset, and antibody blocking of NKG2C completely eliminated the effect of CMV on NK cell cytotoxicity against 221.AEH cells. Moreover, 221.AEH feeder cells and interleukin (IL)-15 were found to expand NKG2C(+) /NKG2A(-) NK cells preferentially from CMV-seronegative donors and increase NK cell cytotoxicity against HLA-E(+) tumour cell lines. We conclude that latent CMV infection enhances NK cell cytotoxicity through accumulation of NKG2C(+) NK cells, which may be beneficial in preventing the initiation and progression of haematological malignancies characterized by high HLA-E expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. B. Bigley
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human PerformanceUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - K. Rezvani
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Division of Cancer MedicineThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - N. Shah
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Division of Cancer MedicineThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - T. Sekine
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Division of Cancer MedicineThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - N. Balneger
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human PerformanceUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - M. Pistillo
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human PerformanceUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - N. Agha
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human PerformanceUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - H. Kunz
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human PerformanceUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - D. P. O'Connor
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human PerformanceUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - C. M. Bollard
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation and Center for Cancer and Immunology ResearchChildren's National Health SystemWashingtonDCUSA
| | - R. J. Simpson
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human PerformanceUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUSA
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Human Cytomegalovirus Infection Enhances NK Cell Activity In Vitro. Transplant Direct 2016; 2:e89. [PMID: 27830183 PMCID: PMC5087575 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Background Occurring frequently after solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication remains a relevant cause of mortality and morbidity in affected patients. Despite these adverse effects, an increased alloreactivity of natural killer (NK) cells after CMV infection has been assumed, but the underlying physiopathological mechanisms have remained elusive. Methods We used serial analyses of NK cells before and after CMV infection in kidney transplant recipients as an in vivo model for CMV primary infection to explore the imprint of CMV infection using every patient as their own control: We analyzed NK cell phenotype and function in 47 CMV seronegative recipients of CMV seropositive kidney grafts, who developed CMV primary infection posttransplant. Seronegative recipients of seronegative kidney grafts served as controls. Results We observed a significant increase of NKG2C expressing NK cells after CMV infection (mean increase, 17.5%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 10.2-24.9, P < 0.001), whereas cluster of differentiation (CD)57 expressing cells decreased (mean decrease, 14.1%; 95% CI, 8.0-20.2; P < 0.001). Analysis of killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) expression showed an increase of cells expressing KIR2DL1 as their only inhibitory KIR in patients carrying the cognate ligand HLA-C2 (mean increase, 10.0%; 95% CI, 1.7-18.3; P = 0.018). In C2-negative individuals, KIR2DL1 expression decreased (mean decrease, 3.9%; 95% CI, 1.6-6.2; P = 0.001). As for activating KIR, there was no conclusive change pattern. Most importantly, we observed a significantly higher NK cell degranulation and IFNγ production in response to different target cells (target K562, CD107a: mean increase, 9.9%; 95% CI, 4.8-15.0; P < 0.001; IFNγ: mean increase, 6.6%; 95% CI, 1.6-11.1; P < 0.001; target MRC-5, CD107a: mean increase, 6.9%; 95% CI, 0.7-13.1; P = 0.03; IFNγ: mean increase, 4.8%; 95% CI, 1.7-7.8; P = 0.002). Conclusions We report evidence for an increased function of NK cells induced by CMV infection. This increased in vitro functionality was seen in NKG2C-positive and NKG2C-negative subsets, arguing for an NKG2C independent mechanism of action.
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Rothe K, Quandt D, Schubert K, Rossol M, Klingner M, Jasinski-Bergner S, Scholz R, Seliger B, Pierer M, Baerwald C, Wagner U. Latent Cytomegalovirus Infection in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Increased Frequencies of Cytolytic LIR-1+CD8+ T Cells. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:337-46. [PMID: 26314621 PMCID: PMC5066744 DOI: 10.1002/art.39331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective Leukocyte immunoglobulin‐like receptor 1 (LIR‐1) is up‐regulated by cytomegalovirus (CMV), which in turn, has been associated with premature aging and more severe joint disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and functional significance of LIR‐1 in CMV‐positive RA patients. Methods We determined the phenotype, cytolytic potential, CMV‐specific proliferation, and HLA–G–triggered, LIR‐1–mediated inhibition of interferon‐γ secretion of LIR‐1+ T cells in RA patients and healthy controls. Results We found increased frequencies of CD8+ T cells with CMV pp65–specific T cell receptors in CMV‐positive RA patients as compared to CMV‐positive healthy controls. CMV‐specific CD8+ T cells in these patients were preferentially LIR‐1+ and exhibited a terminally differentiated polyfunctional phenotype. The numbers of LIR‐1+CD8+ T cells increased with age and disease activity, and showed high levels of reactivity to CMV antigens. Ligation of LIR‐1 with soluble HLA–G molecules in vitro confirmed an inhibitory role of the molecule when expressed on CD8+ T cells in RA patients. Conclusion We propose that latent CMV infection in the context of a chronic autoimmune response induces the recently described “chronic infection phenotype” in CD8+ T cells, which retains anti‐infectious effector features while exhibiting autoreactive cytolytic potential. This response is likely dampened by LIR‐1 to avoid overwhelming immunopathologic changes in the setting of the autoimmune disease RA. The known deficiency of soluble HLA–G in RA and the observed association of LIR‐1 expression with disease activity suggest, however, that LIR‐1+ T cells are insufficiently controlled in RA and are still likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Muntasell A, Pupuleku A, Cisneros E, Vera A, Moraru M, Vilches C, López-Botet M. Relationship of NKG2C Copy Number with the Distribution of Distinct Cytomegalovirus-Induced Adaptive NK Cell Subsets. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3818-27. [PMID: 26994220 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CD94/NKG2C and lack of FcεRγ (FcRγ) expression are considered markers of the adaptive NK cell response to human CMV (HCMV) infection. Despite the fact that FcRγ(-) and NKG2C(bright) NK cells share some phenotypic, epigenetic, and functional features, their relationship remains unclear. To address this issue, a systematic analysis of NKG2C(bright) and FcRγ expression was carried out in NK cells from a cohort of healthy young adults (n = 81) considering NKG2C copy number, previously related to the magnitude of NKG2C(+) NK cell expansion. NKG2C(bright) and FcRγ(-) NK cells coincided in a subgroup of HCMV(+) individuals, pointing to a common host-virus interaction pattern. Even though FcRγ loss was often confined to expanded NKG2C(bright) NK cells, both markers appeared occasionally dissociated, consistent with the existence of distinct adaptive NK cell subsets. Remarkably, FcRγ loss was mostly accumulated within the NKG2C(bright) subset in NKG2C(+/+) subjects, whereas NKG2C(-)FcRγ(-) NK cell subpopulations were more frequently detected in NKG2C(+/del) donors and also in NKG2C(del) (/del) individuals, independently of activating killer Ig-like receptor expression. The distribution of other NK receptors (i.e., killer Ig-like receptor, LILRB1, or CD57) supported a sequential differentiation from NKG2C(bright)FcRγ(+) to NKG2C(bright)FcRγ(-) NK cells. Noticeably, NKG2C(bright) NK cells produced more TNF-α in response to Ab-dependent activation, regardless of their FcRγ levels. Moreover, the TNF-α response of NKG2C(-)FcRγ(-) subpopulations was lower than that of concurrent NKG2C(bright)FcRγ(-) NK cells, further supporting that FcRγ levels and enhanced potential for cytokine production are uncoupled. Overall, our data extend the characterization of adaptive NK cell subsets that differentiate in response to HCMV, supporting a relationship between their distribution and NKG2C copy number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura Muntasell
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona 08003, Spain;
| | - Aldi Pupuleku
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08002, Spain; and
| | - Elisa Cisneros
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda 28222, Spain
| | - Andrea Vera
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08002, Spain; and
| | - Manuela Moraru
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda 28222, Spain
| | - Carlos Vilches
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda 28222, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Botet
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08002, Spain; and
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Noyola DE, Juárez-Vega G, Monjarás-Ávila C, Escalante-Padrón F, Rangel-Ramírez V, Cadena-Mota S, Monsiváis-Urenda A, García-Sepúlveda CA, González-Amaro R. NK cell immunophenotypic and genotypic analysis of infants with severe respiratory syncytial virus infection. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 59:389-97. [PMID: 25988502 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection in infants. Reduced numbers of NK cells have been reported in infants with severe RSV infection; however, the precise role of NK cells during acute RSV infection is unclear. In this study the NK and T cell phenotypes, LILRB1 gene polymorphisms and KIR genotypes of infants hospitalized with RSV infection were analyzed. Compared to controls, infants with acute RSV infection showed a higher proportion of LILRB1+ T cells; in addition, a subgroup of infants with RSV infection showed an increase in LILRB1+ NK cells. No differences in NKG2C, NKG2A, or CD161 expression between RSV infected infants and controls were observed. LILRB1 genotype distribution of the rs3760860 A>G, and rs3760861 A>G single nucleotide polymorphisms differed between infants with RSV infection and healthy donors, whereas no differences in any of the KIR genes were observed. Our results suggest that LILRB1 participates in the pathogenesis of RSV infection. Further studies are needed to define the role of LILRB1+ NK in response to RSV and to confirm an association between LILRB1 polymorphisms and the risk of severe RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christian A García-Sepúlveda
- Viral and Human Genomics Laboratory, Medical School, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
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Immune Adaptation to Environmental Influence: The Case of NK Cells and HCMV. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:233-243. [PMID: 26869205 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The immune system of an individual human is determined by heritable traits and a continuous process of adaptation to a broad variety of extrinsic, non-heritable factors such as viruses, bacteria, dietary components and more. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) successfully infects the majority of the human population and establishes latency, thereby exerting a life-long influence on the immune system of its host. CMV has been shown to influence the majority of immune parameters in healthy individuals. Here we focus on adaptive changes induced by CMV in subsets of Natural Killer (NK) cells, changes that question our very definition of adaptive and innate immunity by suggesting that adaptations of immune cells to environmental influences occur across the entire human immune system and not restricted to the classical adaptive branch of the immune system.
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35
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Chung BK, Priatel JJ, Tan R. CD1d Expression and Invariant NKT Cell Responses in Herpesvirus Infections. Front Immunol 2015; 6:312. [PMID: 26161082 PMCID: PMC4479820 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a highly conserved subset of unconventional T lymphocytes that express a canonical, semi-invariant T cell receptor and surface markers shared with the natural killer cell lineage. iNKT cells recognize exogenous and endogenous glycolipid antigens restricted by non-polymorphic CD1d molecules, and are highly responsive to the prototypical agonist, α-galactosylceramide. Upon activation, iNKT cells rapidly coordinate signaling between innate and adaptive immune cells through the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to the maturation of antigen-presenting cells, and expansion of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Because of their potent immunoregulatory properties, iNKT cells have been extensively studied and are known to play a pivotal role in mediating immune responses against microbial pathogens including viruses. Here, we review evidence that herpesviruses manipulate CD1d expression to escape iNKT cell surveillance and establish lifelong latency in humans. Collectively, published findings suggest that iNKT cells play critical roles in anti-herpesvirus immune responses and could be harnessed therapeutically to limit viral infection and viral-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K. Chung
- NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - John J. Priatel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rusung Tan
- Department of Pathology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
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Expression of NKp30, NKp46 and DNAM-1 activating receptors on resting and IL-2 activated NK cells from healthy donors according to CMV-serostatus and age. Biogerontology 2015; 16:671-83. [PMID: 25991472 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells with capacity to kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells. According to the expression of CD56 and CD16 several NK cell subsets have been identified, a major CD56dimCD16+ subpopulation characterized by higher cytotoxic capacity, two CD56bright subsets (CD16-and CD16+) that represent different maturation stages and the fourth CD56-CD16+ subset that correspond to activated dysfunctional NK cells. Previous studies have shown quantitative changes in the frequency, phenotype and distribution of NK cell subsets depending on CMV-serostatus and age. We have analyzed the expression of NKp30, NKp46 and DNAM-1 NK activating receptors on resting and IL-2 activated NK cells from CMV-seronegative and seropositive healthy young donors and from CMV-seropositive elderly individuals. Our results showed that CMV-serostatus of healthy young donors is associated with phenotypic differences on both CD56bright and CD56dim NK cells with an increase of NKp46 and a decrease of NKp30 expression respectively. A reduced expression of DNAM-1 related to ageing and a lower NKp30 expression associated with CMV-seropositivity were observed. The expression of NKp46 and NKp30 was lower in CD57+ NK cells while the expression of DNAM-1 was increased. In vitro NK cell activation by IL-2 increased the expression of NKp46 and NKp30. In summary, both age and CMV-serostatus influence the expression of these cytotoxicity activating receptors that will have functional consequences. In elderly donors is difficult to isolate age from the effect of chronic CMV infection since in our study all elderly donors were CMV-seropositive. The possibility of modulating the expression of these activating receptors by cytokines such as IL-2 may open new opportunities for improving age-associated deterioration of NK cell function.
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Lee J, Zhang T, Hwang I, Kim A, Nitschke L, Kim M, Scott JM, Kamimura Y, Lanier LL, Kim S. Epigenetic modification and antibody-dependent expansion of memory-like NK cells in human cytomegalovirus-infected individuals. Immunity 2015; 42:431-42. [PMID: 25786175 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Long-lived "memory-like" NK cells have been identified in individuals infected by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), but little is known about how the memory-like NK cell pool is formed. Here, we have shown that HCMV-infected individuals have several distinct subsets of memory-like NK cells that are often deficient for multiple transcription factors and signaling proteins, including tyrosine kinase SYK, for which the reduced expression was stable over time and correlated with epigenetic modification of the gene promoter. Deficient expression of these proteins was largely confined to the recently discovered FcRγ-deficient NK cells that display enhanced antibody-dependent functional activity. Importantly, FcRγ-deficient NK cells exhibited robust preferential expansion in response to virus-infected cells (both HCMV and influenza) in an antibody-dependent manner. These findings suggest that the memory-like NK cell pool is shaped and maintained by a mechanism that involves both epigenetic modification of gene expression and antibody-dependent expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Tianxiang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Ilwoong Hwang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Ahrom Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Larissa Nitschke
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - MinJae Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jeannine M Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yosuke Kamimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sungjin Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Heiberg IL, Pallett LJ, Winther TN, Høgh B, Maini MK, Peppa D. Defective natural killer cell anti-viral capacity in paediatric HBV infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 179:466-76. [PMID: 25311087 PMCID: PMC4337679 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells exhibit dysregulated effector function in adult chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (CHB), which may contribute to virus persistence. The role of NK cells in children infected perinatally with HBV is less studied. Access to a unique cohort enabled the cross-sectional evaluation of NK cell frequency, phenotype and function in HBV-infected children relative to uninfected children. We observed a selective defect in NK cell interferon (IFN)-γ production, with conserved cytolytic function, mirroring the functional dichotomy observed in adult infection. Reduced expression of NKp30 on NK cells suggests a role of impaired NK-dendritic cell (DC) cellular interactions as a potential mechanism leading to reduced IFN-γ production. The finding that NK cells are already defective in paediatric CHB, albeit less extensively than in adult CHB, has potential implications for the timing of anti-viral therapy aiming to restore immune control.
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Affiliation(s)
- I L Heiberg
- Department of Paediatrics, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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González-Sánchez HM, Monsiváis-Urenda A, Salazar-Aldrete CA, Hernández-Salinas A, Noyola DE, Jiménez-Capdeville ME, Martínez-Serrano A, Castillo CG. Effects of cytomegalovirus infection in human neural precursor cells depend on their differentiation state. J Neurovirol 2015; 21:346-57. [PMID: 25851778 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-015-0315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common cause of congenital infection in developed countries and a major cause of neurological disability in children. Although CMV can affect multiple organs, the most important sequelae of intrauterine infection are related to lesions of the central nervous system. However, little is known about the pathogenesis and the cellular events responsible for neuronal damage in infants with congenital infection. Some studies have demonstrated that neural precursor cells (NPCs) show the greatest susceptibility to CMV infection in the developing brain. We sought to establish an in vitro model of CMV infection of the developing brain in order to analyze the cellular events associated with invasion by this virus. To this end, we employed two cell lines as a permanent source of NPC, avoiding the continuous use of human fetal tissue, the human SK-N-MC neuroblastoma cell line, and an immortalized cell line of human fetal neural origin, hNS-1. We also investigated the effect of the differentiation stage in relation to the susceptibility of these cell lines by comparing the neuroblastoma cell line with the multipotent cell line hNS-1. We found that the effects of the virus were more severe in the neuroblastoma cell line. Additionally, we induced hNS-1 to differentiate and evaluated the effect of CMV in these differentiated cells. Like SK-N-MC cells, hNS-1-differentiated cells were also susceptible to infection. Viability of differentiated hNS-1 cells decreased after CMV infection in contrast to undifferentiated cells. In addition, differentiated hNS-1 cells showed an extensive cytopathic effect whereas the effect was scarce in undifferentiated cells. We describe some of the effects of CMV in neural stem cells, and our observations suggest that the degree of differentiation is important in the acquisition of susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M González-Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Venustiano Carranza No. 2405, Colonia Los Filtros, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
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Gonzalez-Sanchez HM, Alvarado-Hernandez DL, Guerra-Palomares S, Garcia-Sepulveda CA, Noyola DE. Cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B genotypes in Mexican children and women. Intervirology 2015; 58:115-21. [PMID: 25833320 DOI: 10.1159/000373922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is widely distributed and constitutes the main cause of congenital infections worldwide. CMV transmission during pregnancy represents one of the major impacts of this virus on public health. This study aimed at assessing glycoprotein B (gB) CMV genotypes in Mexican children and pregnant women, since there is limited information regarding CMV genomic diversity in Mexico. METHODS We analyzed CMV strains detected in Mexican children (n = 38) and women (n = 38) between 2001 and 2012. A fragment of the gB gene was amplified and sequenced, and genotypes were defined based on prototype sequences. RESULTS The gB1 genotype was detected more frequently in children (68.4%) compared to women (31.6%; p = 0.0028), while genotype 2 was more common in women (65.8%) compared to children (26.3%, p = 0.0012). Genotype 3 was uncommon in both groups (5.3 and 2.6%). Nucleotide sequences exhibited a high degree of similarity to prototype strains. However, we identified 17 distinct sequences that resulted in changes in the encoded amino acid sequence in four strains. CONCLUSIONS gB1 and gB2 are the most common strains associated with CMV infection in Mexican children and women. In addition, we found that the frequency for each genotype differed amongst them, possibly due to variability in transmission or reactivation dynamics.
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Distinct natural killer cells in HIV-exposed seronegative subjects with effector cytotoxic CD56(dim) and CD56(bright) cells and memory-like CD57⁺NKG2C⁺CD56(dim) cells. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 67:463-71. [PMID: 25230289 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate immunity, including natural killer (NK) cells, may play a significant role in maintaining natural resistance to infection in highly HIV-exposed seronegative (HESN) subjects. The differences between NK-cell subsets, regarding their activating/maturing marker expression and their memory markers, in HESN subjects are not fully defined. METHODS We have conducted an analysis of the activating/memory markers and intracellular CD107a and interferon γ (IFN-γ) expression in NK-cell subsets from HESN and HIV-infected and healthy subjects. RESULTS HESN individuals showed an increased expression of activating markers, such as NKG2D in CD56(bright) and CD56(dim) NK cells, and an increased frequency of CD56(bright)CD127⁺ and fully mature CD56(dim)CD57⁺ NK cells compared with HIV-infected patients and healthy control subjects. Of note, HESN individuals showed an increased frequency of memory CD56(dim)CD57⁺ NK cells, and this is known to be expanded on cytomegalovirus infection, as evidenced by their high rate of cytomegalovirus seropositivity. Simultaneous expression of the CD94, NKG2A, NKG2C, and NKG2D receptors on CD56(bright) NK cells was detected in HESN subjects, whereas in the HIV-1 group, the expression of these 4 receptors was enhanced in CD56(dim) NK cells. It was also found that CD56(bright) and CD56(dim) NK cells in HESN subjects showed increased CD107a and/or IFN-γ expression. CONCLUSIONS The NK cells from HESN individuals presented a unique activation profile, with increased expression of NKG2D, CD107a, and IFN-γ and "memory" CD57⁺CD56(dim) NK cells. The complex network of functional NK-cell activities in HESN individuals may be exploited for long-term protection through vaccination.
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Costa-Garcia M, Vera A, Moraru M, Vilches C, López-Botet M, Muntasell A. Antibody-mediated response of NKG2Cbright NK cells against human cytomegalovirus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2715-24. [PMID: 25667418 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Human CMV (HCMV) infection promotes a variable and persistent expansion of functionally mature NKG2C(bright) NK cells. We analyzed NKG2C(bright) NK cell responses triggered by Abs from HCMV(+) sera against HCMV-infected MRC5 fibroblasts. Specific Abs promoted the degranulation (i.e., CD107a expression) and the production of cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ) by a significant fraction of NK cells, exceeding the low natural cytotoxicity against HCMV-infected targets. NK cell-mediated Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity was limited by viral Ag availability and HLA class I expression on infected cells early postinfection and increased at late stages, overcoming viral immunoevasion strategies. Moreover, the presence of specific IgG triggered the activation of NK cells against Ab-opsonized cell-free HCMV virions. As compared with NKG2A(+) NK cells, a significant proportion of NKG2C(bright) NK cells was FcεR γ-chain defective and highly responsive to Ab-driven activation, being particularly efficient in the production of antiviral cytokines, mainly TNF-α. Remarkably, the expansion of NKG2C(bright) NK cells in HCMV(+) subjects was related to the overall magnitude of TNF-α and IFN-γ cytokine secretion upon Ab-dependent and -independent activation. We show the power and sensitivity of the anti-HCMV response resulting from the cooperation between specific Abs and the NKG2C(bright) NK-cell subset. Furthermore, we disclose the proinflammatory potential of NKG2C(bright) NK cells, a variable that could influence the individual responses to other pathogens and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Vera
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuela Moraru
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain; and
| | - Carlos Vilches
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain; and
| | - Miguel López-Botet
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002 Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aura Muntasell
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Noyola DE, Alarcón A, Noguera-Julian A, Muntasell A, Muñoz-Almagro C, García J, Mur A, Fortuny C, López-Botet M. Dynamics of the NK-cell subset redistribution induced by cytomegalovirus infection in preterm infants. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:118-23. [PMID: 25636568 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection promotes an expansion of NK-cells expressing the CD94/NKG2C receptor. We prospectively monitored the effects of HCMV on the NK-cell receptor (NKG2C, NKG2A, KIR, LILRB1) distribution in preterm infants. As compared to non-infected moderately preterm newborns (n=19, gestational age: 32-37 weeks), very preterm infants (n=5, gestational age: <32 weeks) suffering symptomatic postnatal HCMV infection displayed increased numbers of NKG2C+, KIR+ NK-cells, encompassed by a reduction of NKG2A+ NK-cells. A similar profile was observed in HCMV-negative newborns (n=4) with asymptomatic infection, during follow-up at ~4 and 10 months of age. Of note, viremia remained detectable in three symptomatic cases at ~10 months despite the persistent expansion of NKG2C+ NK-cells. Our study provides original insights on the dynamics of the imprint exerted by primary HCMV infection on the NK-cell compartment, revealing that the expansion of NKG2C+ NK-cells may be insufficient to control viral replication in very preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Noyola
- Immunology Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ana Alarcón
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig de Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Antoni Noguera-Julian
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Pediatrics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aura Muntasell
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jordi García
- Neonatal Unit, Pediatrics Department, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 25-29, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Mur
- Neonatal Unit, Pediatrics Department, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 25-29, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Fortuny
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Pediatrics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Botet
- Immunology Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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Rapid NK cell differentiation in a population with near-universal human cytomegalovirus infection is attenuated by NKG2C deletions. Blood 2014; 124:2213-22. [PMID: 25150297 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-05-576124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells differentiate and mature during the human life course; human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is a known driver of this process. We have explored human NK cell phenotypic and functional maturation in a rural African (Gambian) population with a high prevalence of HCMV. The effect of age on the frequency, absolute number, phenotype, and functional capacity of NK cells was monitored in 191 individuals aged from 1 to 49 years. Increasing frequencies of NK cells with age were associated with increased proportions of CD56dim cells expressing the differentiation marker CD57 and expansion of the NKG2C+ subset. Frequencies of NK cells responding to exogenous cytokines declined with age in line with a decreased proportion of CD57- cells. These changes coincided with a highly significant drop in anti-HCMV IgG titers by the age of 10 years, suggesting that HCMV infection is brought under control as NK cells differentiate (or vice versa). Deletion at the NKG2C locus was associated with a gene dose-dependent reduction in proportions of CD94+ and CD57+ NK cells. Importantly, anti-HCMV IgG titers were significantly elevated in NKG2C-/- children, suggesting that lack of expression of NKG2C may be associated with altered control of HCMV in childhood.
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Almehmadi M, Flanagan BF, Khan N, Alomar S, Christmas SE. Increased numbers and functional activity of CD56⁺ T cells in healthy cytomegalovirus positive subjects. Immunology 2014; 142:258-68. [PMID: 24433347 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T cells expressing CD56 are capable of tumour cell lysis following activation with interleukin-2 but their role in viral immunity has been less well studied. Proportions of CD56(+) T cells were found to be highly significantly increased in cytomegalovirus-seropositive (CMV(+) ) compared with seronegative (CMV(-) ) healthy subjects (9.1 ± 1.5% versus 3.7 ± 1.0%; P < 0.0001). Proportions of CD56(+) T cells expressing CD28, CD62L, CD127, CD161 and CCR7 were significantly lower in CMV(+) than CMV(-) subjects but those expressing CD4, CD8, CD45RO, CD57, CD58, CD94 and NKG2C were significantly increased (P < 0.05), some having the phenotype of T effector memory cells. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and CD107a were significantly higher in CD56(+) T cells from CMV(+) than CMV(-) subjects following stimulation with CMV antigens. This also resulted in higher levels of proliferation in CD56(+) T cells from CMV(+) than CMV(-) subjects. Using Class I HLA pentamers, it was found that CD56(+) T cells from CMV(+) subjects contained similar proportions of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells to CD56(-) T cells in donors of several different HLA types. These differences may reflect the expansion and enhanced functional activity of CMV-specific CD56(+) memory T cells. In view of the link between CD56 expression and T-cell cytotoxic function, this strongly implicates CD56(+) T cells as being an important component of the cytotoxic T-cell response to CMV in healthy carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Almehmadi
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Effect of age and CMV on NK cell subpopulations. Exp Gerontol 2014; 54:130-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Shaping of NK cell subsets by aging. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 29:56-61. [PMID: 24792889 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are key players in the innate immune response against virus infection and tumors. Here we describe the current knowledge on age-associated changes in NK cells and the role of persistent CMV infection in configuring NK cell compartment in the elderly. Aging but not CMV causes a redistribution of NK cell subsets as shown by a decrease of CD56bright cells and an increase of CD56-CD16+ NK cells. On the contrary the changes in CD56dimCD16+ NK cells are compatible with the accumulation of CD57+ long-lived NK cells that can also be observed in young CMV-seropositive individuals. NK cell function and dynamics in the elderly will be related not only with age but also with exposure to pathogens, especially CMV.
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López-Botet M, Muntasell A, Vilches C. The CD94/NKG2C+ NK-cell subset on the edge of innate and adaptive immunity to human cytomegalovirus infection. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:145-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Watkins RR, Lemonovich TL, Razonable RR. Immune response to CMV in solid organ transplant recipients: current concepts and future directions. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 8:383-93. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.12.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Potential for Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity for Control of Human Cytomegalovirus. Antibodies (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/antib2040617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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