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Ahmad SF, Nadeem A, Ansari MA, Bakheet SA, Shahid M, Al-Mazroua HA, As Sobeai HM, Alasmari AF, Alanazi MM, Alhamed AS, Aldossari AA, Attia SM. CC chemokine receptor 5 antagonist alleviates inflammation by regulating IFN-γ/IL-10 and STAT4/Smad3 signaling in a mouse model of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Cell Immunol 2022; 379:104580. [PMID: 35872534 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immunopathological disease that causes demyelination and recurrent episodes of T cell-mediated immune attack in the central nervous system. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a well-established mouse model of MS. The roles of T cells in MS/EAE have been well investigated, but little is known about the role of CCR5+ cells. In the present study, we investigated whether treatment with DAPTA, a selective CCR5 antagonist, could modulate the progression of EAE in the SJL/J mice. EAE mice were treated with DAPTA (0.01 mg/kg) intraperitoneally daily from day 14 to day 42, and the clinical scores were evaluated. We further investigated the effects of DAPTA on IFN-γ-, TGF-β-, IL-10-, IL-17A-, IL-22-, T-bet, STAT4-, RORγT-, AhR-, Smad3-, and Foxp3-expressing CCR5+ spleen cells using flow cytometry analysis. We further explored the effects of DAPTA on mRNA/protein expression of IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-22, TGF-β, T-bet, STAT4, RORγT, AhR, Foxp3, and NF-H in the brain tissue. The severity of clinical scores decreased in DAPTA-treated EAE mice as compared to that in the EAE control mice. Moreover, the percentage of CCR5+IFN-γ+, CCR5+T-bet+, CCR5+STAT4+, CCR5+IL-17A+, CCR5+RORγt+, CCR5+IL-22+, and CCR5+AhR+ cells decreased while CCR5+TGF-β+, CCR5+IL-10+, CCR5+Smad3+, and CCR5+Foxp3+ increased in DAPTA-treated EAE mice. Furthermore, DAPTA treatment significantly mitigated the EAE-induced expression of T-bet, STAT4, IL-17A, RORγT, IL-22, and AhR but upregulated Foxp3, IL-10, and NF-H expression in the brain tissue. Taken together, our data demonstrated that DAPTA could ameliorate EAE progression through the downregulation of the inflammation-related cytokines and transcription factors signaling, which may be useful for the clinical therapy of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mushtaq A Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mudassar Shahid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haneen A Al-Mazroua
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Homood M As Sobeai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah F Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Alhamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Aldossari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Gombash SE, Lee PW, Sawdai E, Lovett-Racke AE. Vitamin D as a Risk Factor for Multiple Sclerosis: Immunoregulatory or Neuroprotective? Front Neurol 2022; 13:796933. [PMID: 35651353 PMCID: PMC9149265 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.796933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D insufficiency during childhood has been linked to the development of multiple sclerosis (MS), typically an adult-onset inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Since vitamin D was known to have immunoregulatory properties on both innate and adaptive immunity, it was hypothesized that low vitamin D resulted in aberrant immune responses and the development of MS. However, vitamin D receptors are present on many cell types, including neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia, and vitamin D has profound effects on development and function of the CNS. This leads to the possibility that low vitamin D may alter the CNS in a manner that makes it vulnerable to inflammation and the development of MS. This review analysis the role of vitamin D in the immune and nervous system, and how vitamin D insufficiency in children may contribute to the development of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Gombash
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Priscilla W Lee
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Elizabeth Sawdai
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Amy E Lovett-Racke
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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3
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Widodo SS, Dinevska M, Furst LM, Stylli SS, Mantamadiotis T. IL-10 in glioma. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:1466-1476. [PMID: 34349251 PMCID: PMC8609023 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01515-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis for patients with glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and malignant type of primary brain tumour, is very poor, despite current standard treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Moreover, the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment hinders the development of effective immunotherapies for GBM. Cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) play a major role in modulating the activity of infiltrating immune cells and tumour cells in GBM, predominantly conferring an immunosuppressive action; however, in some circumstances, IL-10 can have an immunostimulatory effect. Elucidating the function of IL-10 in GBM is necessary to better strategise and improve the efficacy of immunotherapy. This review discusses the immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive roles of IL-10 in the GBM tumour microenvironment while considering IL-10-targeted treatment strategies. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the expression of IL-10 in various cell types are also outlined, and how this resulting information might provide an avenue for the improvement of immunotherapy in GBM is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S. Widodo
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Marija Dinevska
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Liam M. Furst
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Stanley S. Stylli
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia ,grid.416153.40000 0004 0624 1200Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Theo Mantamadiotis
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,grid.418025.a0000 0004 0606 5526Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC Australia
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4
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Constipation induced gut microbiota dysbiosis exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice. J Transl Med 2021; 19:317. [PMID: 34301274 PMCID: PMC8306367 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02995-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Constipation is a common gastrointestinal dysfunction which has a potential impact on people's immune state and their quality of life. Here we investigated the effects of constipation on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods Constipation was induced by loperamide in female C57BL/6 mice. The alternations of gut microbiota, permeability of intestinal barrier and blood–brain barrier, and histopathology of colon were assessed after constipation induction. EAE was induced in the constipation mice. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed from constipation mice into microbiota-depleted mice. Clinical scores, histopathology of inflammation and demyelination, Treg/Th17 and Treg17/Teff17 imbalance both in the peripheral lymphatic organs and central nervous system, cytokines include TGF-β, GM-CSF, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, and IL-23 in serum were assessed in different groups. Results Compared with the vehicle group, the constipation mice showed gut microbiota dysbiosis, colon inflammation and injury, and increased permeability of intestinal barrier and blood–brain barrier. We found that the clinical and pathological scores of the constipation EAE mice were severer than that of the EAE mice. Compared with the EAE mice, the constipation EAE mice showed reduced percentage of Treg and Treg17 cells, increased percentage of Th17 and Teff17 cells, and decreased ratio of Treg/Th17 and Treg17/Teff17 in the spleen, inguinal lymph nodes, brain, and spinal cord. Moreover, the serum levels of TGF-β, IL-10, and IL-21 were decreased while the GM-CSF, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, and IL-23 were increased in the constipation EAE mice. In addition, these pathological processes could be transferred via their gut microbiota. Conclusions Our results verified that constipation induced gut microbiota dysbiosis exacerbated EAE via aggravating Treg/Th17 and Treg17/Teff17 imbalance and cytokines disturbance in C57BL/6 mice. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-02995-z.
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Wan R, Feng J, Tang L. Consequences of Mutations and Abnormal Expression of SMAD4 in Tumors and T Cells. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:2531-2540. [PMID: 33888990 PMCID: PMC8054659 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s297855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SMAD4 is a typical tumor suppressor in the TGF-β signaling pathway. In human cancers, SMAD4 is frequently mutated and inactivated. In recent years, the consequences of mutations and inactivation of SMAD4 are gradually becoming clearer. Most of the mutations have negative consequences and reduce the chances of survival of their carriers. Loss of SMAD4 functions due to mutations or abnormal expression can suppress the inhibition of tumor growth and support the tumor progression. Functions of SMAD4 and its variants in T cells are being studied extensively, to better understand the SMAD4 functions in T cells. In this review, we mainly discuss the recently reported consequences of mutations and abnormal expression of SMAD4 in tumors, and the effects of loss, deficiency or mutation of SMAD4 and its T cells, to show the use of SMAD4 mutations in cancer diagnosis and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxue Wan
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China.,National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Feng
- National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liling Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
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6
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Sotiropoulos MG, Chitnis T. Opposing and potentially antagonistic effects of BMP and TGF-β in multiple sclerosis: The "Yin and Yang" of neuro-immune Signaling. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 347:577358. [PMID: 32795734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP) and Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) are cytokines with similar receptors and messengers. They are important for immune cell function, with BMPs exerting mainly proinflammatory but also anti-inflammatory effects, and TGF-β suppressing inflammation. Patients with Multiple Sclerosis exhibit BMP overactivity and suppressed TGF-β signaling. This dysregulated signaling participates in the crosstalk between infiltrating immune cells and glia, where BMP inhibits remyelination. Reciprocal antagonism between the two pathways takes place via a variety of mechanisms. Although this antagonism has not been studied in the setting of Multiple Sclerosis, it could inform further research and treatment discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinos G Sotiropoulos
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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7
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COVID-19: Proposing a Ketone-Based Metabolic Therapy as a Treatment to Blunt the Cytokine Storm. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6401341. [PMID: 33014275 PMCID: PMC7519203 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6401341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by a high mortality rate due to some patients developing a large innate immune response associated with a cytokine storm and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This is characterized at the molecular level by decreased energy metabolism, altered redox state, oxidative damage, and cell death. Therapies that increase levels of (R)-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-BHB), such as the ketogenic diet or consuming exogenous ketones, should restore altered energy metabolism and redox state. R-BHB activates anti-inflammatory GPR109A signaling and inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome and histone deacetylases, while a ketogenic diet has been shown to protect mice from influenza virus infection through a protective γδ T cell response and by increasing electron transport chain gene expression to restore energy metabolism. During a virus-induced cytokine storm, metabolic flexibility is compromised due to increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that damage, downregulate, or inactivate many enzymes of central metabolism including the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). This leads to an energy and redox crisis that decreases B and T cell proliferation and results in increased cytokine production and cell death. It is hypothesized that a moderately high-fat diet together with exogenous ketone supplementation at the first signs of respiratory distress will increase mitochondrial metabolism by bypassing the block at PDC. R-BHB-mediated restoration of nucleotide coenzyme ratios and redox state should decrease ROS and RNS to blunt the innate immune response and the associated cytokine storm, allowing the proliferation of cells responsible for adaptive immunity. Limitations of the proposed therapy include the following: it is unknown if human immune and lung cell functions are enhanced by ketosis, the risk of ketoacidosis must be assessed prior to initiating treatment, and permissive dietary fat and carbohydrate levels for exogenous ketones to boost immune function are not yet established. The third limitation could be addressed by studies with influenza-infected mice. A clinical study is warranted where COVID-19 patients consume a permissive diet combined with ketone ester to raise blood ketone levels to 1 to 2 mM with measured outcomes of symptom severity, length of infection, and case fatality rate.
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Xu H, Agalioti T, Zhao J, Steglich B, Wahib R, Vesely MCA, Bielecki P, Bailis W, Jackson R, Perez D, Izbicki J, Licona-Limón P, Kaartinen V, Geginat J, Esplugues E, Tolosa E, Huber S, Flavell RA, Gagliani N. The induction and function of the anti-inflammatory fate of T H17 cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3334. [PMID: 32620760 PMCID: PMC7335205 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
TH17 cells exemplify environmental immune adaptation: they can acquire both a pathogenic and an anti-inflammatory fate. However, it is not known whether the anti-inflammatory fate is merely a vestigial trait, or whether it serves to preserve the integrity of the host tissues. Here we show that the capacity of TH17 cells to acquire an anti-inflammatory fate is necessary to sustain immunological tolerance, yet it impairs immune protection against S. aureus. Additionally, we find that TGF-β signalling via Smad3/Smad4 is sufficient for the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, in TH17 cells. Our data thus indicate a key function of TH17 cell plasticity in maintaining immune homeostasis, and dissect the molecular mechanisms explaining the functional flexibility of TH17 cells with regard to environmental changes. CD4+ T helper cells producing IL-17A (TH17 cells) can take on pathogenic or anti-inflammatory functions in context-specific manners. Here the authors show that the anti-inflammatory fate of TH17 cells contributes, via TGF-β signaling and induction of IL-10, to host immune tolerance, but also simultaneously dampens protective immunity against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Theodora Agalioti
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Babett Steglich
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ramez Wahib
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Piotr Bielecki
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Will Bailis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Division of Protective Immunity, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ruaidhri Jackson
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Daniel Perez
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Izbicki
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paula Licona-Limón
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, D.F, México
| | - Vesa Kaartinen
- Biologic and Material Sciences, University of Michigan, 1011N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jens Geginat
- INGM-National Institute of Molecular Genetics "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Enric Esplugues
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Principe Felipe Research Center (CIPF), 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany. .,I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany. .,Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Hashemi R, Hosseini-Asl SS, Arefhosseini SR, Morshedi M. The impact of vitamin D3 intake on inflammatory markers in multiple sclerosis patients and their first-degree relatives. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231145. [PMID: 32251441 PMCID: PMC7135246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In our previous study, a Seesaw model was proposed for the fluctuation of crucial anti- (IL-10) and pro-inflammatory (Il-6 & IL-17A) cytokines through vitamin D3. In this paper, however, it is intended to extend the mentioned model by assessing the expression mRNA levels of IL-27 and TGF-β1 as well as the changes of plasma levels of IL-27, TGF-β1, IL-17A, IL-10, and IL-6 after treatment by vitamin D3. METHOD Venous blood samples were drawn from Healthy Participants (HP, n = 25) and First-Degree Relative Participants (FDRP, n = 25) as control groups and Multiple Sclerosis Participants (MSP, n = 25) before and after eight weeks of supplementation with 50000 IU vitamin D3. The mRNA expression and plasma concentrations were gauged by using Real-Time PCR and ELISA assay, respectively. RESULTS The mRNA surfaces of IL-27, as well as TGF-β1, were up-regulated. However, the plasma levels of TGF-β1, IL-17A, and IL-6 were significantly different among the three groups. In addition, the plasma levels of IL-27, TGF-β1, IL-10, IL-17A, and IL-6 significantly changed following the administration of vitamin D3. CONCLUSION The findings of this paper illustrate that anti-inflammatory cytokines could have a key role in immunomodulatory functions due to their anti-inflammatory functions. To conclude, this might contribute to preventing the pathophysiological process of MS. Also, the proposed model could be used as a preventive way on disposed people to multiple sclerosis, particularly in first degree relatives of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Hashemi
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Saeed Hosseini-Asl
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Seyed Rafie Arefhosseini
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Morshedi
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Fang D, Zhu J. Molecular switches for regulating the differentiation of inflammatory and IL-10-producing anti-inflammatory T-helper cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:289-303. [PMID: 31432236 PMCID: PMC11105075 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CD4 T-helper (Th) cells secret a variety of inflammatory cytokines and play critical roles in host defense against invading foreign pathogens. On the other hand, uncontrolled inflammatory responses mediated by Th cells may result in tissue damage and inflammatory disorders including autoimmune and allergic diseases. Thus, the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokine expression becomes an important "brake" to repress and/or terminate aberrant and/or unnecessary immune responses. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is one of the most important anti-inflammatory cytokines to limit inflammatory Th cells and immunopathology and to maintain tissue homeostasis. Many studies have indicated that Th cells can be a major source of IL-10 under specific conditions both in mouse and human and that extracellular signals and cell intrinsic molecular switches are required to turn on and off Il10 expression in different Th cells. In this review, we will highlight the recent findings that have enhanced our understanding on the mechanisms of IL-10 induction in distinct Th-cell subsets, including Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, as well as the importance of these IL-10-producing anti-inflammatory Th cells in immunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Difeng Fang
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 is an essential anti-inflammatory cytokine and functions as a negative regulator of immune responses to microbial antigens. IL-10 is particularly important in maintaining the intestinal microbe-immune homeostasis. Loss of IL-10 promotes the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as a consequence of an excessive immune response to the gut microbiota. IL-10 also functions more generally to prevent excessive inflammation during the course of infection. Although IL-10 can be produced by virtually all cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, T cells constitute a non-redundant source for IL-10 in many cases. The various roles of T cell-derived IL-10 will be discussed in this review. Given that IL-10 is at the center of maintaining the delicate balance between effective immunity and tissue protection, it is not surprising that IL-10 expression is highly dynamic and tightly regulated. We summarize the environmental signals and molecular pathways that regulate IL-10 expression. While numerous studies have provided us with a deep understanding of IL-10 biology, the majority of findings have been made in murine models, prompting us to highlight gaps in our knowledge about T cell-derived IL-10 in the human system.
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12
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The rs3761548 FOXP3 variant is associated with multiple sclerosis and transforming growth factor β1 levels in female patients. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:933-943. [PMID: 31414141 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01275-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between rs3761548 FOXP3 (-3279 C > A) variant and multiple sclerosis (MS), disability, disability progression, as well as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and interleukin (IL)-10 plasma levels in MS patients. METHODS AND SUBJECTS The study included 170 MS patients and 182 controls. Disability was evaluated using Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and categorized as mild (EDSS ≤ 3) and moderate/high (EDSS > 3). Disability progression was evaluated using Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS). The rs3761548 variant was determined with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Plasma levels of TGF-β1 and IL-10 were determined using immunofluorimetric assay. RESULTS CA and AA genotypes were associated with MS [odds ratio (OR) 2.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.66-3.53, p = 0.012; OR 8.19, 95% CI 3.04-22.07, p < 0.001, respectively). With the dominant model, the CA + AA genotypes were associated with MS (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.50-4.37, p < 0.001). In the recessive model, the AA genotype was also associated with MS (OR 5.38, 95% CI 2.12-13.64, p < 0.001). After adjustment by age, ethnicity, BMI and smoking, all these results remained significant, as well as female patients carrying the CA + AA genotypes showed higher TGF-β1 than those carrying the CC genotype (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.001-1.054, p = 0.043). No association was observed between the genotypes and disability, disability progression and IL-10 levels. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the A allele of FOXP3 -3279 C > A variant may exert a role in the T regulatory cell function, which could be one of the factors involved in the susceptibility for MS in females.
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Ma T, Wang X, Jiao Y, Wang H, Qi Y, Gong H, Zhang L, Jiang D. Interleukin 17 (IL-17)-Induced Mesenchymal Stem Cells Prolong the Survival of Allogeneic Skin Grafts. Ann Transplant 2018; 23:615-621. [PMID: 30166501 PMCID: PMC6248056 DOI: 10.12659/aot.909381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential of self-renewal and multi-differentiation and have a wide application prospect in organ transplantation for the effect of inducing immune tolerance. It has found that interleukin 17 (IL-17) could enhance the inhibition effect of MSCs on T cell proliferation and increase the immunosuppressive effect of MSCs. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of IL-17-induced MSCs on allograft survival time after transplantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS BMSCs were characterized by differential staining. The allogenic skin transplantations were performed and the BMSCs pre-treated by IL-17 were injected. To assess the immunosuppressive function of IL-17-induced BMSCs, the morphology of the grafts, the homing ability of the BMSCs, and the survival time of the grafts were analyzed. RESULTS BMSCs from BALB/c have multidirectional differentiation potential to differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineage cells. IL-17-induced BMSCs prolonged the survival time of allogeneic skin grafts dramatically. We found that there were more labeled MSCs in the skin grafts, and the Treg subpopulations percentage, IL-10, and TGF-β were significantly increased, while the IFN-γ level was decreased compared to the control group and MSCs group. In conclusion, IL-17 can enhance the homing ability of MSCs and regulate the immunosuppressive function of MSC. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that IL-17 plays the crucial role in MSC homing behaviors and promotes immunosuppression of MSCs during transplantation procedures, suggesting that IL-17-pre-treated MSCs have potential to prolong graft survival and reduce transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengxiao Ma
- Department of Emergency and Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland).,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland).,Department of Plastic Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Emergency and Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland).,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Ya Jiao
- Department of Emergency and Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland).,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Haitao Wang
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland).,Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yongjun Qi
- Department of Emergency and Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland).,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Hongmin Gong
- Department of Emergency and Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland).,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Longxiao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Duyin Jiang
- Department of Emergency and Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland).,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
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Cervantes-Gracia K, Husi H. Integrative analysis of Multiple Sclerosis using a systems biology approach. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5633. [PMID: 29618802 PMCID: PMC5884799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammatory-demyelinating events in the central nervous system. Despite more than 40 years of MS research its aetiology remains unknown. This study aims to identify the most frequently reported and consistently regulated molecules in MS in order to generate molecular interaction networks and thereby leading to the identification of deregulated processes and pathways which could give an insight of the underlying molecular mechanisms of MS. Driven by an integrative systems biology approach, gene-expression profiling datasets were combined and stratified into "Non-treated" and "Treated" groups and additionally compared to other disease patterns. Molecular identifiers from dataset comparisons were matched to our Multiple Sclerosis database (MuScle; www.padb.org/muscle ). From 5079 statistically significant molecules, correlation analysis within groups identified a panel of 16 high-confidence genes unique to the naïve MS phenotype, whereas the "Treated" group reflected a common pattern associated with autoimmune disease. Pathway and gene-ontology clustering identified the Interferon gamma signalling pathway as the most relevant amongst all significant molecules, and viral infections as the most likely cause of all down-stream events observed. This hypothesis-free approach revealed the most significant molecular events amongst different MS phenotypes which can be used for further detailed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Holger Husi
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
- Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, University of the Highlands and Islands, Centre for Health Science, Inverness, IV2 3JH, UK.
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Casey LM, Pearson RM, Hughes KR, Liu JMH, Rose JA, North MG, Wang LZ, Lei M, Miller SD, Shea LD. Conjugation of Transforming Growth Factor Beta to Antigen-Loaded Poly(lactide- co-glycolide) Nanoparticles Enhances Efficiency of Antigen-Specific Tolerance. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 29:813-823. [PMID: 29148731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Current strategies for treating autoimmunity involve the administration of broad-acting immunosuppressive agents that impair healthy immunity. Intravenous (i.v.) administration of poly(lactide- co-glycolide) nanoparticles (NPs) containing disease-relevant antigens (Ag-NPs) have demonstrated antigen (Ag)-specific immune tolerance in models of autoimmunity. However, subcutaneous (s.c.) delivery of Ag-NPs has not been effective. This investigation tested the hypothesis that codelivery of the immunomodulatory cytokine, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β), on Ag-NPs would modulate the immune response to Ag-NPs and improve the efficiency of tolerance induction. TGF-β was coupled to the surface of Ag-NPs such that the loadings of Ag and TGF-β were independently tunable. The particles demonstrated bioactive delivery of Ag and TGF-β in vitro by reducing the inflammatory phenotype of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and inducing regulatory T cells in a coculture system. Using an in vivo mouse model for multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, TGF-β codelivery on Ag-NPs resulted in improved efficacy at lower doses by i.v. administration and significantly reduced disease severity by s.c. administration. This study demonstrates that the codelivery of immunomodulatory cytokines on Ag-NPs may enhance the efficacy of Ag-specific tolerance therapies by programming Ag presenting cells for more efficient tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam M Casey
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Michigan , 2300 Hayward Avenue , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48105 , United States
| | - Ryan M Pearson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan , 1119 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-2099 , United States.,Cour Pharmaceuticals, Northbrook , Illinois 60062 , United States
| | - Kevin R Hughes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan , 1119 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-2099 , United States
| | - Jeffrey M H Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan , 1119 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-2099 , United States
| | - Justin A Rose
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Michigan , 2300 Hayward Avenue , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48105 , United States
| | - Madeleine G North
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan , 1119 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-2099 , United States
| | - Leon Z Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan , 1119 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-2099 , United States
| | - Mei Lei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan , 1119 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-2099 , United States
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , 6-713 Tarry Building, 303 East Chicago Avenue , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States.,The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Michigan , 2300 Hayward Avenue , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48105 , United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan , 1119 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-2099 , United States
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Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis: the role of lymphocytes and related immune markers. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2017; 34:299-305. [PMID: 28951703 PMCID: PMC5560176 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2017.69307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apart from neutrophils, other immune cells may play a significant pathogenetic role in cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis (CLV). AIM To investigate lymphocytes and related immunological factors in patients with CLV requiring systemic glucocorticosteroid treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fourteen patients with severe idiopathic CLV were treated with systemic prednisolone in a tapered dose regimen. Ten healthy individuals served as controls. At baseline and post-treatment, we studied inducer/helper and suppressor/cytotoxic T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, CD4+CD25++CD127- cells, CD4+CD25+CD39+ cells and FOXP3, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA levels in the blood using flow cytometry and real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. On immunohistochemistry, we studied CD4, CD8, granzyme B, TGF-β1, and IL-10. RESULTS Flow cytometry did not show significant differences. The RT-PCR revealed that TGF-β1 mRNA expression was significantly higher after therapy when compared to baseline and controls. On immunohistology, baseline CLV lesions showed significantly more CD4+ lymphocytes than post-treated CLV and controls. CD8+ expression was significantly higher after therapy when compared to baseline and controls. Baseline granzyme B was significantly increased when compared to treated CLV and controls. The IL-10 expression of treated CLV was significantly increased when compared to baseline CLV and; baseline CLV IL-10 expression was significantly increased as compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Circulating T regulatory cells do not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of CLV. T helper cells and granzyme B seem to be involved in the inflammatory cutaneous process of CLV. A resolution of CLV observed after glucocorticosteroid treatment may be mediated via up-regulation of TGF-β1 and IL-10 in different compartments.
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Wang Y, Huang HY, Bian GL, Yu YS, Ye WX, Hua F, Chen YH, Shen ZY. A Functional Variant of SMAD4 Enhances Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection Risk through Promoting Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis and Proteoglycan Degradation. EBioMedicine 2017; 21:197-205. [PMID: 28666732 PMCID: PMC5514432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate important roles for SMAD4 in SMCs proliferation, extracellular matrix maintenance, and blood vessel remodeling. However, the genetic effects of SMAD4 in the pathogenesis of thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAAD) are still largely unknown. Here we identified a functional variant of SMAD4 which might be involved in the pathological progression of TAAD. Five tagging SNPs of SMAD4 were genotyped in 202 TAAD cases and 400 controls using MALDI-TOF. rs12455792 CT or TT variant genotypes was associated with an significantly elevated TAAD risk (adjusted OR = 1.58, 95%CI = 1.09–2.30) under a dominant genetic model. It was located in the 5’UTR and predicted to influence transcription activity and RNA folding of SMAD4. In luciferase reporter assay, rs12455792 T allele markedly decreased luciferase activities. Accordingly, SMAD4 expression in tissues was lower in patients with CT or TT genotypes, compared with CC. Movat's pentachrome showed that rs12455792 T allele enhanced SMCs loss and fibers accumulation. With angiotensin II induction, rate of Apoptotic SMCs was significantly higher while SMAD4 silenced. Moreover, rs12455792 T allele also increased Versican degradation via ADAMTS-4. In conclusion, this variant might promote SMCs apoptosis and proteoglycans degradation, and further facilitate the progress of TAAD. Our findings identified rs12455792 as a predictor for progression of vascular media pathological changes related thoracic aortic disorders. The variant on 5'UTR of SMAD4 gene significantly increased thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection risk. The variant rs12455792 reduced SMAD4 expression and influenced its effects on proteoglycans degradation, SMCs apoptosis and fiber accumulation. rs1rs12455792 might be a potential therapeutic marker in vascular media pathological changes related thoracic aortic disorders.
Understanding the genetic features of thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection can lead to precision surgery strategy. In this study, we demonstrated that SMAD4 rs12455792 is located in the transcription factor binding site and the allele change influences transcription activity and SMAD4 expression. Decrease of SMAD4 expression promotes proteoglycans degradation, vascular SMCs apoptosis and fiber accumulation, which are involved in pathological progression of TAAD. rs12455792 might be a potential therapeutic marker in vascular media pathological changes related thoracic aortic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao-Yue Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guang-Liang Bian
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun-Sheng Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Xue Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Hua
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Huan Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen-Ya Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Lee PW, Severin ME, Lovett-Racke AE. TGF-β regulation of encephalitogenic and regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:446-453. [PMID: 28102541 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has been shown to influence the differentiation and function of T cells. The role that TGF-β plays in immune-mediated disease, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), has become a major area of investigation since CD4+ T cells appear to be a major mediator of autoimmunity. This review provides an analysis of the literature on the role that TGF-β plays in the generation and regulation of encephalitogenic and regulatory T cells (Treg) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, as well as in T cells of MS patients. Since TGF-β plays a major role in the development and function of both CD4+ effector and Treg, which are defective in MS patients, recent studies have found potential mechanisms to explain the basis for these T-cell defects to establish a foundation for potentially modulating TGF-β signaling to restore normal T-cell function in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla W Lee
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mary E Severin
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amy E Lovett-Racke
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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19
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D’Ambrosio A, Cossu A, Amendola A, Zandri A, Butera A, Sanchez M, Biffoni M, Pronio A, Montesani C, Kohn A, Pica R, Boirivant M. Lamina Propria CD4+LAP+ Regulatory T Cells Are Increased in Active Ulcerative Colitis but Show Increased IL-17 Expression and Reduced Suppressor Activity. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10:346-53. [PMID: 26589955 PMCID: PMC4957478 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A CD4+CD25- regulatory T cell population expressing the surface TGF-β in its latent form LAP+ [latency associated peptide] cells was proved to be protective in experimental colitis and to be suppressive of human peripheral blood [PB] T proliferation. We investigated the frequency and function of lamina propria [LP] CD4+LAP+ T cells in inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] patients. METHODS Specimens from patients undergoing colonoscopy or bowel resection for IBD and colonic cancer were used as source of lamina propria mononuclear cells [LPMC]. The ulcerative colitis [UC] group was divided according to endoscopic activity evaluated with modified Baron Score. IL-17, IFN-γ, IL-10, LAP, and Foxp3 expression in CD3+CD8- [CD4] or CD3+/CD4+ gated cell population was assessed by immunofluorescence. The ability of FACS-sorted LP CD3+CD8-[CD4] LAP+CD25- to inhibit stimulated autologous PB CD3+CD8-[CD4] LAP- CD25- cells proliferation was assessed. RESULTS LP CD4LAP+ cells were significantly increased, when compared with controls, in active UC patients and not in Crohn's disease patients. The majority of LP CD4+LAP+ cells were Foxp3-. The percentage of IL-17+ cells in LP CD3+CD8-[CD4] LAP+ cells was significantly higher in active UC patients when compared with controls. LP CD3+CD8-[CD4]LAP+CD25- isolated from UC patients showed reduced or no ability to inhibit autologous PB CD3+CD8-[CD4]LAP-CD25- cell proliferation when compared with controls. Removal of IL-17+ cells from LP CD3+CD8-[CD4] LAP+ cells increases their suppressive ability. CONCLUSIONS The percentage of LP CD4LAP+ cells is increased in active UC, showing reduced suppressor activity due to their increased proportion of intracellular IL-17 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella D’Ambrosio
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Cossu
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy,Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties,, University ‘Sapienza,’Roma, Italy
| | - Antonello Amendola
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zandri
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessia Butera
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Sanchez
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Biffoni
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pronio
- Department of General Surgery, ‘P. Stefanini’, University ‘Sapienza’,Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara Montesani
- Department of General Surgery, ‘P. Stefanini’, University ‘Sapienza’,Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Kohn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Camillo-Forlanini, Roma, Italy
| | - Roberta Pica
- IBD, GE Unit, Sandro Pertini Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Monica Boirivant
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy
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Smad4 represses the generation of memory-precursor effector T cells but is required for the differentiation of central memory T cells. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1984. [PMID: 26583325 PMCID: PMC4670941 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional regulation underlying the differentiation of CD8+ effector and memory T cells remains elusive. Here, we show that 18-month-old mice lacking the transcription factor Smad4 (homolog 4 of mothers against decapentaplegic, Drosophila), a key intracellular signaling effector for the TGF-β superfamily, in T cells exhibited lower percentages of CD44hiCD8+ T cells. To explore the role of Smad4 in the activation/memory of CD8+ T cells, 6- to 8-week-old mice with or without Smad4 in T cells were challenged with Listeria monocytogenes. Smad4 deficiency did not affect antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell expansion but led to partially impaired cytotoxic function. Less short-lived effector T cells but more memory-precursor effector T cells were generated in the absence of Smad4. Despite that, Smad4 deficiency led to reduced memory CD8+ T-cell responses. Further exploration revealed that the generation of central memory T cells was impaired in the absence of Smad4 and the cells showed survival issue. In mechanism, Smad4 deficiency led to aberrant transcriptional programs in antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. These findings demonstrated an essential role of Smad4 in the control of effector and memory CD8+ T-cell responses to infection.
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Lee PW, Yang Y, Racke MK, Lovett-Racke AE. Analysis of TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 as regulators of encephalitogenic Th17 cells: Implications for multiple sclerosis. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 46:44-9. [PMID: 25499467 PMCID: PMC4414699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotype of the CD4(+) T cells that mediate the CNS pathology in multiple sclerosis is still unclear, and yet a vital question for developing therapies. One of the conundrums is the role of TGF-β in the development of encephalitogenic Th17 cells. In the present study, TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 were directly compared in their capacity to promote the differentiation of myelin-specific Th17 cells that could induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Myelin-specific CD4(+) T cell receptor transgenic cells differentiated with antigen in the presence of IL-6+TGF-β1 or IL-6+TGF-β3 generated T cells that produced robust amounts of IL-17, but were incapable of inducing EAE when transferred into mice. Further analysis of these non-encephalitogenic Th17 cells found that they expressed lower amounts of GM-CSF or IL-23R, both molecules necessary for encephalitogenicity. Thus, TGF-β, irrespective of isoform, negatively regulates the differentiation of encephalitogenic Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla W. Lee
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, 460 W 12th Ave, Room 660, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yuhong Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W 12th Ave, Room 660, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Michael K. Racke
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W 12th Ave, Room 686, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amy E. Lovett-Racke
- Corresponding Author: Amy E. Lovett-Racke, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W 12th Ave, Room 684, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Phone: (614) 688-5647; Fax: (614) 292-7544,
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Racke MK, Yang Y, Lovett-Racke AE. Is T-bet a potential therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis? J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 34:623-32. [PMID: 25084179 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatments for multiple sclerosis (MS) have changed over the past years as our understanding of immunology and neuroscience has evolved. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) continues to remain the major model for MS and has been a major vehicle in the development of new therapeutic targets for MS, including new agents such as natalizumab, fingolimod, and dimethyl fumarate. As progress in the molecular understanding of immunology continues, many observations in EAE are pursued with the ultimate goal of defining the pathophysiology of MS and development of innovative treatments for the disease. Although many consider MS to be a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease directed against myelin antigens, the exact cause of the disease is still unknown. For many years, it was thought that myelin-specific T cells that secreted interferon-γ and were proinflammatory were the major T cell subset that mediated the disease, but recent studies on the cytokine phenotype of pathogenic T cells in EAE and MS have opened debate on this issue. Work over the past several years suggests that the transcription factor T-bet appears to be an important factor in T cell encephalitogenicity; however, recent data suggest that it is also dispensable in certain situations, particularly for Th17 cells. Understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for T cell encephalitogenicity in MS and other autoimmune diseases will be essential in the development of specific therapies for these inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Racke
- 1 Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, Ohio
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Goris A, Pauwels I, Gustavsen MW, van Son B, Hilven K, Bos SD, Celius EG, Berg-Hansen P, Aarseth J, Myhr KM, D'Alfonso S, Barizzone N, Leone MA, Martinelli Boneschi F, Sorosina M, Liberatore G, Kockum I, Olsson T, Hillert J, Alfredsson L, Bedri SK, Hemmer B, Buck D, Berthele A, Knier B, Biberacher V, van Pesch V, Sindic C, Bang Oturai A, Søndergaard HB, Sellebjerg F, Jensen PEH, Comabella M, Montalban X, Pérez-Boza J, Malhotra S, Lechner-Scott J, Broadley S, Slee M, Taylor B, Kermode AG, Gourraud PA, Sawcer SJ, Andreassen BK, Dubois B, Harbo HF. Genetic variants are major determinants of CSF antibody levels in multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 138:632-43. [PMID: 25616667 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunological hallmarks of multiple sclerosis include the production of antibodies in the central nervous system, expressed as presence of oligoclonal bands and/or an increased immunoglobulin G index-the level of immunoglobulin G in the cerebrospinal fluid compared to serum. However, the underlying differences between oligoclonal band-positive and -negative patients with multiple sclerosis and reasons for variability in immunoglobulin G index are not known. To identify genetic factors influencing the variation in the antibody levels in the cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis, we have performed a genome-wide association screen in patients collected from nine countries for two traits, presence or absence of oligoclonal bands (n = 3026) and immunoglobulin G index levels (n = 938), followed by a replication in 3891 additional patients. We replicate previously suggested association signals for oligoclonal band status in the major histocompatibility complex region for the rs9271640*A-rs6457617*G haplotype, correlated with HLA-DRB1*1501, and rs34083746*G, correlated with HLA-DQA1*0301 (P comparing two haplotypes = 8.88 × 10(-16)). Furthermore, we identify a novel association signal of rs9807334, near the ELAC1/SMAD4 genes, for oligoclonal band status (P = 8.45 × 10(-7)). The previously reported association of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus with immunoglobulin G index reaches strong evidence for association in this data set (P = 3.79 × 10(-37)). We identify two novel associations in the major histocompatibility complex region with immunoglobulin G index: the rs9271640*A-rs6457617*G haplotype (P = 1.59 × 10(-22)), shared with oligoclonal band status, and an additional independent effect of rs6457617*G (P = 3.68 × 10(-6)). Variants identified in this study account for up to 2-fold differences in the odds of being oligoclonal band positive and 7.75% of the variation in immunoglobulin G index. Both traits are associated with clinical features of disease such as female gender, age at onset and severity. This is the largest study population so far investigated for the genetic influence on antibody levels in the cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis, including 6950 patients. We confirm that genetic factors underlie these antibody levels and identify both the major histocompatibility complex and immunoglobulin heavy chain region as major determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Goris
- 1 Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Section of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ine Pauwels
- 1 Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Section of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marte W Gustavsen
- 2 Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway 3 Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Brechtje van Son
- 4 Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kelly Hilven
- 1 Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Section of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steffan D Bos
- 2 Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway 3 Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Pål Berg-Hansen
- 2 Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway 3 Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Aarseth
- 5 Norwegian MS-Registry and Biobank, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kjell-Morten Myhr
- 5 Norwegian MS-Registry and Biobank, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway 6 KG Jebsen Centre for MS-research, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sandra D'Alfonso
- 7 Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy 8 Interdisciplinary Research Centre of Autoimmune Diseases IRCAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Nadia Barizzone
- 7 Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Maurizio A Leone
- 8 Interdisciplinary Research Centre of Autoimmune Diseases IRCAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy 9 Neurology Unit, Scientific Institute, Hospital 'Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza', San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Filippo Martinelli Boneschi
- 11 Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy 11 Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Melissa Sorosina
- 11 Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Liberatore
- 10 Department of Neuro-rehabilitation, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy 11 Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ingrid Kockum
- 12 Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- 12 Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Hillert
- 13 Multiple Sclerosis Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- 14 Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sahl Khalid Bedri
- 13 Multiple Sclerosis Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- 15 Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany 16 Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Dorothea Buck
- 15 Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Achim Berthele
- 15 Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin Knier
- 15 Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Viola Biberacher
- 15 Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Vincent van Pesch
- 17 Institute of Neurosciences, Neurochemistry Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Christian Sindic
- 17 Institute of Neurosciences, Neurochemistry Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Annette Bang Oturai
- 18 Danish Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle Bach Søndergaard
- 18 Danish Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn Sellebjerg
- 18 Danish Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Poul Erik H Jensen
- 18 Danish Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manuel Comabella
- 19 Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- 19 Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jennifer Pérez-Boza
- 19 Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sunny Malhotra
- 19 Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Simon Broadley
- 21 School of Medicine, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Mark Slee
- 1 Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Section of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bruce Taylor
- 23 Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Allan G Kermode
- 24 Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Australia 25 Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Stephen J Sawcer
- 27 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bettina Kullle Andreassen
- 28 Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bénédicte Dubois
- 1 Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Section of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium 4 Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hanne F Harbo
- 2 Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway 3 Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
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IFN-β inhibits T cells accumulation in the central nervous system by reducing the expression and activity of chemokines in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mol Immunol 2014; 64:152-62. [PMID: 25433436 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are chronic neuroinflammatory autoimmune diseases characterized by axonal loss, demyelination and neurodegeneration of the central nervous system (CNS). Overactivation of CD4(+)T cells, especially the Th1 and Th17 subsets, is thought to play a causal role in this disease. In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of IFN-β treatment in EAE. IFN-β significantly inhibits disease severity, and decreases levels of CCR2, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6 and CXCR3 in the CNS. This was associated with fewer Th1/Th17 cells expressing these chemokine receptors. Furthermore, levels of their corresponding ligands CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL20, CCL22 and CXCL10 were also reduced, coinciding with reduced CNS inflammation and demyelination. Chemokine expression significantly correlated with disease severity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IFN-β reduces CCL2/CCL5 induced-T cell migration by inhibiting p38-MAPK and ERK1/2 activation. Our results reveal that IFN-β reduces the expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors expressed by encephalitogenic Th1/Th17 cells, thereby decreasing their migration into the CNS.
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Peine KJ, Guerau-de-Arellano M, Lee P, Kanthamneni N, Severin M, Probst GD, Peng H, Yang Y, Vangundy Z, Papenfuss TL, Lovett-Racke AE, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by codelivery of disease associated Peptide and dexamethasone in acetalated dextran microparticles. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:828-35. [PMID: 24433027 PMCID: PMC3993881 DOI: 10.1021/mp4005172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that can cause loss of motor function and is thought to result, in part, from chronic inflammation due to an antigen-specific T cell immune response. Current treatments suppress the immune system without antigen specificity, increasing the risks of cancer, chronic infection, and other long-term side effects. In this study, we show treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of MS, by coencapsulating the immunodominant peptide of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) with dexamethasone (DXM) into acetalated dextran (Ac-DEX) microparticles (DXM/MOG/MPs) and administering the microparticles subcutaneously. The clinical score of the mice was reduced from 3.4 to 1.6 after 3 injections 3 days apart with the coencapsulated microparticulate formulation (MOG 17.6 μg and DXM 8 μg). This change in clinical score was significantly greater than observed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), empty MPs, free DXM and MOG, DXM/MPs, and MOG/MPs. Additionally, treatment with DXM/MOG/MPs significantly inhibited disease-associated cytokine (e.g., IL-17, GM-CSF) expression in splenocytes isolated in treated mice. Here we show a promising approach for the therapeutic treatment of MS using a polymer-based microparticle delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Peine
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States
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Yuan B, Zhao L, Fu F, Liu Y, Lin C, Wu X, Shen H, Yang Z. A novel nanoparticle containing MOG peptide with BTLA induces T cell tolerance and prevents multiple sclerosis. Mol Immunol 2014; 57:93-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Ribeiro A, Laranjeira P, Mendes S, Velada I, Leite C, Andrade P, Santos F, Henriques A, Grãos M, Cardoso CMP, Martinho A, Pais M, da Silva CL, Cabral J, Trindade H, Paiva A. Mesenchymal stem cells from umbilical cord matrix, adipose tissue and bone marrow exhibit different capability to suppress peripheral blood B, natural killer and T cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:125. [PMID: 24406104 PMCID: PMC3854702 DOI: 10.1186/scrt336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The ability to self-renew, be easily expanded in vitro and differentiate into different mesenchymal tissues, render mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) an attractive therapeutic method for degenerative diseases. The subsequent discovery of their immunosuppressive ability encouraged clinical trials in graft-versus-host disease and auto-immune diseases. Despite sharing several immunophenotypic characteristics and functional capabilities, the differences between MSCs arising from different tissues are still unclear and the published data are conflicting. Methods Here, we evaluate the influence of human MSCs derived from umbilical cord matrix (UCM), bone marrow (BM) and adipose tissue (AT), co-cultured with phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC), on T, B and natural killer (NK) cell activation; T and B cells’ ability to acquire lymphoblast characteristics; mRNA expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2), forkhead box P3 (FoxP3), T-bet and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3), on purified T cells, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), perforin and granzyme B on purified NK cells. Results MSCs derived from all three tissues were able to prevent CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation and acquisition of lymphoblast characteristics and CD56dim NK cell activation, wherein AT-MSCs showed a stronger inhibitory effect. Moreover, AT-MSCs blocked the T cell activation process in an earlier phase than BM- or UCM-MSCs, yielding a greater proportion of T cells in the non-activated state. Concerning B cells and CD56bright NK cells, UCM-MSCs did not influence either their activation kinetics or PHA-induced lymphoblast characteristics, conversely to BM- and AT-MSCs which displayed an inhibitory effect. Besides, when co-cultured with PHA-stimulated MNC, MSCs seem to promote Treg and Th1 polarization, estimated by the increased expression of FoxP3 and T-bet mRNA within purified activated T cells, and to reduce TNF-α and perforin production by activated NK cells. Conclusions Overall, UCM-, BM- and AT-derived MSCs hamper T cell, B cell and NK cell-mediated immune response by preventing their acquisition of lymphoblast characteristics, activation and changing the expression profile of proteins with an important role in immune function, except UCM-MSCs showed no inhibitory effect on B cells under these experimental conditions. Despite the similarities between the three types of MSCs evaluated, we detect important differences that should be taken into account when choosing the MSC source for research or therapeutic purposes.
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28
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Holmøy T, Løken-Amsrud KI, Bakke SJ, Beiske AG, Bjerve KS, Hovdal H, Lilleås F, Midgard R, Pedersen T, Šaltytė Benth J, Torkildsen Ø, Wergeland S, Myhr KM, Michelsen AE, Aukrust P, Ueland T. Inflammation markers in multiple sclerosis: CXCL16 reflects and may also predict disease activity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75021. [PMID: 24069377 PMCID: PMC3777920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serum markers of inflammation are candidate biomarkers in multiple sclerosis (MS). ω-3 fatty acids are suggested to have anti-inflammatory properties that might be beneficial in MS. We aimed to explore the relationship between serum levels of inflammation markers and MRI activity in patients with relapsing remitting MS, as well as the effect of ω-3 fatty acids on these markers. Methods We performed a prospective cohort study in 85 relapsing remitting MS patients who participated in a randomized clinical trial of ω-3 fatty acids versus placebo (the OFAMS study). During a period of 24 months 12 repeated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and nine serum samples were obtained. We measured 10 inflammation markers, including general down-stream markers of inflammation, specific markers of up-stream inflammatory pathways, endothelial action, and matrix regulation. Results After Bonferroni correction, increasing serum levels of CXCL16 and osteoprotegerin were associated with low odds ratio for simultaneous MRI activity, whereas a positive association was observed for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9. CXCL16 were also associated with low MRI activity the next month, but this was not significant after Bonferroni correction. In agreement with previously reported MRI and clinical results, ω-3 fatty acid treatment did not induce any change in the inflammation markers. Conclusions Serum levels of CXCL16, MMP-9, and osteoprotegerin reflect disease activity in MS, but are not affected by ω-3 fatty acid treatment. CXCL16 could be a novel biomarker and potential predictor of disease activity in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trygve Holmøy
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Kristin Ingeleiv Løken-Amsrud
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Søren Jacob Bakke
- Department of Neuroradiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Kristian S. Bjerve
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Harald Hovdal
- Department of Neurology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Rune Midgard
- Department of Neurology, Molde Hospital, Molde, Norway
- Unit for Applied Clinical Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Jutrate Šaltytė Benth
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Helse Sør-Øst Health Services Research Centre, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Øivind Torkildsen
- Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Competence Centre, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- KG KG Jebsen MS Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stig Wergeland
- Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Competence Centre, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- KG KG Jebsen MS Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kjell-Morten Myhr
- Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Competence Centre, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- KG KG Jebsen MS Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Annika E. Michelsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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Tsai YS, Chen YH, Cheng PC, Tsai HT, Shiau AL, Tzai TS, Wu CL. TGF-β1 conjugated to gold nanoparticles results in protein conformational changes and attenuates the biological function. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:2119-28. [PMID: 23335450 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201202755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are widely used as carriers or therapeutic agents due to their great biocompatibility and unique physical properties. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), a member of the cysteine-knot structural superfamily, plays a pivotal role in many diseases and is known as an immunosuppressive agent that attenuates immune response resulting in tumor growth. The results reported herein reflect strong interactions between TGF-β1 and the surface of AuNPs when incubated with serum-containing medium, and demonstrate a time- and dose-dependent pattern. Compared with other serum proteins that can also bind to the AuNP surface, AuNP-TGFβ1 conjugate is a thermodynamically favored compound. Epithelial cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) upon treatment with TGF-β1; however, treatment with AuNPs reverses this effect, as detected by cell morphology and expression levels of EMT markers. TGF-β1 is found to bind to AuNPs through S-Au bonds by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is employed to analyze the conformational changes of TGF-β1 on the surface of AuNPs. The results indicate that TGF-β1 undergoes significant conformational changes at both secondary and tertiary structural levels after conjugation to the AuNP surface, which results in the deactivation of TGF-β1 protein. An in vivo experiment also shows that addition of AuNPs attenuates the growth of TGF-β1-secreting murine bladder tumor 2 cells in syngeneic C3H/HeN mice, but not in immunocompromised NOD-SCID mice, and this is associated with an increase in the number of tumor-infiltrating CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T lymphocytes and a decrease in the number of intrasplenic Foxp3(+) lymphocytes. The findings demonstrate that AuNPs may be a promising agent for modulating tumor immunity through inhibiting immunosuppressive TGF-β1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Shyan Tsai
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, 1 University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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Ghazi-Visser L, Laman JD, Nagel S, van Meurs M, van Riel D, Tzankov A, Frank S, Adams H, Wolk K, Terracciano L, Melief MJ, Sabat R, Günthert U. CD44 variant isoforms control experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by affecting the lifespan of the pathogenic T cells. FASEB J 2013; 27:3683-701. [PMID: 23752202 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-228809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CD44 variant (CD44(v)) isoforms play important roles in the development of autoimmune disorders, including colitis and arthritis, but their role in multiple sclerosis (MS) has been explored only to a limited extent. We determined the functional relevance of CD44(v) isoforms in MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Genetic ablation of CD44(v7) and CD44(v10) isoforms significantly reduced the clinical EAE burden, as well as the number of inflammatory infiltrates. CD44(v7) and CD44(v10) expression on both memory T and antigen-presenting cells, participated in the development of adoptive transfer EAE. Significantly reduced mRNA expression of Th1 signature genes was detected in the brains of CD44(v10-/-) mice compared with those of CD44(WT) mice. Furthermore, forkhead transcription factor 3 (Foxp3), Bcl-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels were reduced in CD44(v10-/-) brains, whereas active caspase-3 was elevated. Brain-infiltrating CD4(hi)CD44(v10+) T cells preceded EAE onset and paralleled disease severity in wild-type but not in CD44(v7-/-) and CD44(v10-/-) mice. CD44(v7) and CD44(v10) expression contributed to EAE by increasing the longevity of autoreactive CD4(hi)panCD44(hi) T cells. Accordingly, the absence of CD44(v7) and CD44(v10) led to increased apoptosis in the inflammatory infiltrates and reduced Th1 responses, resulting in marked disease reduction. Although absent in noninflamed human brains, we detected CD44(v3), CD44(v7), and CD44(v10) isoforms on glial cells and on perivascular infiltrating cells of MS lesions. We conclude that CD44(v7) and CD44(v10), expressed on autoreactive CD4(hi)panCD44(hi) T cells, are critically involved in the pathogenesis of classic EAE by increasing their life span. Targeting these short CD44(v) isoform regions may reduce inflammatory processes and clinical symptoms in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizette Ghazi-Visser
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that plays a significant role in controlling inflammation and modulating adaptive immune responses that cause tissue damage. IL-10-producing lymphocytes contribute to the delicate balance between inflammation and immunoregulation, and are thus regarded as a kind of "regulatory cells." Dysregulation of these cells is linked with susceptibility to numerous inflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarized what is known about the regulatory effects of IL-10 produced by lymphocytes, including T cells, B cells and natural killer cells, in inflammatory diseases. We hope to augment immune responses or prevent immunopathology through making some small changes in the levels of IL-10 produced by lymphocytes, or in the cellular location where it is produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yao
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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32
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Kvarnström M, Ydrefors J, Ekerfelt C, Vrethem M, Ernerudh J. Longitudinal interferon-β effects in multiple sclerosis: differential regulation of IL-10 and IL-17A, while no sustained effects on IFN-γ, IL-4 or IL-13. J Neurol Sci 2012; 325:79-85. [PMID: 23273903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies in experimental models and in vitro indicate lowering of IL-17/Th17 as an important mechanism of interferon-beta (IFN-β) treatment in multiple sclerosis (MS). MATERIAL AND METHODS In this longitudinal study of MS patients (n=25), spontaneous and myelin antigen-induced secretion of IL-4, IFN-γ and IL-10 (ELISPOT), mitogen stimulated secretion of IL-13 and IL-17A (ELISA) and circulating cytokine levels (Luminex) were recorded at inclusion and after 1.5, 3, 6 and 12months of IFN-β treatment. RESULTS Early changes were noted for IL-4, while after one year of treatment the only recorded significant effects were a decrease in secreted IL-17A levels and an increase in IL-10 secreting cells. While IL-17A levels tended to be higher in non-responders (n=8), the decrease in IL-17A levels seemed to be more pronounced in responders (n=17) showing significantly lower IL-17A levels after one year as compared with non-responders. CONCLUSION IFN-β treatment seems to mainly affect IL-17/IL-10-associated pathways rather than the IFN-γ/IL-4 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kvarnström
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, S-58185 Linköping, Sweden
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Peng H, Guerau-de-Arellano M, Mehta VB, Yang Y, Huss DJ, Papenfuss TL, Lovett-Racke AE, Racke MK. Dimethyl fumarate inhibits dendritic cell maturation via nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and mitogen stress-activated kinase 1 (MSK1) signaling. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:28017-26. [PMID: 22733812 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.383380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an effective novel treatment for multiple sclerosis in clinical trials. A reduction of IFN-γ-producing CD4(+) T cells is observed in DMF-treated patients and may contribute to its clinical efficacy. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind this clinical observation are unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of DMF on dendritic cell (DC) maturation and subsequent DC-mediated T cell responses. We show that DMF inhibits DC maturation by reducing inflammatory cytokine production (IL-12 and IL-6) and the expression of MHC class II, CD80, and CD86. Importantly, this immature DC phenotype generated fewer activated T cells that were characterized by decreased IFN-γ and IL-17 production. Further molecular studies demonstrated that DMF impaired nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling via reduced p65 nuclear translocalization and phosphorylation. NF-κB signaling was further decreased by DMF-mediated suppression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and its downstream kinase mitogen stress-activated kinase 1 (MSK1). MSK1 suppression resulted in decreased p65 phosphorylation at serine 276 and reduced histone phosphorylation at serine 10. As a consequence, DMF appears to reduce p65 transcriptional activity both directly and indirectly by promoting a silent chromatin environment. Finally, treatment of DCs with the MSK1 inhibitor H89 partially mimicked the effects of DMF on the DC signaling pathway and impaired DC maturation. Taken together, these studies indicate that by suppression of both NF-κB and ERK1/2-MSK1 signaling, DMF inhibits maturation of DCs and subsequently Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Peng
- Neuroscience Graduate Studies Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Lv J, Du C, Wei W, Wu Z, Zhao G, Li Z, Xie X. The antiepileptic drug valproic acid restores T cell homeostasis and ameliorates pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:28656-65. [PMID: 22733814 PMCID: PMC3436564 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.356584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining a constant number and ratio of immune cells is one critical aspect of the tight regulation of immune homeostasis. Breakdown of this balance will lead to autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). The antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA) was reported to regulate the growth, survival, and differentiation of many cells. However, its function in T cell homeostasis and MS treatment remains unknown. In this study, VPA was found to reduce spinal cord inflammation, demyelination, and disease scores in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of MS. Further study indicated that VPA induces apoptosis in activated T cells and maintains the immune homeostasis. This effect was found to be mainly mediated by the caspase-8/caspase-3 pathway. Interestingly, this phenomenon was also confirmed in T cells from normal human subjects and MS patients. Considering the long history of clinical use and our new findings, we believe VPA might be a safe and effective therapy for autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lv
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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35
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Gocke AR, Lebson LA, Grishkan IV, Hu L, Nguyen HM, Whartenby KA, Chandy KG, Calabresi PA. Kv1.3 deletion biases T cells toward an immunoregulatory phenotype and renders mice resistant to autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5877-86. [PMID: 22581856 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests ion channels have critical functions in the differentiation and plasticity of T cells. Kv1.3, a voltage-gated K(+) channel, is a functional marker and a pharmacological target for activated effector memory T cells. Selective Kv1.3 blockers have been shown to inhibit proliferation and cytokine production by human and rat effector memory T cells. We used Kv1.3 knockout (KO) mice to investigate the mechanism by which Kv1.3 blockade affects CD4(+) T cell differentiation during an inflammatory immune-mediated disease. Kv1.3 KO animals displayed significantly lower incidence and severity of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Kv1.3 was the only K(V) channel expressed in MOG 35-55-specific CD4(+) T cell blasts, and no K(V) current was present in MOG-specific CD4(+) T cell-blasts from Kv1.3 KO mice. Fewer CD4(+) T cells migrated to the CNS in Kv1.3 KO mice following disease induction, and Ag-specific proliferation of CD4(+) T cells from these mice was impaired with a corresponding cell-cycle delay. Kv1.3 was required for optimal expression of IFN-γ and IL-17, whereas its absence led to increased IL-10 production. Dendritic cells from Kv1.3 KO mice fully activated wild-type CD4(+) T cells, indicating a T cell-intrinsic defect in Kv1.3 KO mice. The loss of Kv1.3 led to a suppressive phenotype, which may contribute to the mechanism by which deletion of Kv1.3 produces an immunotherapeutic effect. Skewing of CD4(+) T cell differentiation toward Ag-specific regulatory T cells by pharmacological blockade or genetic suppression of Kv1.3 might be beneficial for therapy of immune-mediated diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne R Gocke
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Raphael
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Thomas G Forsthuber
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA, Tel.: +1 210 458 5760, Fax: +1 210 458 5499,
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Freitas do Rosário AP, Lamb T, Spence P, Stephens R, Lang A, Roers A, Muller W, O’Garra A, Langhorne J. IL-27 promotes IL-10 production by effector Th1 CD4+ T cells: a critical mechanism for protection from severe immunopathology during malaria infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 188:1178-90. [PMID: 22205023 PMCID: PMC3272378 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the malaria parasite, Plasmodium, is characterized by excessive inflammation. The establishment of a precise balance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory responses is critical to guarantee control of the parasite and survival of the host. IL-10, a key regulatory cytokine produced by many cells of the immune system, has been shown to protect mice against pathology during acute Plasmodium0 chabaudi chabaudi AS model of malaria. However, the critical cellular source of IL-10 is still unknown. In this article, we demonstrate that T cell-derived IL-10 is necessary for the control of pathology during acute malaria, as mice bearing specific deletion of Il10 in T cells fully reproduce the phenotype observed in Il10(-)(/)(-) mice, with significant weight loss, decline in temperature, and increased mortality. Furthermore, we show that IFN-γ(+) Th1 cells are the main producers of IL-10 throughout acute infection, expressing high levels of CD44 and ICOS, and low levels of CD127. Although Foxp3(+) regulatory CD4(+) T cells produce IL-10 during infection, highly activated IFN-γ(+) Th1 cells were shown to be the essential and sufficient source of IL-10 to guarantee protection against severe immune-mediated pathology. Finally, in this model of malaria, we demonstrate that the generation of protective IL10(+)IFN-γ(+) Th1 cells is dependent on IL-27 signaling and independent of IL-21.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracey Lamb
- Divisions of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
| | - Philip Spence
- Divisions of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
| | - Robin Stephens
- Divisions of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
| | - Agathe Lang
- Divisions of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
| | - Axel Roers
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Werner Muller
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anne O’Garra
- Immunoregulation, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
| | - Jean Langhorne
- Divisions of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
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The role of cytokine in the lupus nephritis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:594809. [PMID: 22028590 PMCID: PMC3199078 DOI: 10.1155/2011/594809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a major clinical manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although numerous abnormalities of immune system have been proposed, cytokine overexpression plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of LN. In the initial phase of the disease, the immune deposits and/or autoantibodies induce cytokine production in renal resident cells, leading to further inflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression and leukocyte infiltration and activation. Then, infiltrate leukocytes, such as macrophages (Mφ) and dendritic cells (DCs), secrete a variety of cytokines and activate naïve T cells, leading the cytokine profile towards T helper (Th)1, Th2, and/or Th17. Recent studies revealed these inflammatory processes in experimental animal models as well as human LN. The cytokine targeted intervention may have the therapeutic potentials for LN. This paper focuses on the expression of cytokine and its functional role in the pathogenesis of LN.
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