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Filarial infections compromise influenza vaccination efficacy: Lessons from the mouse. Immunol Lett 2023; 255:62-66. [PMID: 36889363 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Helminth parasites infect more than a quarter of the human population and inflict significant changes to the immunological status of their hosts. Several human studies report impaired responses to vaccinations in helminth-infected individuals. Analysing the impact of helminth infections on the efficacy of influenza vaccinations in the mouse system helps to elucidate the underlying immunological processes. Concurrent infection with the parasitic nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis reduced the quantity and quality of antibody responses to vaccination against seasonal influenza in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. This led to impaired vaccination-induced protection against challenge infections with the human pathogenic 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus in helminth-infected mice. Impaired responses were also observed if vaccinations were performed after immune-driven or drug-induced clearance of a previous helminth infection. Mechanistically, the suppression was associated with a systemic and sustained expansion of IL-10-producing CD4+CD49b+LAG-3+ type 1 regulatory T cells and partially abrogated by in vivo blockade of the IL-10 receptor. In summary, these findings raise the concern that individuals in helminth-endemic areas may not always benefit from vaccinations, even in the absence of an acute and diagnosable helminth infection.
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CD4 + T-cell-derived IL-10 promotes CNS inflammation in mice by sustaining effector T cell survival. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110565. [PMID: 35354043 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 is considered a prototypical anti-inflammatory cytokine, significantly contributing to the maintenance and reestablishment of immune homeostasis. Accordingly, it has been shown in the intestine that IL-10 produced by Tregs can act on effector T cells, thereby limiting inflammation. Herein, we investigate whether this role also applies to IL-10 produced by T cells during central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. During neuroinflammation, both CNS-resident and -infiltrating cells produce IL-10; yet, as IL-10 has a pleotropic function, the exact contribution of the different cellular sources is not fully understood. We find that T-cell-derived IL-10, but not other relevant IL-10 sources, can promote inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Furthermore, in the CNS, T-cell-derived IL-10 acts on effector T cells, promoting their survival and thereby enhancing inflammation and CNS autoimmunity. Our data indicate a pro-inflammatory role of T-cell-derived IL-10 in the CNS.
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Risch F, Ritter M, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. Human filariasis-contributions of the Litomosoides sigmodontis and Acanthocheilonema viteae animal model. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:4125-4143. [PMID: 33547508 PMCID: PMC8599372 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-07026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Filariae are vector-borne parasitic nematodes that are endemic worldwide, in tropical and subtropical regions. Important human filariae spp. include Onchocerca volvulus, Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia spp., and Loa loa and Mansonella spp. causing onchocerciasis (river blindness), lymphatic filariasis (lymphedema and hydrocele), loiasis (eye worm), and mansonelliasis, respectively. It is estimated that over 1 billion individuals live in endemic regions where filarial diseases are a public health concern contributing to significant disability adjusted life years (DALYs). Thus, efforts to control and eliminate filarial diseases were already launched by the WHO in the 1970s, especially against lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis, and are mainly based on mass drug administration (MDA) of microfilaricidal drugs (ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, albendazole) to filarial endemic areas accompanied with vector control strategies with the goal to reduce the transmission. With the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), it was decided to eliminate transmission of onchocerciasis and stop lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem by 2030. It was also requested that novel drugs and treatment strategies be developed. Mouse models provide an important platform for anti-filarial drug research in a preclinical setting. This review presents an overview about the Litomosoides sigmodontis and Acanthocheilonema viteae filarial mouse models and their role in immunological research as well as preclinical studies about novel anti-filarial drugs and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Risch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc P Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.
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Rasquinha MT, Sur M, Lasrado N, Reddy J. IL-10 as a Th2 Cytokine: Differences Between Mice and Humans. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:2205-2215. [PMID: 34663593 PMCID: PMC8544817 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of IL-10 more than 30 years ago marked the beginning of our understanding of how cytokines regulate immune responses, based on cross-regulation between Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Although multiple cell types were shown to produce IL-10, its identity as a Th2 cytokine remained strong because it was rigidly associated with Th2 clones in mice, whereas both Th1 and Th2 clones could secrete IL-10 in humans. However, as new Th1/Th2 cell functionalities emerged, anti-inflammatory action of IL-10 gained more attention than its inhibitory effect on Th1 cells, which may occur as an indirect consequence of suppression of APCs. This notion is also supported by the discovery of regulatory T cells, whose suppressor functions involve the mediation of IL-10, among other molecules. From this perspective, we discuss the functionalities of IL-10 by highlighting important differences between mice and humans with an emphasis on the Th1 and Th2 paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima T Rasquinha
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Meghna Sur
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Ninaad Lasrado
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Jay Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
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Hartmann W, Brunn ML, Stetter N, Gagliani N, Muscate F, Stanelle-Bertram S, Gabriel G, Breloer M. Helminth Infections Suppress the Efficacy of Vaccination against Seasonal Influenza. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2243-2256.e4. [PMID: 31747598 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth parasites infect more than a quarter of the human population and inflict significant changes to the immunological status of their hosts. Here, we analyze the impact of helminth infections on the efficacy of vaccinations using Litomosoides sigmodontis-infected mice. Concurrent helminth infection reduces the quantity and quality of antibody responses to vaccination against seasonal influenza. Vaccination-induced protection against challenge infections with the human pathogenic 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus is drastically impaired in helminth-infected mice. Impaired responses are also observed if vaccinations are performed after clearance of a previous helminth infection, suggesting that individuals in helminth-endemic areas may not always benefit from vaccinations, even in the absence of an acute and diagnosable helminth infection. Mechanistically, the suppression is associated with a systemic and sustained expansion of interleukin (IL)-10-producing CD4+CD49+LAG-3+ type 1 regulatory T cells and partially abrogated by in vivo blockade of the IL-10 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Hartmann
- Section for Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Brunn
- Section for Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Stetter
- Section for Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- I Department of Medicine and Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Franziska Muscate
- I Department of Medicine and Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Stanelle-Bertram
- Research Department for Viral Zoonoses-One Health, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gülsah Gabriel
- Research Department for Viral Zoonoses-One Health, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; Institute for Virology, University for Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Minka Breloer
- Section for Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
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Finlay CM, Allen JE. The immune response of inbred laboratory mice to Litomosoides sigmodontis: A route to discovery in myeloid cell biology. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12708. [PMID: 32145033 PMCID: PMC7317388 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Litomosoides sigmodontis is the only filarial nematode where the full life cycle, from larval delivery to the skin through to circulating microfilaria, can be completed in immunocompetent laboratory mice. It is thus an invaluable tool for the study of filariasis. It has been used for the study of novel anti-helminthic therapeutics, the development of vaccines against filariasis, the development of immunomodulatory drugs for the treatment of inflammatory disease and the study of basic immune responses to filarial nematodes. This review will focus on the latter and aims to summarize how the L sigmodontis model has advanced our basic understanding of immune responses to helminths, led to major discoveries in macrophage biology and provided new insights into the immunological functions of the pleural cavity. Finally, and most importantly L sigmodontis represents a suitable platform to study how host genotype affects immune responses, with the potential for further discovery in myeloid cell biology and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor M. Finlay
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology & InfectionFaculty of BiologyMedicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Judith E. Allen
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology & InfectionFaculty of BiologyMedicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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Frohberger SJ, Fercoq F, Neumann AL, Surendar J, Stamminger W, Ehrens A, Karunakaran I, Remion E, Vogl T, Hoerauf A, Martin C, Hübner MP. S100A8/S100A9 deficiency increases neutrophil activation and protective immune responses against invading infective L3 larvae of the filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008119. [PMID: 32107497 PMCID: PMC7064255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are essentially involved in protective immune responses against invading infective larvae of filarial nematodes. The present study investigated the impact of S100A8/S100A9 on protective immune responses against the rodent filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis. S100A9 forms with S100A8 the heterodimer calprotectin, which is expressed by circulating neutrophils and monocytes and mitigates or amplifies tissue damage as well as inflammation depending on the immune environment. Mice deficient for S100A8/A9 had a significantly reduced worm burden in comparison to wildtype (WT) animals 12 days after infection (dpi) with infective L3 larvae, either by the vector or subcutaneous inoculation, the latter suggesting that circumventing natural immune responses within the epidermis and dermis do not alter the phenotype. Nevertheless, upon intradermal injection of L3 larvae, increased total numbers of neutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages were observed within the skin of S100A8/A9-/- mice. Furthermore, upon infection the bronchoalveolar and thoracic cavity lavage of S100A8/A9-/- mice showed increased concentrations of CXCL-1, CXCL-2, CXCL-5, as well as elastase in comparison to the WT controls. Neutrophils from S100A8/A9-/- mice exhibited an increased in vitro activation and reduced L3 larval motility more effectively in vitro compared to WT neutrophils. The depletion of neutrophils from S100A8/A9-/- mice prior to L. sigmodontis infection until 5dpi abrogated the protective effect and led to an increased worm burden, indicating that neutrophils mediate enhanced protective immune responses against invading L3 larvae in S100A8/A9-/- mice. Interestingly, complete circumvention of protective immune responses in the skin and the lymphatics by intravenous injection of L3 larvae reversed the phenotype and resulted in an increased worm burden in S100A8/A9-/- mice. In summary, our results reveal that lack of S100A8/S100A9 triggers L3-induced inflammatory responses, increasing chemokine levels, granulocyte recruitment as well as neutrophil activation and therefore impairs larval migration and susceptibility for filarial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J. Frohberger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frederic Fercoq
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS; Paris, France
| | - Anna-Lena Neumann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jayagopi Surendar
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wiebke Stamminger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ehrens
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Indulekha Karunakaran
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Estelle Remion
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS; Paris, France
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Coralie Martin
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS; Paris, France
| | - Marc P. Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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8
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Frohberger SJ, Ajendra J, Surendar J, Stamminger W, Ehrens A, Buerfent BC, Gentil K, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. Susceptibility to L. sigmodontis infection is highest in animals lacking IL-4R/IL-5 compared to single knockouts of IL-4R, IL-5 or eosinophils. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:248. [PMID: 31109364 PMCID: PMC6528299 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3502-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mice are susceptible to infections with the rodent filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis and develop immune responses that resemble those of human filarial infections. Thus, the L. sigmodontis model is used to study filarial immunomodulation, protective immune responses against filariae and to screen drug candidates for human filarial diseases. While previous studies showed that type 2 immune responses are protective against L. sigmodontis, the present study directly compared the impact of eosinophils, IL-5, and the IL-4R on the outcome of L. sigmodontis infection. Methods Susceptible wildtype (WT) BALB/c mice, BALB/c mice lacking eosinophils (dblGATA mice), IL-5−/− mice, IL-4R−/− mice and IL-4R−/−/IL-5−/− mice were infected with L. sigmodontis. Analyses were performed during the peak of microfilaremia in WT animals (71 dpi) as well as after IL-4R−/−/IL-5−/− mice showed a decline in microfilaremia (119 dpi) and included adult worm counts, peripheral blood microfilariae levels, cytokine production from thoracic cavity lavage, the site of adult worm residence, and quantification of major immune cell types within the thoracic cavity and spleen. Results Our study reveals that thoracic cavity eosinophil numbers correlated negatively with the adult worm burden, whereas correlations of alternatively activated macrophage (AAM) numbers with the adult worm burden (positive correlation) were likely attributed to the accompanied changes in eosinophil numbers. IL-4R−/−/IL-5−/− mice exhibited an enhanced embryogenesis achieving the highest microfilaremia with all animals becoming microfilariae positive and had an increased adult worm burden combined with a prolonged adult worm survival. Conclusions These data indicate that mice deficient for IL-4R−/−/IL-5−/− have the highest susceptibility for L. sigmodontis infection, which resulted in an earlier onset of microfilaremia, development of microfilaremia in all animals with highest microfilariae loads, and an extended adult worm survival. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3502-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J Frohberger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jesuthas Ajendra
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jayagopi Surendar
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wiebke Stamminger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ehrens
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benedikt C Buerfent
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Gentil
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc P Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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9
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Elliott DE, Weinstock JV. Nematodes and human therapeutic trials for inflammatory disease. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 27977856 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Helminth infections likely provide a protective influence against some immune-mediated and metabolic diseases because helminth infection dramatically decreased in developed countries shortly before the explosive rise in the prevalence of these diseases. The capacity of helminths to activate immune-regulatory circuits in their hosts and to modulate the composition of intestinal flora appears to be the mechanisms of protective action. Animal models of disease show that various helminth species prevent and/or block inflammation in various organs in a diverse range of diseases. Clinical trials have demonstrated that medicinal exposure to Trichuris suis or small numbers of Necator americanus is safe with minor, if any, reported adverse effects. This includes exposure of inflamed intestine to T. suis, asthmathic lung to N. americanus and in patients with atopy. Efficacy has been suggested in some small studies, but is absent in others. Factors that may have led to inconclusive results in some trials are discussed. To date, there have been no registered clinical trials using helminths to treat metabolic syndrome or its component conditions. However, the excellent safety profile of T. suis or N. americanus suggests that such studies should be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Elliott
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J V Weinstock
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Berbudi A, Ajendra J, Wardani APF, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2016; 32:238-50. [PMID: 26119261 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It is estimated that by the year 2035 almost 600 million people will suffer from diabetes. In the case of type 2 diabetes, the strongest increase of diabetes incidence occurs in developing and newly industrialized countries. This increase correlates not only with a progressing sedentary lifestyle and nutritional changes, but also environmental changes. Similarly, the increase of type 1 diabetes incidence in industrialized countries over the past decades cannot be explained by genetic factors alone, suggesting that environmental changes are also involved. One such environmental change is a reduced exposure to pathogens because of improved hygiene. Parasitic helminths modulate the immune system of their hosts and induce type 2 as well as regulatory immune responses. As pro-inflammatory immune responses are crucial for the onset of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, helminth-induced immunomodulation may prevent diabetes onset and ameliorate insulin sensitivity. Several epidemiological studies in human and experimental animal models support such a protective effect of helminths for autoimmune diabetes. Recent studies further suggest that helminths may also provide such a beneficial effect for type 2 diabetes. In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afiat Berbudi
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Jesuthas Ajendra
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany
| | - Ajeng P F Wardani
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc P Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany
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11
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Hartmann W, Schramm C, Breloer M. Litomosoides sigmodontis induces TGF-β receptor responsive, IL-10-producing T cells that suppress bystander T-cell proliferation in mice. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2568-81. [PMID: 26138667 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Helminth parasites suppress immune responses to prolong their survival within the mammalian host. Thereby not only helminth-specific but also nonhelminth-specific bystander immune responses are suppressed. Here, we use the murine model of Litomosoides sigmodontis infection to elucidate the underlying mechanisms leading to this bystander T-cell suppression. When OT-II T cells specific for the third-party antigen ovalbumin are transferred into helminth-infected mice, these cells respond to antigen-specific stimulation with reduced proliferation compared to activation within non-infected mice. Thus, the presence of parasitic worms in the thoracic cavity translates to suppression of T cells with a different specificity at a different site. By eliminating regulatory receptors, cytokines, and cell populations from this system, we provide evidence for a two-staged process. Parasite products first engage the TGF-β receptor on host-derived T cells that are central to suppression. In a second step, host-derived T cells produce IL-10 and subsequently suppress the adoptively transferred OT-II T cells. Terminal suppression was IL-10-dependant but independent of intrinsic TGF-β receptor- or PD-1-mediated signaling in the suppressed OT-II T cells. Blockade of the same key suppression mediators, i.e. TGF-β- and IL-10 receptor, also ameliorated the suppression of IgG response to bystander antigen vaccination in L. sigmodontis-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Hartmann
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Minka Breloer
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Rückerl D, Allen JE. Macrophage proliferation, provenance, and plasticity in macroparasite infection. Immunol Rev 2015; 262:113-33. [PMID: 25319331 PMCID: PMC4324133 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages have long been center stage in the host response to microbial infection, but only in the past 10–15 years has there been a growing appreciation for their role in helminth infection and the associated type 2 response. Through the actions of the IL-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα), type 2 cytokines result in the accumulation of macrophages with a distinctive activation phenotype. Although our knowledge of IL-4Rα-induced genes is growing rapidly, the specific functions of these macrophages have yet to be established in most disease settings. Understanding the interplay between IL-4Rα-activated macrophages and the other cellular players is confounded by the enormous transcriptional heterogeneity within the macrophage population and by their highly plastic nature. Another level of complexity is added by the new knowledge that tissue macrophages can be derived either from a resident prenatal population or from blood monocyte recruitment and that IL-4 can increase macrophage numbers through proliferative expansion. Here, we review current knowledge on the contribution of macrophages to helminth killing and wound repair, with specific attention paid to distinct cellular origins and plasticity potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Rückerl
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Fu X, Xiao J, Wei Y, Li S, Liu Y, Yin J, Sun K, Sun H, Wang H, Zhang Z, Zhang BT, Sheng C, Wang H, Hu P. Combination of inflammation-related cytokines promotes long-term muscle stem cell expansion. Cell Res 2015; 25:655-73. [PMID: 25976405 PMCID: PMC4456625 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle stem cells (MuSCs, satellite cells) are the major contributor to muscle regeneration. Like most adult stem cells, long-term expansion of MuSCs in vitro is difficult. The in vivo muscle regeneration abilities of MuSCs are quickly lost after culturing in vitro, which prevents the potential applications of MuSCs in cell-based therapies. Here, we establish a system to serially expand MuSCs in vitro for over 20 passages by mimicking the endogenous microenvironment. We identified that the combination of four pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1α, IL-13, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, secreted by T cells was able to stimulate MuSC proliferation in vivo upon injury and promote serial expansion of MuSCs in vitro. The expanded MuSCs can replenish the endogenous stem cell pool and are capable of repairing multiple rounds of muscle injuries in vivo after a single transplantation. The establishment of the in vitro system provides us a powerful method to expand functional MuSCs to repair muscle injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yuning Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kun Sun
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huating Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zongkang Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bao-Ting Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chun Sheng
- Shanghai Normal University, Guilin Road, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
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14
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Weinstock JV, Elliott DE. Helminth infections decrease host susceptibility to immune-mediated diseases. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3239-47. [PMID: 25240019 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Helminthic infection has become rare in highly industrialized nations. Concurrent with the decline in helminthic infection has been an increase in the prevalence of inflammatory disease. Removal of helminths from our environment and their powerful effects on host immunity may have contributed to this increase. Several helminth species can abrogate disease in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and other conditions. Helminths evoke immune regulatory pathways often involving dendritic cells, regulatory T cells, and macrophages that help to control disease. Cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β, have a role. Notable is the helminthic modulatory effect on innate immunity, which impedes development of aberrant adaptive immunity. Investigators are identifying key helminth-derived immune modulatory molecules that may have therapeutic usefulness in the control of inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel V Weinstock
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111; and
| | - David E Elliott
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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15
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Haben I, Hartmann W, Breloer M. Nematode-induced interference with vaccination efficacy targets follicular T helper cell induction and is preserved after termination of infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3170. [PMID: 25255463 PMCID: PMC4177885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One-third of the human population is infected with parasitic worms. To avoid being eliminated, these parasites actively dampen the immune response of their hosts. This immune modulation also suppresses immune responses to third-party antigens such as vaccines. Here, we used Litomosoides sigmodontis-infected BALB/c mice to analyse nematode-induced interference with vaccination. Chronic nematode infection led to complete suppression of the humoral response to thymus-dependent vaccination. Thereby the numbers of antigen-specific B cells as well as the serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G titres were reduced. TH2-associated IgG1 and TH1-associated IgG2 responses were both suppressed. Thus, nematode infection did not bias responses towards a TH2 response, but interfered with Ig responses in general. We provide evidence that this suppression indirectly targeted B cells via accessory T cells as number and frequency of vaccine-induced follicular B helper T cells were reduced. Moreover, vaccination using model antigens that stimulate Ig response independently of T helper cells was functional in nematode-infected mice. Using depletion experiments, we show that CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells did not mediate the suppression of Ig response during chronic nematode infection. Suppression was induced by fourth stage larvae, immature adults and mature adults, and increased with the duration of the infection. By contrast, isolated microfilariae increased IgG2a responses to vaccination. This pro-inflammatory effect of microfilariae was overruled by the simultaneous presence of adults. Strikingly, a reduced humoral response was still observed if vaccination was performed more than 16 weeks after termination of L. sigmodontis infection. In summary, our results suggest that vaccination may not only fail in helminth-infected individuals, but also in individuals with a history of previous helminth infections. Parasitic worms, called helminths, infect one-third of the world population. Despite exposure to their host's immune system many helminths establish chronic infections and survive several years within their host. They avoid elimination by dampening the immune response of their hosts. This immune suppression also affects immune responses to third-party antigens such as vaccines. Indeed, accumulating evidence suggests that helminth-infected humans display impaired responses to vaccination. Thus, anthelminthic treatment before vaccination is discussed. Here, we use helminth-infected mice to analyse kinetics and mechanism of helminth-induced interference with vaccination efficacy more precisely. We show that chronic helminth infection completely suppressed antibody responses to a model vaccine. Thereby helminths suppressed the antibody-producing B cells indirectly via suppression of accessory T helper cells. The suppression was more pronounced at later time points of infection and still observed in mice that had terminated the helminth infection for more than 16 weeks. In summary, our results suggest that vaccination may not only fail in helminth-infected individuals, but also in individuals with a history of previous helminth infections. Thus, our report highlights the importance to develop vaccination strategies that are functional despite concurrent helminth infection rather than deworming humans before vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Haben
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Hartmann
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Minka Breloer
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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16
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Allen JE, Sutherland TE. Host protective roles of type 2 immunity: parasite killing and tissue repair, flip sides of the same coin. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:329-40. [PMID: 25028340 PMCID: PMC4179909 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 immunity is associated with both helminth infection and responses to injury. Pathways involved in tissue repair and helminth immunity overlap. The IL-4Rα is central to accelerating both repair and helminth control. Adaptive immunity contributes to more rapid wound repair.
Metazoan parasites typically induce a type 2 immune response, characterized by T helper 2 (Th2) cells that produce the cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 among others. The type 2 response is host protective, reducing the number of parasites either through direct killing in the tissues, or expulsion from the intestine. Type 2 immunity also protects the host against damage mediated by these large extracellular parasites as they migrate through the body. At the center of both the innate and adaptive type 2 immune response, is the IL-4Rα that mediates many of the key effector functions. Here we highlight the striking overlap between the molecules, cells and pathways that mediate both parasite control and tissue repair. We have proposed that adaptive Th2 immunity evolved out of our innate repair pathways to mediate both accelerated repair and parasite control in the face of continual assault from multicellular pathogens. Type 2 cytokines are involved in many aspects of mammalian physiology independent of helminth infection. Therefore understanding the evolutionary relationship between helminth killing and tissue repair should provide new insight into immune mechanisms of tissue protection in the face of physical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Allen
- Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Tara E Sutherland
- Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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17
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Vaccinated C57BL/6 mice develop protective and memory T cell responses to Coccidioides posadasii infection in the absence of interleukin-10. Infect Immun 2013; 82:903-13. [PMID: 24478103 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01148-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High concentrations of lung tissue-associated interleukin-10 (IL-10), an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine, correlate with susceptibility of mice to Coccidioides spp. infection. In this study, we found that macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells recruited to Coccidioides posadasii-infected lungs of nonvaccinated and vaccinated mice contributed to the production of IL-10. The major IL-10-producing leukocytes were CD8(+) T cells, neutrophils, and macrophages in lungs of nonvaccinated mice, while both Foxp3(+) and Foxp3(-) subsets of IL-10(+) CD4(+) T cells were significantly elevated in vaccinated mice. Profiles of the recruited leukocytes in lungs revealed that only CD4(+) T cells were significantly increased in IL-10(-/-) knockout mice compared to their wild-type counterparts. Furthermore, ex vivo recall assays showed that CD4(+) T cells isolated from vaccinated IL-10(-/-) mice compared to vaccinated wild-type mice produced significantly higher amounts of IL-2, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), IL-4, IL-6, and IL-17A in the presence of a coccidioidal antigen, indicating that IL-10 suppresses Th1, Th2, and Th17 immunity to Coccidioides infection. Analysis of absolute numbers of CD44(+) CD62L(-) CD4(+) T effector memory T cells (TEM) and IFN-γ- and IL-17A-producing CD4(+) T cells in the lungs of Coccidioides-infected mice correlated with better fungal clearance in nonvaccinated IL-10(-/-) mice than in nonvaccinated wild-type mice. Our results suggest that IL-10 suppresses CD4(+) T-cell immunity in nonvaccinated mice during Coccidioides infection but does not impede the development of a memory response nor exacerbate immunopathology of vaccinated mice over at least a 4-month period after the last immunization.
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