1
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Vrba SM, Hickman HD. Imaging viral infection in vivo to gain unique perspectives on cellular antiviral immunity. Immunol Rev 2022; 306:200-217. [PMID: 34796538 PMCID: PMC9073719 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen near continual global public health crises caused by emerging viral infections. Extraordinary increases in our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying successful antiviral immune responses in animal models and during human infection have accompanied these viral outbreaks. Keeping pace with the rapidly advancing field of viral immunology, innovations in microscopy have afforded a previously unseen view of viral infection occurring in real-time in living animals. Here, we review the contribution of intravital imaging to our understanding of cell-mediated immune responses to viral infections, with a particular focus on studies that visualize the antiviral effector cells responding to infection as well as virus-infected cells. We discuss methods to visualize viral infection in vivo using intravital microscopy (IVM) and significant findings arising through the application of IVM to viral infection. Collectively, these works underscore the importance of developing a comprehensive spatial understanding of the relationships between immune effectors and virus-infected cells and how this has enabled unique discoveries about virus/host interactions and antiviral effector cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M. Vrba
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heather D. Hickman
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Correspondence to: HDH. . 10 Center Drive, Rm 11N244A. Bethesda, MD. 20892. 301-761-6330
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2
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Cautivo KM, Matatia PR, Lizama CO, Mroz NM, Dahlgren MW, Yu X, Sbierski-Kind J, Taruselli MT, Brooks JF, Wade-Vallance A, Caryotakis SE, Chang AA, Liang HE, Zikherman J, Locksley RM, Molofsky AB. Interferon gamma constrains type 2 lymphocyte niche boundaries during mixed inflammation. Immunity 2022; 55:254-271.e7. [PMID: 35139352 PMCID: PMC8852844 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Allergic immunity is orchestrated by group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and type 2 helper T (Th2) cells prominently arrayed at epithelial- and microbial-rich barriers. However, ILC2s and Th2 cells are also present in fibroblast-rich niches within the adventitial layer of larger vessels and similar boundary structures in sterile deep tissues, and it remains unclear whether they undergo dynamic repositioning during immune perturbations. Here, we used thick-section quantitative imaging to show that allergic inflammation drives invasion of lung and liver non-adventitial parenchyma by ILC2s and Th2 cells. However, during concurrent type 1 and type 2 mixed inflammation, IFNγ from broadly distributed type 1 lymphocytes directly blocked both ILC2 parenchymal trafficking and subsequent cell survival. ILC2 and Th2 cell confinement to adventitia limited mortality by the type 1 pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Our results suggest that the topography of tissue lymphocyte subsets is tightly regulated to promote appropriately timed and balanced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Cautivo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peri R Matatia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carlos O Lizama
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas M Mroz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Madelene W Dahlgren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiaofei Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julia Sbierski-Kind
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcela T Taruselli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy F Brooks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam Wade-Vallance
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sofia E Caryotakis
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anthony A Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hong-Erh Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ari B Molofsky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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3
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Vallejo J, Cochain C, Zernecke A, Ley K. Heterogeneity of immune cells in human atherosclerosis revealed by scRNA-Seq. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2537-2543. [PMID: 34343272 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells in atherosclerosis include T, B, natural killer (NK) and NKT cells, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils and mast cells. Advances in single cell RNA sequencing (sRNA-Seq) have refined our understanding of immune cell subsets. Four recent studies have used scRNA-Seq of immune cells in human atherosclerotic lesions and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), some including cell surface phenotypes revealed by oligonucleotide-tagged antibodies, which confirmed known and identified new immune cell subsets and identified genes significantly upregulated in PBMCs from HIV+ subjects with atherosclerosis compared to PBMCs from matched HIV+ subjects without atherosclerosis. The ability of scRNA-Seq to identify cell types is greatly augmented by adding cell surface phenotype using antibody sequencing. In this review we summarize the latest data obtained by scRNA-Seq on plaques and human PBMCs in human subjects with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Vallejo
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, California, USA
| | - Clément Cochain
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alma Zernecke
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, California, USA
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4
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Rakhymzhan A, Acs A, Hauser AE, Winkler TH, Niesner RA. Improvement of the Similarity Spectral Unmixing Approach for Multiplexed Two-Photon Imaging by Linear Dimension Reduction of the Mixing Matrix. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116046. [PMID: 34205072 PMCID: PMC8199868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon microscopy enables monitoring cellular dynamics and communication in complex systems, within a genuine environment, such as living tissues and, even, living organisms. Particularly, its application to understand cellular interactions in the immune system has brought unique insights into pathophysiologic processes in vivo. Simultaneous multiplexed imaging is required to understand the dynamic orchestration of the multiple cellular and non-cellular tissue compartments defining immune responses. Here, we present an improvement of our previously developed method, which allowed us to achieve multiplexed dynamic intravital two-photon imaging, by using a synergistic strategy. This strategy combines a spectrally broad range of fluorophore emissions, a wave-mixing concept for simultaneous excitation of all targeted fluorophores, and an unmixing algorithm based on the calculation of spectral similarities with previously measured fluorophore fingerprints. The improvement of the similarity spectral unmixing algorithm here described is based on dimensionality reduction of the mixing matrix. We demonstrate its superior performance in the correct pixel-based assignment of probes to tissue compartments labeled by single fluorophores with similar spectral fingerprints, as compared to the full-dimensional similarity spectral unmixing approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asylkhan Rakhymzhan
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (R.A.N.); Tel.: +49(0)30-28460-674 (A.R.); +49(0)30-838-466664 (R.A.N.)
| | - Andreas Acs
- Nicolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.A.); (T.H.W.)
| | - Anja E. Hauser
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas H. Winkler
- Nicolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.A.); (T.H.W.)
| | - Raluca A. Niesner
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Dynamic and Functional in vivo Imaging, Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (R.A.N.); Tel.: +49(0)30-28460-674 (A.R.); +49(0)30-838-466664 (R.A.N.)
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5
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Chauhan DS, Dhasmana A, Laskar P, Prasad R, Jain NK, Srivastava R, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC, Yallapu MM. Nanotechnology synergized immunoengineering for cancer. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 163:72-101. [PMID: 33774162 PMCID: PMC8170847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Novel strategies modulating the immune system yielded enhanced anticancer responses and improved cancer survival. Nevertheless, the success rate of immunotherapy in cancer treatment has been below expectation(s) due to unpredictable efficacy and off-target effects from systemic dosing of immunotherapeutic(s). As a result, there is an unmet clinical need for improving conventional immunotherapy. Nanotechnology offers several new strategies, multimodality, and multiplex biological targeting advantage to overcome many of these challenges. These efforts enable programming the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and delivery of immunomodulatory agents/co-delivery of compounds to prime at the tumor sites for improved therapeutic benefits. This review provides an overview of the design and clinical principles of biomaterials driven nanotechnology and their potential use in personalized nanomedicines, vaccines, localized tumor modulation, and delivery strategies for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we also summarize the latest highlights and recent advances in combinatorial therapies availed in the treatment of cold and complicated tumors. It also presents key steps and parameters implemented for clinical success. Finally, we analyse, discuss, and provide clinical perspectives on the integrated opportunities of nanotechnology and immunology to achieve synergistic and durable responses in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak S Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anupam Dhasmana
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Partha Laskar
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Nishant K Jain
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Subhash C Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA.
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6
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Rakhymzhan A, Acs A, Leben R, Winkler TH, Hauser AE, Niesner RA. Method for Multiplexed Dynamic Intravital Multiphoton Imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2350:145-156. [PMID: 34331284 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1593-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intravital two-photon microscopy enables monitoring of cellular dynamics and communication of complex systems, in genuine environment-the living organism. Particularly, its application in understanding the immune system brought unique insights into pathophysiologic processes in vivo. Here we present a method to achieve multiplexed dynamic intravital two-photon imaging by using a synergistic strategy combining a spectrally broad range of fluorophore emissions, a wave-mixing concept for simultaneous excitation of all targeted fluorophores, and an effective unmixing algorithm based on the calculation of spectral similarities with previously acquired fluorophore fingerprints. Our unmixing algorithm allows us to distinguish 7 fluorophore signals corresponding to various cellular and tissue compartments by using only four detector channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asylkhan Rakhymzhan
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum - a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Acs
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ruth Leben
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum - a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Immundynamics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum - a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Immundynamics and Intravital Microscopy, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raluca A Niesner
- Biophysical Analytics, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum - a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany. .,Dynamic and Functional in vivo Imaging, Institute for Veterinary Physiology, Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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7
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Zhu X, Zhu J. CD4 T Helper Cell Subsets and Related Human Immunological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8011. [PMID: 33126494 PMCID: PMC7663252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a critical role in protecting hosts from the invasion of organisms. CD4 T cells, as a key component of the immune system, are central in orchestrating adaptive immune responses. After decades of investigation, five major CD4 T helper cell (Th) subsets have been identified: Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg (T regulatory), and Tfh (follicular T helper) cells. Th1 cells, defined by the expression of lineage cytokine interferon (IFN)-γ and the master transcription factor T-bet, participate in type 1 immune responses to intracellular pathogens such as mycobacterial species and viruses; Th2 cells, defined by the expression of lineage cytokines interleukin (IL)-4/IL-5/IL-13 and the master transcription factor GAΤA3, participate in type 2 immune responses to larger extracellular pathogens such as helminths; Th17 cells, defined by the expression of lineage cytokines IL-17/IL-22 and the master transcription factor RORγt, participate in type 3 immune responses to extracellular pathogens including some bacteria and fungi; Tfh cells, by producing IL-21 and expressing Bcl6, help B cells produce corresponding antibodies; whereas Foxp3-expressing Treg cells, unlike Th1/Th2/Th17/Tfh exerting their effector functions, regulate immune responses to maintain immune cell homeostasis and prevent immunopathology. Interestingly, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have been found to mimic the functions of three major effector CD4 T helper subsets (Th1, Th2, and Th17) and thus can also be divided into three major subsets: ILC1s, ILC2s, and ILC3s. In this review, we will discuss the differentiation and functions of each CD4 T helper cell subset in the context of ILCs and human diseases associated with the dysregulation of these lymphocyte subsets particularly caused by monogenic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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8
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Malo CS, Hickman HD. Tracing Antiviral CD8 + T Cell Responses Using In Vivo Imaging. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 203:775-781. [PMID: 31383748 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Scientists have long valued the power of in vivo observation to answer fundamental biological questions. Over the last 20 years, the application and evolution of intravital microscopy (IVM) has vastly increased our ability to directly visualize immune responses as they are occurring in vivo after infection or immunization. Many IVM strategies employ a strong multiphoton laser that penetrates deeply into the tissues of living, anesthetized mice, allowing the precise tracking of the movement of cells as they navigate complex tissue environments. In the realm of viral infections, IVM has been applied to better understand many critical phases of effector T cell responses, from activation in the draining lymph node, to the execution of effector functions, and finally to the development of tissue-resident memory. In this review, we discuss seminal studies incorporating IVM that have advanced our understanding of the biology of antiviral CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney S Malo
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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9
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Wang P, Kim T, Harada M, Contag C, Huang X, Smith BR. Nano-immunoimaging. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:628-653. [PMID: 32226975 DOI: 10.1039/c9nh00514e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Immunoimaging is a rapidly growing field stoked in large part by the intriguing triumphs of immunotherapy. On the heels of immunotherapy's successes, there exists a growing need to evaluate tumor response to therapy particularly immunotherapy, stratify patients into responders vs. non-responders, identify inflammation, and better understand the fundamental roles of immune system components to improve both immunoimaging and immunotherapy. Innovative nanomaterials have begun to provide novel opportunities for immunoimaging, in part due to their sensitivity, modularity, capacity for many potentially varied ligands (high avidity), and potential for multifunctionality/multimodality imaging. This review strives to comprehensively summarize the integration of nanotechnology and immunoimaging, and the field's potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Drive, Room #1118, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA. and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA
| | - Taeho Kim
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Drive, Room #1118, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA
| | - Masako Harada
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Drive, Room #1118, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA
| | - Christopher Contag
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Drive, Room #1118, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA. and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA and Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Drive, Room #1118, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA and Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA
| | - Bryan Ronain Smith
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Drive, Room #1118, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 488824, USA and Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94306, USA
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10
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Cassetta L, Baekkevold ES, Brandau S, Bujko A, Cassatella MA, Dorhoi A, Krieg C, Lin A, Loré K, Marini O, Pollard JW, Roussel M, Scapini P, Umansky V, Adema GJ. Deciphering myeloid-derived suppressor cells: isolation and markers in humans, mice and non-human primates. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:687-697. [PMID: 30684003 PMCID: PMC6447515 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In cancer, infection and inflammation, the immune system's function can be dysregulated. Instead of fighting disease, immune cells may increase pathology and suppress host-protective immune responses. Myeloid cells show high plasticity and adapt to changing conditions and pathological challenges. Despite their relevance in disease pathophysiology, the identity, heterogeneity and biology of myeloid cells is still poorly understood. We will focus on phenotypical and functional markers of one of the key myeloid regulatory subtypes, the myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC), in humans, mice and non-human primates. Technical issues regarding the isolation of the cells from tissues and blood, timing and sample handling of MDSC will be detailed. Localization of MDSC in a tissue context is of crucial importance and immunohistochemistry approaches for this purpose are discussed. A minimal antibody panel for MDSC research is provided as part of the Mye-EUNITER COST action. Strategies for the identification of additional markers applying state of the art technologies such as mass cytometry will be highlighted. Such marker sets can be used to study MDSC phenotypes across tissues, diseases as well as species and will be crucial to accelerate MDSC research in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cassetta
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Espen S Baekkevold
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Pathology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sven Brandau
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anna Bujko
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Pathology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marco A Cassatella
- Division of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.,Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Krieg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Ang Lin
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olivia Marini
- Division of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jeffrey W Pollard
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mikael Roussel
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Pôle Biologie, INSERM, UMR U1236, Université Rennes 1, EFS Bretagne, Rennes, France
| | - Patrizia Scapini
- Division of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gosse J Adema
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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11
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Veres TZ. Visualizing immune responses of the airway mucosa. Cell Immunol 2018; 350:103865. [PMID: 30297084 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The airway mucosa is the primary tissue site exposed to inhaled particulate matter, which includes pathogens and allergens. While most inhaled particles are eliminated from the airways via mucociliary clearance, some pathogens may penetrate the mucosal epithelial barrier and an effective activation of the mucosal immune system is required to prevent further pathogen spread. Similarly, inhaled environmental allergens may induce an aberrant activation of immune cells in the airway mucosa, causing allergic airway disease. During the last years, several investigators employed advanced microscopic imaging on both intravital and tissue explant preparations to observe the dynamic behavior of various immune cells within their complex tissue environment. In the respiratory tract, most imaging studies focused on immune responses of the alveolar compartment in the lung periphery. However, equally important immunological events occur more proximally in the mucosa of the conducting airways, both during infection and allergic responses, calling for a more detailed imaging analysis also at this site. In this review, I will outline the technical challenges of designing microscopic imaging experiments in the conducting airways and summarize our recent efforts in understanding airway mucosal immune cell dynamics in steady-state conditions, during infection and allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Z Veres
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland.
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12
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Easy Employment and Crosstalk-Free Detection of Seven Fluorophores in a Widefield Fluorescence Microscope. Methods Protoc 2018; 1:mps1020020. [PMID: 31164563 PMCID: PMC6526416 DOI: 10.3390/mps1020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunofluorescence staining has become an essential tool in pathology and biomedical sciences to identify rare cells, cell–cell interactions, and submicroscopic cellular components. Many experimental settings, however, suffer from the fact that traditional widefield fluorescence microscopy is usually restricted to imaging three or four fluorophores only. Due to a lack of morphological information and a high detection limit, even flow cytometry—which is capable of staining 20 or more fluorophores at the same time—is limited in its applicability, especially in areas such as rare cell detection. Other advanced imaging approaches, such as confocal laser scanning microscopy and imaging flow cytometry, may be addressing these shortcomings, but in turn require sophisticated downstream data processing and high capital outlay. Here, we describe a new method and filter set-up to routinely employ up to seven fluorophores on a traditional widefield fluorescence microscope equipped with a standard high-pressure mercury light source. Quantification of crosstalk between channels and actual seven-color imaging of cancer cells spiked into leukocytes demonstrate that there is no need for digital compensation correction algorithms. Our set-up thus permits a detailed analysis of rare cell populations, co-localization of antigens, and cell morphology in a standard research or routine laboratory setting.
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13
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Rakhymzhan A, Leben R, Zimmermann H, Günther R, Mex P, Reismann D, Ulbricht C, Acs A, Brandt AU, Lindquist RL, Winkler TH, Hauser AE, Niesner RA. Synergistic Strategy for Multicolor Two-photon Microscopy: Application to the Analysis of Germinal Center Reactions In Vivo. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7101. [PMID: 28769068 PMCID: PMC5540998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous detection of multiple cellular and molecular players in their native environment, one of the keys to a full understanding of immune processes, remains challenging for in vivo microscopy. Here, we present a synergistic strategy for spectrally multiplexed in vivo imaging composed of (i) triple two-photon excitation using spatiotemporal synchronization of two femtosecond lasers, (ii) a broad set of fluorophores with emission ranging from blue to near infrared, (iii) an effective spectral unmixing algorithm. Using our approach, we simultaneously excite and detect seven fluorophores expressed in distinct cellular and tissue compartments, plus second harmonics generation from collagen fibers in lymph nodes. This enables us to visualize the dynamic interplay of all the central cellular players during germinal center reactions. While current in vivo imaging typically enables recording the dynamics of 4 tissue components at a time, our strategy allows a more comprehensive analysis of cellular dynamics involving 8 single-labeled compartments. It enables to investigate the orchestration of multiple cellular subsets determining tissue function, thus, opening the way for a mechanistic understanding of complex pathophysiologic processes in vivo. In the future, the design of transgenic mice combining a larger spectrum of fluorescent proteins will reveal the full potential of our method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth Leben
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanna Zimmermann
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Günther
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peggy Mex
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Reismann
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Ulbricht
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Immundynamics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Acs
- Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander U Brandt
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Thomas H Winkler
- Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Immundynamics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raluca A Niesner
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.
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14
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Ross AE, Belanger MC, Woodroof JF, Pompano RR. Spatially resolved microfluidic stimulation of lymphoid tissue ex vivo. Analyst 2017; 142:649-659. [PMID: 27900374 PMCID: PMC7863610 DOI: 10.1039/c6an02042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The lymph node is a structurally complex organ of the immune system, whose dynamic cellular arrangements are thought to control much of human health. Currently, no methods exist to precisely stimulate substructures within the lymph node or analyze local stimulus-response behaviors, making it difficult to rationally design therapies for inflammatory disease. Here we describe a novel integration of live lymph node slices with a microfluidic system for local stimulation. Slices maintained the cellular organization of the lymph node while making its core experimentally accessible. The 3-layer polydimethylsiloxane device consisted of a perfusion chamber stacked atop stimulation ports fed by underlying microfluidic channels. Fluorescent dextrans similar in size to common proteins, 40 and 70 kDa, were delivered to live lymph node slices with 284 ± 9 μm and 202 ± 15 μm spatial resolution, respectively, after 5 s, which is sufficient to target functional zones of the lymph node. The spread and quantity of stimulation were controlled by varying the flow rates of delivery; these were predictable using a computational model of isotropic diffusion and convection through the tissue. Delivery to two separate regions simultaneously was demonstrated, to mimic complex intercellular signaling. Delivery of a model therapeutic, glucose-conjugated albumin, to specific regions of the lymph node indicated that retention of the drug was greater in the B-cell zone than in the T-cell zone. Together, this work provides a novel platform, the lymph node slice-on-a-chip, to target and study local events in the lymph node and to inform the development of new immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Ross
- University of Virginia, Dept. of Chemistry, PO Box 400319, McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
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15
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Bocharov G, Meyerhans A, Bessonov N, Trofimchuk S, Volpert V. Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Virus Infection Spreading in Tissues. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168576. [PMID: 27997613 PMCID: PMC5173377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus spreading in tissues is determined by virus transport, virus multiplication in host cells and the virus-induced immune response. Cytotoxic T cells remove infected cells with a rate determined by the infection level. The intensity of the immune response has a bell-shaped dependence on the concentration of virus, i.e., it increases at low and decays at high infection levels. A combination of these effects and a time delay in the immune response determine the development of virus infection in tissues like spleen or lymph nodes. The mathematical model described in this work consists of reaction-diffusion equations with a delay. It shows that the different regimes of infection spreading like the establishment of a low level infection, a high level infection or a transition between both are determined by the initial virus load and by the intensity of the immune response. The dynamics of the model solutions include simple and composed waves, and periodic and aperiodic oscillations. The results of analytical and numerical studies of the model provide a systematic basis for a quantitative understanding and interpretation of the determinants of the infection process in target organs and tissues from the image-derived data as well as of the spatiotemporal mechanisms of viral disease pathogenesis, and have direct implications for a biopsy-based medical testing of the chronic infection processes caused by viruses, e.g. HIV, HCV and HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Bocharov
- Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Gamaleya Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
- RUDN University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nickolai Bessonov
- Institute of Problems of Mechanical Engineering, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei Trofimchuk
- Instituto de Matemática y Fisica, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Vitaly Volpert
- Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Institut Camille Jordan, UMR 5208 CNRS, University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- INRIA Team Dracula, INRIA Lyon La Doua, Villeurbanne, France
- Laboratoire Poncelet, UMI 2615 CNRS, Moscow, Russian Federation
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16
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Novkovic M, Onder L, Cupovic J, Abe J, Bomze D, Cremasco V, Scandella E, Stein JV, Bocharov G, Turley SJ, Ludewig B. Topological Small-World Organization of the Fibroblastic Reticular Cell Network Determines Lymph Node Functionality. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002515. [PMID: 27415420 PMCID: PMC4945005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) form the cellular scaffold of lymph nodes (LNs) and establish distinct microenvironmental niches to provide key molecules that drive innate and adaptive immune responses and control immune regulatory processes. Here, we have used a graph theory-based systems biology approach to determine topological properties and robustness of the LN FRC network in mice. We found that the FRC network exhibits an imprinted small-world topology that is fully regenerated within 4 wk after complete FRC ablation. Moreover, in silico perturbation analysis and in vivo validation revealed that LNs can tolerate a loss of approximately 50% of their FRCs without substantial impairment of immune cell recruitment, intranodal T cell migration, and dendritic cell-mediated activation of antiviral CD8+ T cells. Overall, our study reveals the high topological robustness of the FRC network and the critical role of the network integrity for the activation of adaptive immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cell Count
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Chemokine CCL19/genetics
- Chemokine CCL19/immunology
- Chemokine CCL19/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/immunology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Models, Immunological
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Novkovic
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Onder
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Jovana Cupovic
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Jun Abe
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Bomze
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Viviana Cremasco
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elke Scandella
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Jens V. Stein
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gennady Bocharov
- Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Shannon J. Turley
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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17
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Yao Y, Liu Y, Takashima A. Intravital Imaging of Neutrophil Priming Using IL-1β Promoter-driven DsRed Reporter Mice. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27403648 DOI: 10.3791/54070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in human blood circulation and are quickly recruited to inflammatory sites. Priming is a critical event that enhances the phagocytic functionality of neutrophils. Although extensive studies have unveiled the existence and importance of neutrophil priming during infection and injury, means of visualizing this process in vivo have been unavailable. The protocol provided enables monitoring of the dynamic process of neutrophil priming in living animals by combining three methodologies: 1) DsRed reporter signal - used as a measure of priming 2) in vivo neutrophil labeling - achieved by injection of fluorescence-conjugated anti-lymphocyte antigen 6G (Ly6G) monoclonal antibody (mAb) and 3) intravital confocal imaging. Several critical steps are involved in this protocol: oxazolone-induced mouse ear skin inflammation, appropriate sedation of animals, repeated injections of anti-Ly6G mAb, and prevention of focus drift during imaging. Although a few limitations have been observed, such as the limit of continuous imaging time (~ 8 hr) in one mouse and the leakage of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran from blood vessels in the inflammatory state, this protocol provides a fundamental framework for intravital imaging of primed neutrophil behavior and function, which can easily be expanded to examination of other immune cells in mouse inflammation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine;
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences; Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University (China)
| | - Akira Takashima
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences
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18
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Teijeira A, Etxeberria I, Ponz-Sarvise M, Melero I. Immunotherapy of Cancer Visualized by Live Microscopy: Seeing Is Believing. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4277-9. [PMID: 27330056 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The success of immunotherapy of cancer depends on several cellular events in the tumors that can be visualized by live microscopy strategies in experimental models. Taking advantage of advanced microscopy techniques, Lehmann and colleagues explore in this issue of CCR the mechanism of action of a novel bispecific mAb (TCB-CEA) that targets membrane-bound CEA and CD3ε. Clin Cancer Res; 22(17); 4277-9. ©2016 AACRSee related article by Lehmann et al., p. 4417.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Teijeira
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Department, CIMA, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Mariano Ponz-Sarvise
- Oncology Department, University Clinic, University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Department, CIMA, Pamplona, Spain. Immunology Department, University Clinic, University of Navarra and Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain.
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19
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Yang F, Liu S, Liu X, Liu L, Luo M, Qi S, Xu G, Qiao S, Lv X, Li X, Fu L, Luo Q, Zhang Z. In Vivo Visualization of Tumor Antigen-containing Microparticles Generated in Fluorescent-protein-elicited Immunity. Theranostics 2016; 6:1453-66. [PMID: 27375792 PMCID: PMC4924512 DOI: 10.7150/thno.14145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo optical spatio-temporal imaging of the tumor microenvironment is useful to explain how tumor immunotherapies work. However, the lack of fluorescent antigens with strong immunogenicity makes it difficult to study the dynamics of how tumors are eliminated by any given immune response. Here, we develop an effective fluorescent model antigen based on the tetrameric far-red fluorescent protein KatushkaS158A (tfRFP), which elicits both humoral and cellular immunity. We use this fluorescent antigen to visualize the dynamic behavior of immunocytes as they attack and selectively eliminate tfRFP-expressing tumors in vivo; swarms of immunocytes rush toward tumors with high motility, clusters of immunocytes form quickly, and numerous antigen-antibody complexes in the form of tfRFP(+) microparticles are generated in the tumor areas and ingested by macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, tfRFP, as both a model antigen and fluorescent reporter, is a useful tool to visualize specific immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shun Liu
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiuli Liu
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lei Liu
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Meijie Luo
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shuhong Qi
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Sha Qiao
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaohua Lv
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiangning Li
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ling Fu
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qingming Luo
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- 1. Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- 2. MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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20
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Intradermal injection of an anti-Langerin-HIVGag fusion vaccine targets epidermal Langerhans cells in nonhuman primates and can be tracked in vivo. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:689-700. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Organ-wide 3D-imaging and topological analysis of the continuous microvascular network in a murine lymph node. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16534. [PMID: 26567707 PMCID: PMC4645097 DOI: 10.1038/srep16534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of the microvasculature has previously been limited by the lack of methods capable of capturing and modelling complete vascular networks. We used novel imaging and computational techniques to establish the topology of the entire blood vessel network of a murine lymph node, combining 63,706 confocal images at 2 μm pixel resolution to cover a volume of 3.88 mm(3). Detailed measurements including the distribution of vessel diameters, branch counts, and identification of voids were subsequently re-visualised in 3D revealing regional specialisation within the network. By focussing on critical immune microenvironments we quantified differences in their vascular topology. We further developed a morphology-based approach to identify High Endothelial Venules, key sites for lymphocyte extravasation. These data represent a comprehensive and continuous blood vessel network of an entire organ and provide benchmark measurements that will inform modelling of blood vessel networks as well as enable comparison of vascular topology in different organs.
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22
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Rua R, McGavern DB. Elucidation of monocyte/macrophage dynamics and function by intravital imaging. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:319-32. [PMID: 26162402 PMCID: PMC4763596 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4ri0115-006rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages are a diverse population of innate immune cells that play a critical role in homeostasis and inflammation. These cells are surveillant by nature and closely monitor the vasculature and surrounding tissue during states of health and disease. Given their abundance and strategic positioning throughout the body, myeloid cells are among the first responders to any inflammatory challenge and are active participants in most immune-mediated diseases. Recent studies have shed new light on myeloid cell dynamics and function by use of an imaging technique referred to as intravital microscopy (IVM). This powerful approach allows researchers to gain real-time insights into monocytes and macrophages performing homeostatic and inflammatory tasks in living tissues. In this review, we will present a contemporary synopsis of how intravital microscopy has revolutionized our understanding of myeloid cell contributions to vascular maintenance, microbial defense, autoimmunity, tumorigenesis, and acute/chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rejane Rua
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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23
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Gómez-Conde I, Caetano SS, Tadokoro CE, Olivieri DN. Stabilizing 3D in vivo intravital microscopy images with an iteratively refined soft-tissue model for immunology experiments. Comput Biol Med 2015; 64:246-60. [PMID: 26232672 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe a set of new algorithms and a software tool, StabiTissue, for stabilizing in vivo intravital microscopy images that suffer from soft-tissue background movement. Because these images lack predetermined anchors and are dominated by noise, we use a pixel weighted image alignment together with a correction for nonlinear tissue deformations. We call this correction a poor man׳s diffeomorphic map since it ascertains the nonlinear regions of the image without resorting to a full integral equation method. To determine the quality of the image stabilization, we developed an ensemble sampling method that quantifies the coincidence between image pairs from randomly distributed image regions. We obtain global stabilization alignment through an iterative constrained simulated annealing optimization procedure. To show the accuracy of our algorithm with existing software, we measured the misalignment error rate in datasets taken from two different organs and compared the results to a similar and popular open-source solution. Present open-source stabilization software tools perform poorly because they do not treat the specific needs of the IV-2pM datasets with soft-tissue deformation, speckle noise, full 5D inter- and intra-stack motion error correction, and undefined anchors. In contrast, the results of our tests demonstrate that our method is more immune to noise and provides better performance for datasets' possessing nonlinear tissue deformations. As a practical application of our software, we show how our stabilization improves cell tracking, where the presence of background movement would degrade track information. We also provide a qualitative comparison of our software with other open-source libraries/applications. Our software is freely available at the open source repository http://sourceforge.net/projects/stabitissue/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Gómez-Conde
- Department of Computer Science, University of Vigo, Ourense 32004, Spain.
| | - Susana S Caetano
- Immune Regulation Group, Gulbenkian Institute of Science, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Carlos E Tadokoro
- Immune Regulation Group, Gulbenkian Institute of Science, Oeiras, Portugal; Laboratory of Immunobiology, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - David N Olivieri
- Department of Computer Science, University of Vigo, Ourense 32004, Spain.
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Natale D, Soriano SF, Coelho FM, Hons M, Stein JV. Comprehensive assessment of quantum dots for multispectral twophoton imaging of dynamic leukocyte migration in lymph nodes. INTRAVITAL 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/intv.25745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Advances in fluorescence labeling strategies for dynamic cellular imaging. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:512-23. [PMID: 24937069 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Synergistic advances in optical physics, probe design, molecular biology, labeling techniques and computational analysis have propelled fluorescence imaging into new realms of spatiotemporal resolution and sensitivity. This review aims to discuss advances in fluorescent probes and live-cell labeling strategies, two areas that remain pivotal for future advances in imaging technology. Fluorescent protein- and bio-orthogonal-based methods for protein and RNA imaging are discussed as well as emerging bioengineering techniques that enable their expression at specific genomic loci (for example, CRISPR and TALENs). Important attributes that contribute to the success of each technique are emphasized, providing a guideline for future advances in dynamic live-cell imaging.
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Ciccarelli O, Barkhof F, Bodini B, Stefano ND, Golay X, Nicolay K, Pelletier D, Pouwels PJW, Smith SA, Wheeler-Kingshott CAM, Stankoff B, Yousry T, Miller DH. Pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: insights from molecular and metabolic imaging. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13:807-22. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Eissing N, Heger L, Baranska A, Cesnjevar R, Büttner-Herold M, Söder S, Hartmann A, Heidkamp GF, Dudziak D. Easy performance of 6-color confocal immunofluorescence with 4-laser line microscopes. Immunol Lett 2014; 161:1-5. [PMID: 24726673 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Confocal laser scanning microscopy is an advanced technique for imaging tissue samples in vitro and in vivo at high optical resolution. The development of new fluorochrome variants do not only make it possible to perform multicolor flow cytometry of single cells, but in combination with high resolution laser scanning systems also to investigate the distribution of cells in lymphoid tissues by confocal immunofluorescence analyses, thus allowing the distinction of various cell populations directly in the tissue. Here, we provide a protocol for the visualization of at least six differently fluorochrome-labeled antibodies at the same time using a conventional confocal laser scanning microscope with four laser lines (405 nm, 488 nm, 555 nm, and 639 nm laser wavelength) in both murine and human tissue samples. We further demonstrate that compensation correction algorithms are not necessary to reduce spillover of fluorochromes into other channels when the used fluorochromes are combined according to their specific emission bands and the varying Stokes shift for co-excited fluorochromes with the same laser line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Eissing
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Heger
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Baranska
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Cesnjevar
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Department of Paediatric Cardiac Surgery, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maike Büttner-Herold
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Söder
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Department of Pathology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Department of Pathology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gordon F Heidkamp
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Erlangen, Germany.
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Lämmermann T, Germain RN. The multiple faces of leukocyte interstitial migration. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:227-51. [PMID: 24573488 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal control of leukocyte dynamics within tissues is critical for successful innate and adaptive immune responses. Homeostatic trafficking and coordinated infiltration into and within sites of inflammation and infection rely on signaling in response to extracellular cues that in turn controls a variety of intracellular protein networks regulating leukocyte motility, migration, chemotaxis, positioning, and cell-cell interaction. In contrast to mesenchymal cells, leukocytes migrate in an amoeboid fashion by rapid cycles of actin polymerization and actomyosin contraction, and their migration in tissues is generally referred to as low adhesive and nonproteolytic. The interplay of actin network expansion, contraction, and adhesion shapes the exact mode of amoeboid migration, and in this review, we explore how leukocyte subsets potentially harness the same basic biomechanical mechanisms in a cell-type-specific manner. Most of our detailed understanding of these processes derives from in vitro migration studies in three-dimensional gels and confined spaces that mimic geometrical aspects of physiological tissues. We summarize these in vitro results and then critically compare them to data from intravital imaging of leukocyte interstitial migration in mouse tissues. We outline the technical challenges of obtaining conclusive mechanistic results from intravital studies, discuss leukocyte migration strategies in vivo, and present examples of mode switching during physiological interstitial migration. These findings are also placed in the context of leukocyte migration defects in primary immunodeficiencies. This overview of both in vitro and in vivo studies highlights recent progress in understanding the molecular and biophysical mechanisms that shape robust leukocyte migration responses in physiologically complex and heterogeneous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lämmermann
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,
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