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Mader K, Dustin LB. Beyond bNAbs: Uses, Risks, and Opportunities for Therapeutic Application of Non-Neutralising Antibodies in Viral Infection. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:28. [PMID: 38651408 PMCID: PMC11036282 DOI: 10.3390/antib13020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of antibodies generated against a virus will be non-neutralising. However, this does not denote an absence of protective capacity. Yet, within the field, there is typically a large focus on antibodies capable of directly blocking infection (neutralising antibodies, NAbs) of either specific viral strains or multiple viral strains (broadly-neutralising antibodies, bNAbs). More recently, a focus on non-neutralising antibodies (nNAbs), or neutralisation-independent effects of NAbs, has emerged. These can have additive effects on protection or, in some cases, be a major correlate of protection. As their name suggests, nNAbs do not directly neutralise infection but instead, through their Fc domains, may mediate interaction with other immune effectors to induce clearance of viral particles or virally infected cells. nNAbs may also interrupt viral replication within infected cells. Developing technologies of antibody modification and functionalisation may lead to innovative biologics that harness the activities of nNAbs for antiviral prophylaxis and therapeutics. In this review, we discuss specific examples of nNAb actions in viral infections where they have known importance. We also discuss the potential detrimental effects of such responses. Finally, we explore new technologies for nNAb functionalisation to increase efficacy or introduce favourable characteristics for their therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynn B. Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK;
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2
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Garrison AR, Moresco V, Zeng X, Cline CR, Ward MD, Ricks KM, Olschner SP, Cazares LH, Karaaslan E, Fitzpatrick CJ, Bergeron É, Pegan SD, Golden JW. Nucleocapsid protein-specific monoclonal antibodies protect mice against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1722. [PMID: 38409240 PMCID: PMC10897337 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a WHO priority pathogen. Antibody-based medical countermeasures offer an important strategy to mitigate severe disease caused by CCHFV. Most efforts have focused on targeting the viral glycoproteins. However, glycoproteins are poorly conserved among viral strains. The CCHFV nucleocapsid protein (NP) is highly conserved between CCHFV strains. Here, we investigate the protective efficacy of a CCHFV monoclonal antibody targeting the NP. We find that an anti-NP monoclonal antibody (mAb-9D5) protected female mice against lethal CCHFV infection or resulted in a significant delay in mean time-to-death in mice that succumbed to disease compared to isotype control animals. Antibody protection is independent of Fc-receptor functionality and complement activity. The antibody bound NP from several CCHFV strains and exhibited robust cross-protection against the heterologous CCHFV strain Afg09-2990. Our work demonstrates that the NP is a viable target for antibody-based therapeutics, providing another direction for developing immunotherapeutics against CCHFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura R Garrison
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA.
| | - Vanessa Moresco
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Curtis R Cline
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Michael D Ward
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Keersten M Ricks
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Scott P Olschner
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Lisa H Cazares
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Elif Karaaslan
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Collin J Fitzpatrick
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Scott D Pegan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, USA
| | - Joseph W Golden
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA.
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3
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Chandler TL, Yang A, Otero CE, Permar SR, Caddy SL. Protective mechanisms of nonneutralizing antiviral antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011670. [PMID: 37796829 PMCID: PMC10553219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that can bind to viruses but are unable to block infection in cell culture are known as "nonneutralizing antibodies." Such antibodies are nearly universally elicited following viral infection and have been characterized in viral infections such as influenza, rotavirus, cytomegalovirus, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2. It has been widely assumed that these nonneutralizing antibodies do not function in a protective way in vivo and therefore are not desirable targets of antiviral interventions; however, increasing evidence now shows this not to be true. Several virus-specific nonneutralizing antibody responses have been correlated with protection in human studies and also shown to significantly reduce virus replication in animal models. The mechanisms by which many of these antibodies function is only now coming to light. While nonneutralizing antibodies cannot prevent viruses entering their host cell, nonneutralizing antibodies work in the extracellular space to recruit effector proteins or cells that can destroy the antibody-virus complex. Other nonneutralizing antibodies exert their effects inside cells, either by blocking the virus life cycle directly or by recruiting the intracellular Fc receptor TRIM21. In this review, we will discuss the multitude of ways in which nonneutralizing antibodies function against a range of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawny L. Chandler
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Agnes Yang
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Claire E. Otero
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Caddy
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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4
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Smither AR, Koninga J, Kanneh FB, Foday M, Boisen ML, Bond NG, Momoh M, Sandi JD, Kanneh L, Alhasan F, Kanneh IM, Yillah MS, Grant DS, Bush DJ, Nelson DKS, Cruz KM, Klitting R, Pauthner M, Andersen KG, Shaffer JG, Cross RW, Schieffelin JS, Garry RF. Novel Tools for Lassa Virus Surveillance in Peri-domestic Rodents. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.03.17.23287380. [PMID: 36993465 PMCID: PMC10055574 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.17.23287380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Lassa fever (LF) is a rodent-borne disease endemic to West Africa. In the absence of licensed therapeutics or vaccines, rodent exclusion from living spaces remains the primary method of preventing LF. Zoonotic surveillance of Lassa virus (LASV), the etiologic agent of LF, can assess the burden of LASV in a region and guide public health measures against LF. Methods In this study, we adapted commercially available LASV human diagnostics to assess the prevalence of LASV in peri-domestic rodents in Eastern Sierra Leone. Small mammal trapping was conducted in Kenema district, Sierra Leone between November 2018-July 2019. LASV antigen was detected using a commercially available LASV NP antigen rapid diagnostic test. LASV IgG antibodies against LASV nucleoprotein (NP) and glycoprotein (GP) were tested by adapting a commercially available semi-quantitative enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of mouse-related and rat-related species IgG. Findings Of the 373 tested specimens, 74 (20%) tested positive for LASV antigen. 40 (11%) specimens tested positive for LASV NP IgG, while an additional 12 (3%) specimens only tested positive for LASV GP IgG. Simultaneous antigen presence and IgG antibody presence was linked in Mastomys sp. specimens (p < 0.01), but not Rattus sp. specimens (p = 1). Despite the link between antigen presence and IgG antibody presence in Mastomys sp., the strength of antigen response did not correlate with the strength of IgG response to either GP IgG or NP IgG. Interpretation The tools developed in this study can aid in the generation of valuable public health data for rapid field assessment of LASV burden during outbreak investigations and general LASV surveillance. Funding Funding for this work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services under the following grants: International Collaboration in Infectious Disease Research on Lassa fever and Ebola - ICIDR - U19 AI115589, Consortium for Viral Systems Biology - CViSB - 5U19AI135995, West African Emerging Infectious Disease Research Center - WARN-ID - U01AI151812, West African Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases: U01AI151801.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R. Smither
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, LA, USA
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - James Koninga
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Franklyn B. Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Momoh Foday
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Nell G. Bond
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - John Demby Sandi
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Foday Alhasan
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Ibrahim Mustapha Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed S. Yillah
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Donald S. Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone
| | | | | | - Kaitlin M. Cruz
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Disease, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Raphaëlle Klitting
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthias Pauthner
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kristian G. Andersen
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey G. Shaffer
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Robert W. Cross
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - John S. Schieffelin
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Disease, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Frederick, MD, USA
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5
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Molecular Engineering of a Mammarenavirus with Unbreachable Attenuation. J Virol 2023; 97:e0138522. [PMID: 36533953 PMCID: PMC9888291 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01385-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several mammarenaviruses cause severe hemorrhagic fever (HF) disease in humans and pose important public health problems in their regions of endemicity. There are no United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved mammarenavirus vaccines, and current anti-mammarenavirus therapy is limited to an off-label use of ribavirin that has limited efficacy. Mammarenaviruses are enveloped viruses with a bi-segmented negative-strand RNA genome. Each genome segment contains two open reading frames (ORF) separated by a noncoding intergenic region (IGR). The large (L) segment encodes the RNA dependent RNA polymerase, L protein, and the Z matrix protein, whereas the small (S) segment encodes the surface glycoprotein precursor (GPC) and nucleoprotein (NP). In the present study, we document the generation of a recombinant form of the prototypic mammarenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) expressing a codon deoptimized (CD) GPC and containing the IGR of the S segment in both the S and L segments (rLCMV/IGR-CD). We show that rLCMV/IGR-CD is fully attenuated in C57BL/6 (B6) mice but able to provide complete protection upon a single administration against a lethal challenge with LCMV. Importantly, rLCMV/IGR-CD exhibited an unbreachable attenuation for its safe implementation as a live-attenuated vaccine (LAV). IMPORTANCE Several mammarenaviruses cause severe disease in humans and pose important public health problems in their regions of endemicity. Currently, no FDA-licensed mammarenavirus vaccines are available, and anti-mammarenaviral therapy is limited to an off-label use of ribavirin whose efficacy is controversial. Here, we describe the generation of recombinant version of the prototypic mammarenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (rLCMV) combining the features of a codon deoptimized (CD) GPC and the noncoding intergenic region (IGR) of the S segment in both S and L genome segments, called rLCMV/IGR-CD. We present evidence that rLCMV/IGR-CD has excellent safety and protective efficacy features as live-attenuated vaccine (LAV). Importantly, rLCMV/IGR-CD prevents, in coinfected mice, the generation of LCMV reassortants with increased virulence. Our findings document a well-defined molecular strategy for the generation of mammarenavirus LAV candidates able to trigger long-term protective immunity, upon a single immunization, while exhibiting unique enhanced safety features, including unbreachable attenuation.
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6
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Sahin M, Remy MM, Fallet B, Sommerstein R, Florova M, Langner A, Klausz K, Straub T, Kreutzfeldt M, Wagner I, Schmidt CT, Malinge P, Magistrelli G, Izui S, Pircher H, Verbeek JS, Merkler D, Peipp M, Pinschewer DD. Antibody bivalency improves antiviral efficacy by inhibiting virion release independently of Fc gamma receptors. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110303. [PMID: 35108544 PMCID: PMC8822495 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the animal kingdom, multivalency discriminates antibodies from all other immunoglobulin superfamily members. The evolutionary forces conserving multivalency above other structural hallmarks of antibodies remain, however, incompletely defined. Here, we engineer monovalent either Fc-competent or -deficient antibody formats to investigate mechanisms of protection of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) in virus-infected mice. Antibody bivalency enables the tethering of virions to the infected cell surface, inhibits the release of virions in cell culture, and suppresses viral loads in vivo independently of Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) interactions. In return, monovalent antibody formats either do not inhibit virion release and fail to protect in vivo or their protective efficacy is largely FcγR dependent. Protection in mice correlates with virus-release-inhibiting activity of nAb and nnAb rather than with their neutralizing capacity. These observations provide mechanistic insights into the evolutionary conservation of antibody bivalency and help refining correlates of nnAb protection for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Sahin
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melissa M Remy
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benedict Fallet
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rami Sommerstein
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marianna Florova
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Langner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Institute for Immunology, Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cinzia T Schmidt
- BioEM Lab, Center for Cellular Imaging & Nano Analytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Malinge
- Light Chain Bioscience, Novimmune SA, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | | | - Shozo Izui
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Institute for Immunology, Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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7
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Li Y, Díaz I, Martín-Valls G, Beyersdorf N, Mateu E. Systemic CD4 cytotoxic T cells improve protection against PRRSV-1 transplacental infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1020227. [PMID: 36798517 PMCID: PMC9928156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the major swine pathogens causing reproductive failure in sows. Although modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines are available, only partial protection against heterologous strains is produced, thus vaccinated sows can be infected and cause transplacental infection. The immune effector mechanisms involved are largely unknown. Methods The present study investigated the role of cytotoxic lymphocytes, including cytotoxic T cells (CTL), NKT, and NK cells, from blood in preventing PRRSV-1 transplacental infection in vaccinated primiparous sows (two doses vaccinated). Sows from a PRRSV-1 unstable farm were bled just before the last month of gestation (critical period for transplacental infection), then followed to determine whether sows delivered PRRSV-1-infected (n=8) or healthy (n=10) piglets. After that, functions of CTL, NKT, and NK cells in the two groups of sows were compared. Results No difference was found through cell surface staining. But upon in vitro re-stimulation with the circulating field virus, sows that delivered healthy piglets displayed a higher frequency of virus-specific CD107a+ IFN-γ-producing T cells, which accumulated in the CD4+ compartment including CD4 single-positive (CD4 SP) and CD4/CD8α double-positive (CD4/CD8α DP) subsets. The same group of sows also harbored a higher proportion of CD107a+ TNF-α-producing T cells that predominantly accumulated in CD4/CD8α double-negative (CD4/CD8α DN) subset. Consistently, CD4 SP and CD4/CD8α DN T cells from sows delivering healthy piglets had a higher virus-specific proliferative response. Additionally, in sows that delivered PRRSV-1-infected piglets, a positive correlation of virus-specific IFN-γ response with average Ct values of umbilical cords of newborn piglets per litter was observed. Conclusion Our data strongly suggest that CTL responses correlate with protection against PRRSV-1 transplacental infection, being executed by CD4 T cells (IFN-γ related) and/or CD4/CD8α DN T cells (TNF-α related).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Li
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ivan Díaz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Institut de Recerca en Tecnologies Agroalimentáries (IRTA-CReSA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Gerard Martín-Valls
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Enric Mateu
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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8
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Kiss L, James LC. The molecular mechanisms that drive intracellular neutralization by the antibody-receptor and RING E3 ligase TRIM21. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 126:99-107. [PMID: 34823983 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cytosolic antibody receptor and RING E3 ligase TRIM21 targets intracellular, antibody-coated immune complexes for degradation and activates the immune system. Here we review how TRIM21 degrades diverse targets and how this activity can be exploited in molecular biology and for the development of new therapeutics. In addition, we compare what is known about TRIM21's mechanism to other TRIM proteins and RING E3 ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Kiss
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, UK.
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9
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Virus neutralisation by intracellular antibodies. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 126:108-116. [PMID: 34782185 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
For decades antibodies were largely thought to provide protection in extracellular spaces alone, mediating their effector functions by mechanisms such as entry-blocking, complement activation and phagocyte recruitment. However, a wealth of research has shown that antibodies are also capable of neutralising numerous viruses inside cells. Efficacy has now been demonstrated at virtually all intracellular stages of the viral life cycle. Antibodies can neutralise viruses in endosomes by blocking uncoating, fusion mechanisms, or new particle egress. Neutralisation can also occur in the cytosol via recruitment of the intracellular antibody receptor TRIM21. In addition to these direct neutralisation effects, recent research has shown that antibodies can mediate virus control indirectly by promoting MHC class I presentation and thereby increasing the CD8 T cell response. This provides valuable new insight into how non-neutralising antibodies can mediate potent protection in vivo. Overall, the importance of understanding the mechanisms of intracellular neutralisation by antibodies is highlighted by the ongoing need to develop new methods to control viruses. Using or inducing antibodies to block virus replication inside cells is now an innovative approach used by several vaccination and therapeutic strategies.
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10
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Jones EL, Laidlaw SM, Dustin LB. TRIM21/Ro52 - Roles in Innate Immunity and Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:738473. [PMID: 34552597 PMCID: PMC8450407 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.738473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TRIM21 (Ro52/SSA1) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase with key roles in immune host defence, signal transduction, and possibly cell cycle regulation. It is also an autoantibody target in Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and other rheumatic autoimmune diseases. Here, we summarise the structure and function of this enzyme, its roles in innate immunity, adaptive immunity and cellular homeostasis, the pathogenesis of autoimmunity against TRIM21, and the potential impacts of autoantibodies to this intracellular protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther L Jones
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Laidlaw
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn B Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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11
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Albecka A, Clift D, Vaysburd M, Rhinesmith T, Caddy SL, Favara DM, Baxendale HE, James LC. A functional assay for serum detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108588. [PMID: 34323299 PMCID: PMC8408615 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 results in antibodies against spike (S) and nucleoprotein (N). However, whilst there are widely available neutralization assays for S antibodies, there is no assay for N-antibody activity. Here, we present a simple in vitro method called EDNA (electroporated-antibody-dependent neutralization assay) that provides a quantitative measure of N-antibody activity in unpurified serum from SARS-CoV-2 convalescents. We show that N antibodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 intracellularly and cell-autonomously but require the cytosolic Fc receptor TRIM21. Using EDNA, we show that low N-antibody titres can be neutralizing, whilst some convalescents possess serum with high titres but weak activity. N-antibody and N-specific T-cell activity correlates within individuals, suggesting N antibodies may protect against SARS-CoV-2 by promoting antigen presentation. This work highlights the potential benefits of N-based vaccines and provides an in vitro assay to allow the antibodies they induce to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Albecka
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyProtein & Nucleic Acid DivisionCambridgeUK
| | - Dean Clift
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyProtein & Nucleic Acid DivisionCambridgeUK
| | - Marina Vaysburd
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyProtein & Nucleic Acid DivisionCambridgeUK
| | - Tyler Rhinesmith
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyProtein & Nucleic Acid DivisionCambridgeUK
| | - Sarah L Caddy
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyProtein & Nucleic Acid DivisionCambridgeUK
- CITIIDDepartment of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - David M Favara
- Department of OncologyAddenbrooke’s HospitalCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
- Department of OncologyThe Queen Elizabeth HospitalThe Queen Elizabeth Hospital King’s Lynn NHS Foundation TrustKings LynnUK
- Department of OncologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Leo C James
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyProtein & Nucleic Acid DivisionCambridgeUK
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12
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Stoycheva D, Sandu I, Gräbnitz F, Amorim A, Borsa M, Weber S, Becher B, Oxenius A. Non-neutralizing antibodies protect against chronic LCMV infection by promoting infection of inflammatory monocytes in mice. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1423-1435. [PMID: 33547634 PMCID: PMC8247883 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies play an important role in host defense against microorganisms. Besides direct microbicidal activities, antibodies can also provide indirect protection via crosstalk to constituents of the adaptive immune system. Similar to many human chronic viral infections, persistence of Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is associated with compromised T- and B-cell responses. The administration of virus-specific non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) prior to LCMV infection protects against the establishment of chronic infection. Here, we show that LCMV-specific nnAbs bind preferentially Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes (IMs), promote their infection in an Fc-receptor independent way, and support acquisition of APC properties. By constituting additional T-cell priming opportunities, IMs promote early activation of virus-specific CD8 T cells, eventually tipping the balance between T-cell exhaustion and effector cell differentiation, preventing establishment of viral persistence without causing lethal immunopathology. These results document a beneficial role of IMs in avoiding T-cell exhaustion and an Fc-receptor independent protective mechanism provided by LCMV-specific nnAbs against the establishment of chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioana Sandu
- Institute of MicrobiologyETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Ana Amorim
- Institute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Mariana Borsa
- Institute of MicrobiologyETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Stefan Weber
- Institute of MicrobiologyETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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13
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Caddy SL, Vaysburd M, Papa G, Wing M, O'Connell K, Stoycheva D, Foss S, Terje Andersen J, Oxenius A, James LC. Viral nucleoprotein antibodies activate TRIM21 and induce T cell immunity. EMBO J 2020; 40:e106228. [PMID: 33258165 PMCID: PMC7917548 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoprotein (N) is an immunodominant antigen in many enveloped virus infections. While the diagnostic value of anti‐N antibodies is clear, their role in immunity is not. This is because while they are non‐neutralising, they somehow clear infection by coronavirus, influenza and LCMV in vivo. Here, we show that anti‐N immune protection is mediated by the cytosolic Fc receptor and E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM21. Exploiting LCMV as a model system, we demonstrate that TRIM21 uses anti‐N antibodies to target N for cytosolic degradation and generate cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) against N peptide. These CTLs rapidly eliminate N‐peptide‐displaying cells and drive efficient viral clearance. These results reveal a new mechanism of immune synergy between antibodies and T cells and highlights N as an important vaccine target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Caddy
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.,CITIID, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Guido Papa
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Wing
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Diana Stoycheva
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stian Foss
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leo C James
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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14
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Kräutler NJ, Yermanos A, Pedrioli A, Welten SPM, Lorgé D, Greczmiel U, Bartsch I, Scheuermann J, Kiefer JD, Eyer K, Menzel U, Greiff V, Neri D, Stadler T, Reddy ST, Oxenius A. Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Humoral Immunity Reveals Continued and Personalized Evolution in Chronic Viral Infection. Cell Rep 2020; 30:997-1012.e6. [PMID: 31995768 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of established chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection requires the production of neutralizing antibodies, but it remains unknown how the ensemble of antibodies evolves during ongoing infection. Here, we analyze the evolution of antibody responses during acute or chronic LCMV infection, combining quantitative functional assays and time-resolved antibody repertoire sequencing. We establish that antibody responses initially converge in both infection types on a functional and repertoire level, but diverge later during chronic infection, showing increased clonal diversity, the appearance of mouse-specific persistent clones, and distinct phylogenetic signatures. Chronic infection is characterized by a longer-lasting germinal center reaction and a continuous differentiation of plasma cells, resulting in the emergence of higher-affinity plasma cells exhibiting increased antibody secretion rates. Taken together, our findings reveal the emergence of a personalized antibody response in chronic infection and support the concept that maintaining B cell diversity throughout chronic LCMV infection correlates with the development of infection-resolving antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nike Julia Kräutler
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Yermanos
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Pedrioli
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Suzanne P M Welten
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Lorgé
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ute Greczmiel
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ilka Bartsch
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Scheuermann
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan D Kiefer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Eyer
- Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Menzel
- Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Victor Greiff
- Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 20 Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dario Neri
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Stadler
- Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sai T Reddy
- Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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15
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Intracellular neutralisation of rotavirus by VP6-specific IgG. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008732. [PMID: 32750093 PMCID: PMC7428215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is a major cause of gastroenteritis in children, with infection typically inducing high levels of protective antibodies. Antibodies targeting the middle capsid protein VP6 are particularly abundant, and as VP6 is only exposed inside cells, neutralisation must be post-entry. However, while a system of poly immune globulin receptor (pIgR) transcytosis has been proposed for anti-VP6 IgAs, the mechanism by which VP6-specific IgG mediates protection remains less clear. We have developed an intracellular neutralisation assay to examine how antibodies neutralise rotavirus inside cells, enabling comparison between IgG and IgA isotypes. Unexpectedly we found that neutralisation by VP6-specific IgG was much more efficient than by VP6-specific IgA. This observation was highly dependent on the activity of the cytosolic antibody receptor TRIM21 and was confirmed using an in vivo model of murine rotavirus infection. Furthermore, mice deficient in only IgG and not other antibody isotypes had a serious deficit in intracellular antibody-mediated protection. The finding that VP6-specific IgG protect mice against rotavirus infection has important implications for rotavirus vaccination. Current assays determine protection in humans predominantly by measuring rotavirus-specific IgA titres. Measurements of VP6-specific IgG may add to existing mechanistic correlates of protection.
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16
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Straub T, Pircher H. Enhancing immunity prevents virus-induced T-cell-mediated immunopathology in B cell-deficient mice. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:782-789. [PMID: 30793761 PMCID: PMC6593698 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hyper-activated or deviated immune responses can result in immunopathological diseases. Paradoxically, immunodeficiency represents a frequent cause of such immune-mediated pathologies. Immunopathological manifestations are commonly treated by immunosuppression, but in situations in which immunodeficiency is the basis of disease development, enhancing immunity may represent an alternative treatment option. Here, we tested this counterintuitive concept in a preclinical model using infection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Firstly, we demonstrate that infection of B-cell-deficient (B-/- ) but not of wild-type (WT) mice with the LCMV strain Docile induced a rapid and fatal CD8+ T-cell-mediated immunopathological disease. Similar to WT mice, LCMV-infected B-/- mice generated a potent, functional LCMV-specific CD8+ T-cell response but exhibited prolonged viral antigen presentation and increased vascular leakage in liver and lungs. Secondly, we were able to prevent this virus-induced immunopathology in B-/- mice by active or passive T-cell immunizations or by treatment with LCMV-specific virus neutralizing or non-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Thus, boosting antiviral immunity did not aggravate immunopathology in this model, but prevented it by decreasing the formation of target structures for damage-causing CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Straub
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
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17
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Yermanos A, Greiff V, Krautler NJ, Menzel U, Dounas A, Miho E, Oxenius A, Stadler T, Reddy ST. Comparison of methods for phylogenetic B-cell lineage inference using time-resolved antibody repertoire simulations (AbSim). Bioinformatics 2018; 33:3938-3946. [PMID: 28968873 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation The evolution of antibody repertoires represents a hallmark feature of adaptive B-cell immunity. Recent advancements in high-throughput sequencing have dramatically increased the resolution to which we can measure the molecular diversity of antibody repertoires, thereby offering for the first time the possibility to capture the antigen-driven evolution of B cells. However, there does not exist a repertoire simulation framework yet that enables the comparison of commonly utilized phylogenetic methods with regard to their accuracy in inferring antibody evolution. Results Here, we developed AbSim, a time-resolved antibody repertoire simulation framework, which we exploited for testing the accuracy of methods for the phylogenetic reconstruction of B-cell lineages and antibody molecular evolution. AbSim enables the (i) simulation of intermediate stages of antibody sequence evolution and (ii) the modeling of immunologically relevant parameters such as duration of repertoire evolution, and the method and frequency of mutations. First, we validated that our repertoire simulation framework recreates replicates topological similarities observed in experimental sequencing data. Second, we leveraged Absim to show that current methods fail to a certain extent to predict the true phylogenetic tree correctly. Finally, we formulated simulation-validated guidelines for antibody evolution, which in the future will enable the development of accurate phylogenetic methods. Availability and implementation https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/AbSim/index.html. Contact sai.reddy@ethz.ch. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yermanos
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Victor Greiff
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ulrike Menzel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Dounas
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Enkelejda Miho
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Tanja Stadler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sai T Reddy
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Greczmiel U, Kräutler NJ, Pedrioli A, Bartsch I, Agnellini P, Bedenikovic G, Harker J, Richter K, Oxenius A. Sustained T follicular helper cell response is essential for control of chronic viral infection. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/18/eaam8686. [DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aam8686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Veenhuis RT, Freeman ZT, Korleski J, Cohen LK, Massaccesi G, Tomasi A, Boesch AW, Ackerman ME, Margolick JB, Blankson JN, Chattergoon MA, Cox AL. HIV-antibody complexes enhance production of type I interferon by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:4352-4364. [PMID: 29083319 DOI: 10.1172/jci95375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I IFN production is essential for innate control of acute viral infection; however, prolonged high-level IFN production is associated with chronic immune activation in HIV-infected individuals. Although plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) are a primary source of IFN, the mechanisms that regulate IFN levels following the acute phase are unknown. We hypothesized that HIV-specific Ab responses regulate late IFN production. We evaluated the mechanism through which HIV-activated pDCs produce IFN as well as how both monoclonal HIV-specific Abs and Abs produced in natural HIV infection modulated normal pDC sensing of HIV. We found that HIV-induced IFN production required TLR7 signaling, receptor-mediated entry, fusion, and viral uncoating, but not endocytosis or HIV life cycle stages after uncoating. Abs directed against the HIV envelope that do not interfere with CD4 binding markedly enhanced the IFN response, irrespective of their ability to neutralize CD4+ T cell infection. Ab-mediated enhancement of IFN production required Fc γ receptor engagement, bypassed fusion, and initiated signaling through both TLR7 and TLR9, which was not utilized in the absence of Ab. Polyclonal Abs isolated from HIV-infected subjects also enhanced pDC production of IFN in response to HIV. Our data provide an explanation for high levels of IFN production and immune activation in chronic HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca T Veenhuis
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zachary T Freeman
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jack Korleski
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura K Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guido Massaccesi
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alessandra Tomasi
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Austin W Boesch
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Joseph B Margolick
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joel N Blankson
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael A Chattergoon
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea L Cox
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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20
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Woopen C, Straub T, Schweier O, Aichele U, Düker K, Boehm T, Pircher H. Immunological tolerance to LCMV antigens differently affects control of acute and chronic virus infection in mice. Eur J Immunol 2017; 48:120-127. [PMID: 28921501 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a key role in the control of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. In C57BL/6 mice (H-2b ), the CTL response is mainly directed against epitopes from the LCMV glycoprotein (GP) and the nucleoprotein (NP) which represent the two major viral proteins. The role of GP- versus NP-derived epitopes for viral clearance was examined using transgenic (tg) mice ubiquitously expressing LCMV GP and NP, respectively. These mice lack GP- or NP-specific CTLs and show decreased levels of GP- or NP-specific antibodies as a result of tolerance induction. During acute LCMV infection, CTLs specific for GP- and NP-derived epitopes are generated with similar frequencies. Nonetheless, we found that lack of GP- but not of NP-specific CTLs abolished control of acute LCMV infection. In contrast, after high-dose or chronic LCMV infection, virus elimination was delayed to a similar extent in GP- and NP-tg mice. Thus, immunological tolerance to LCMV antigens differently affects virus clearance in acute and chronic infection settings. In addition, our data reveal that immunodominance of H-2b -restricted LCMV-specific CTL epitopes and their antiviral activity do not strictly correlate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Woopen
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Schweier
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Aichele
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Düker
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
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21
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IL-10: A Multifunctional Cytokine in Viral Infections. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:6104054. [PMID: 28316998 PMCID: PMC5337865 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6104054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory master regulator IL-10 is critical to protect the host from tissue damage during acute phases of immune responses. This regulatory mechanism, central to T cell homeostasis, can be hijacked by viruses to evade immunity. IL-10 can be produced by virtually all immune cells, and it can also modulate the function of these cells. Understanding the effects of this multifunctional cytokine is therefore a complex task. In the present review we discuss the factors driving IL-10 production and the cellular sources of the cytokine during antiviral immune responses. We particularly focus on the IL-10 regulatory mechanisms that impact antiviral immune responses and how viruses can use this central regulatory pathway to evade immunity and establish chronic/latent infections.
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22
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Barnett BE, Staupe RP, Odorizzi PM, Palko O, Tomov VT, Mahan AE, Gunn B, Chen D, Paley MA, Alter G, Reiner SL, Lauer GM, Teijaro JR, Wherry EJ. Cutting Edge: B Cell-Intrinsic T-bet Expression Is Required To Control Chronic Viral Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1017-22. [PMID: 27430722 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The role of Ab and B cells in preventing infection is established. In contrast, the role of B cell responses in containing chronic infections remains poorly understood. IgG2a (IgG1 in humans) can prevent acute infections, and T-bet promotes IgG2a isotype switching. However, whether IgG2a and B cell-expressed T-bet influence the host-pathogen balance during persisting infections is unclear. We demonstrate that B cell-specific loss of T-bet prevents control of persisting viral infection. T-bet in B cells controlled IgG2a production, as well as mucosal localization, proliferation, glycosylation, and a broad transcriptional program. T-bet controlled a broad antiviral program in addition to IgG2a because T-bet in B cells was important, even in the presence of virus-specific IgG2a. Our data support a model in which T-bet is a universal controller of antiviral immunity across multiple immune lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burton E Barnett
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ryan P Staupe
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Pamela M Odorizzi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Olesya Palko
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Vesselin T Tomov
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alison E Mahan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Bronwyn Gunn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Diana Chen
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michael A Paley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Steven L Reiner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Georg M Lauer
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
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23
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Highly individual patterns of virus-immune IgG effector responses in humans. Med Microbiol Immunol 2016; 205:409-24. [PMID: 27193020 PMCID: PMC5003914 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-016-0457-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
IgG responses are fundamental to adaptive immunity and document immunological memory of previous pathogen encounter. While specific antigen recognition is mediated by the variable F(ab')2 domain of IgG, various effector functions become activated via the constant Fcγ part bridging IgG-opsonized targets to FcγR-expressing immune effector cells. Traditionally, neutralizing IgG is considered the most appropriate correlate of protective humoral immunity to viruses. However, evidence is increasing that antiviral IgG mediates protection to viruses via activation of FcγRs. Using a test system allowing quantitative detection of virus-immune IgG able to activate FcγRs, sera of healthy individuals and vaccinees were assessed with regard to two prototypical human pathogenic viruses: measles and human cytomegalovirus. Marked differences in the capacity of individuals to generate FcγRI-, FcγRII- and FcγRIII-activating responses were noted. Comparison of FcγR-activating IgG with neutralizing and ELISA IgG concentrations did not correlate for HCMV and only very poorly for MV. Since neither neutralizing IgG nor overall IgG responses faithfully predict the activation of FcγRs, only the simultaneous quantification of IgGs activating defined FcγRs will aid to delineate individual "immunograms" of virus IgG immunity. Such new multiparametric assessment of antiviral IgG qualities could be instrumental in defining correlates of protection and disease progression.
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Abstract
In chronic infections and cancer, T cells are exposed to persistent antigen and/or inflammatory signals. This scenario is often associated with the deterioration of T cell function: a state called 'exhaustion'. Exhausted T cells lose robust effector functions, express multiple inhibitory receptors and are defined by an altered transcriptional programme. T cell exhaustion is often associated with inefficient control of persisting infections and tumours, but revitalization of exhausted T cells can reinvigorate immunity. Here, we review recent advances that provide a clearer molecular understanding of T cell exhaustion and reveal new therapeutic targets for persisting infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Makoto Kurachi
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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25
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Cook KD, Shpargel KB, Starmer J, Whitfield-Larry F, Conley B, Allard DE, Rager JE, Fry RC, Davenport ML, Magnuson T, Whitmire JK, Su MA. T Follicular Helper Cell-Dependent Clearance of a Persistent Virus Infection Requires T Cell Expression of the Histone Demethylase UTX. Immunity 2015; 43:703-14. [PMID: 26431949 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic changes, including histone methylation, control T cell differentiation and memory formation, though the enzymes that mediate these processes are not clear. We show that UTX, a histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) demethylase, supports T follicular helper (Tfh) cell responses that are essential for B cell antibody generation and the resolution of chronic viral infections. Mice with a T cell-specific UTX deletion had fewer Tfh cells, reduced germinal center responses, lacked virus-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), and were unable to resolve chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections. UTX-deficient T cells showed decreased expression of interleukin-6 receptor-α and other Tfh cell-related genes that were associated with increased H3K27 methylation. Additionally, Turner Syndrome subjects, who are predisposed to chronic ear infections, had reduced UTX expression in immune cells and decreased circulating CD4(+) CXCR5(+) T cell frequency. Thus, we identify a critical link between UTX in T cells and immunity to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Cook
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Karl B Shpargel
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joshua Starmer
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Fatima Whitfield-Larry
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Bridget Conley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Denise E Allard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Julia E Rager
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rebecca C Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marsha L Davenport
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Terry Magnuson
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jason K Whitmire
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Maureen A Su
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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26
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Molecular and cellular insights into T cell exhaustion. NATURE REVIEWS. IMMUNOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26205583 DOI: 10.1038/nri3862.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In chronic infections and cancer, T cells are exposed to persistent antigen and/or inflammatory signals. This scenario is often associated with the deterioration of T cell function: a state called 'exhaustion'. Exhausted T cells lose robust effector functions, express multiple inhibitory receptors and are defined by an altered transcriptional programme. T cell exhaustion is often associated with inefficient control of persisting infections and tumours, but revitalization of exhausted T cells can reinvigorate immunity. Here, we review recent advances that provide a clearer molecular understanding of T cell exhaustion and reveal new therapeutic targets for persisting infections and cancer.
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27
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Cook KD, Kline HC, Whitmire JK. NK cells inhibit humoral immunity by reducing the abundance of CD4+ T follicular helper cells during a chronic virus infection. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:153-62. [PMID: 25986014 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4hi1214-594r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a need to understand better how to improve B cell responses and immunity to persisting virus infections, which often cause debilitating illness or death. People with chronic virus infection show evidence of improved virus control when there is a strong neutralizing antibody response, and conversely, B cell dysfunction is associated with higher viral loads. We showed previously that NK cells inhibit CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses to disseminating LCMV infection and that depletion of NK cells attenuates chronic infection. Here, we examined the effect of NK cell depletion on B cell responses to LCMV infection in mice. Whereas mice infected acutely generated a peak level of antibody soon after the infection was resolved, mice infected chronically showed a continued increase in antibody levels that exceeded those after acute infection. We found that early NK cell depletion rapidly increased virus-specific antibody levels to chronic infection, and this effect depended on CD4(+) T cells and was associated with elevated numbers of CXCR5(+)CD4(+) TFH cells. However, the NK cell-depleted mice controlled the infection and by 1 mo pi, had lower TFH cell numbers and antibody levels compared with mice with sustained infection. Finally, we show that NK cell depletion improved antiviral CD8(+) T cell responses only when B cells and virus-specific antibody were present. Our data indicate that NK cells diminish immunity to chronic infection, in part, by suppressing TFH cell and antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Cook
- *Department of Genetics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hannah C Kline
- *Department of Genetics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jason K Whitmire
- *Department of Genetics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Perez-Shibayama C, Gil-Cruz C, Ludewig B. Plasticity and complexity of B cell responses against persisting pathogens. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:53-8. [PMID: 25068435 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines against acute infections execute their protective effects almost exclusively via the induction of antibodies. Development of protective vaccines against persisting pathogens lags behind probably because standard immunogens and application regimen do not sufficiently stimulate those circuits in B cell activation that mediate protection. In general, B cell responses against pathogen derived-antigens are generated through complex cellular interactions requiring the coordination of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. In this review, we summarize recent findings from prototypic infection models to exemplify how generation of protective antibodies against persisting pathogens is imprinted by particular pathogen-derived factors and how distinct CD4(+) T cell populations determine the quality of these antibodies. Clearly, it is the high plasticity of these processes that is instrumental to drive tailored B cell responses that protect the host. In sum, application of novel knowledge on B cell plasticity and complexity can guide the development of rationally designed vaccines that elicit protective antibodies against persisting pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Perez-Shibayama
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Gil-Cruz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Nonneutralizing functional antibodies: a new "old" paradigm for HIV vaccines. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1023-36. [PMID: 24920599 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00230-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Animal and human data from various viral infections and vaccine studies suggest that nonneutralizing antibodies (nNAb) without neutralizing activity in vitro may play an important role in protection against viral infection in vivo. This was illustrated by the recent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RV144 vaccine efficacy trial, which demonstrated that HIV-specific IgG-mediated nNAb directed against the V2 loop of HIV type 1 envelope (Env) were inversely correlated with risk for HIV acquisition, while Env-specific plasma IgA-mediated antibodies were directly correlated with risk. However, tier 1 NAb in the subset of responders with a low level of plasma Env-specific IgA correlated with decreased risk. Nonhuman primate simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge studies suggest that Env-mediated antibodies are essential and sufficient for protection. A comparison of immune responses generated in human efficacy trials reveals subtle differences in the fine specificities of the antibody responses, in particular in HIV-specific IgG subclasses. The underlying mechanisms that may have contributed to protection against HIV acquisition in humans, although not fully understood, are possibly mediated by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and/or other nonneutralizing humoral effector functions, such as antibody-mediated phagocytosis. The presence of such functional nNAb in mucosal tissues and cervico-vaginal and rectal secretions challenges the paradigm that NAb are the predominant immune response conferring protection, although this does not negate the desirability of evoking neutralizing antibodies through vaccination. Instead, NAb and nNAb should be looked upon as complementary or synergistic humoral effector functions. Several HIV vaccine clinical trials to study these antibody responses in various prime-boost modalities in the systemic and mucosal compartments are ongoing. The induction of high-frequency HIV-specific functional nNAb at high titers may represent an attractive hypothesis-testing strategy in future HIV vaccine efficacy trials.
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Misumi I, Whitmire JK. B cell depletion curtails CD4+ T cell memory and reduces protection against disseminating virus infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:1597-608. [PMID: 24453250 PMCID: PMC3925510 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic interactions between CD4(+) T cells and B cells are needed for humoral immunity and CD4(+) T cell memory. It is not known whether B cells are needed early on to induce the formation of memory precursor cells or are needed later to sustain memory cells. In this study, primary and memory CD4(+) T cells responses were followed in wild-type mice that were depleted of mature B cells by anti-CD20 before or different times after acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. The Ab treatment led to a 1000-fold reduction in B cell number that lasted 6 wk. Primary virus-specific CD4(+) Th1 cells were generated in B cell-depleted mice; however, there was a decrease in the CD4(+)Ly6C(lo)Tbet(+) memory precursor population and a corresponding 4-fold reduction in CD4(+) memory cell number. Memory T cells showed impaired cytokine production when they formed without B cells. B cell depletion had no effect on established memory populations. During disseminating virus infection, B cell depletion led to sustained weight loss and functional exhaustion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and prevented mice from resolving the infection. Thus, B cells contribute to the establishment and survival of memory CD4(+) T cells post-acute infection and play an essential role in immune protection against disseminating virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Misumi
- Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jason K. Whitmire
- Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UNC-Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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31
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Straub T, Schweier O, Bruns M, Nimmerjahn F, Waisman A, Pircher H. Nucleoprotein-specific nonneutralizing antibodies speed up LCMV elimination independently of complement and FcγR. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2338-48. [PMID: 23749409 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells have an essential role in controlling lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in mice. Here, we examined the contribution of humoral immunity, including nonneutralizing antibodies (Abs), in this infection induced by low virus inoculation doses. Mice with impaired humoral immunity readily terminated infection with the slowly replicating LCMV strain Armstrong but showed delayed virus elimination after inoculation with the faster replicating LCMV strain WE and failed to clear the rapidly replicating LCMV strain Docile, which is in contrast to the results obtained with wild-type mice. Thus, the requirement for adaptive humoral immunity to control the infection was dependent on the replication speed of the LCMV strains used. Ab transfers further showed that LCMV-specific IgG Abs isolated from LCMV immune serum accelerated virus elimination. These Abs were mainly directed against the viral nucleoprotein (NP) and completely lacked virus neutralizing activity. Moreover, mAbs specific for the LCMV NP were also able to decrease viral titers after transfer into infected hosts. Intriguingly, neither C3 nor Fcγ receptors were required for the antiviral activity of the transferred Abs. In conclusion, our study suggests that rapidly generated nonneutralizing Abs specific for the viral NP speed up virus elimination and thereby may counteract T-cell exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Straub
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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