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Zhang X, Sharma P, Maschmeyer P, Hu Y, Lou M, Kim J, Fujii H, Unutmaz D, Schwabe RF, Winau F. GARP on hepatic stellate cells is essential for the development of liver fibrosis. J Hepatol 2023; 79:1214-1225. [PMID: 37348791 PMCID: PMC10592496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP) is a membrane protein that functions as a latent TGF-β docking molecule. While the immune regulatory properties of GARP on blood cells have been studied, the function of GARP on tissue stromal cells remains unclear. Here, we investigate the role of GARP expressed on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in the development of liver fibrosis. METHODS The function of GARP on HSCs was explored in toxin-induced and metabolic liver fibrosis models, using conditional GARP-deficient mice or a newly generated inducible system for HSC-specific gene ablation. Primary mouse and human HSCs were isolated to evaluate the contribution of GARP to the activation of latent TGF-β. Moreover, cell contraction of HSCs in the context of TGF-β activation was tested in a GARP-dependent fashion. RESULTS Mice lacking GARP in HSCs were protected from developing liver fibrosis. Therapeutically deleting GARP on HSCs alleviated the fibrotic process in established disease. Furthermore, natural killer T cells exacerbated hepatic fibrosis by inducing GARP expression on HSCs through IL-4 production. Mechanistically, GARP facilitated fibrogenesis by activating TGF-β and enhancing endothelin-1-mediated HSC contraction. Functional GARP was expressed on human HSCs and significantly upregulated in the livers of patients with fibrosis. Lastly, deletion of GARP on HSCs did not augment inflammation or liver damage. CONCLUSIONS GARP expressed on HSCs drives the development of liver fibrosis via cell contraction-mediated activation of latent TGF-β. Considering that systemic blockade of TGF-β has major side effects, we highlight a therapeutic niche provided by GARP and surface-mediated TGF-β activation. Thus, our findings suggest an important role of GARP on HSCs as a promising target for the treatment of liver fibrosis. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Liver fibrosis represents a substantial and increasing public health burden globally, for which specific treatments are not available. Glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP) is a membrane protein that functions as a latent TGF-β docking molecule. Here, we show that GARP expressed on hepatic stellate cells drives the development of liver fibrosis. Our findings suggest GARP as a novel target for the treatment of fibrotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhang
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrick Maschmeyer
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yu Hu
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mumeng Lou
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica Kim
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hodaka Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Genome Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Derya Unutmaz
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Robert F Schwabe
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Florian Winau
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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2
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Kotschenreuther K, Yan S, Kofler DM. Migration and homeostasis of regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:947636. [PMID: 36016949 PMCID: PMC9398455 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.947636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are garnering increased attention in research related to autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). They play an essential role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis by restricting effector T cell activity. Reduced functions and frequencies of Treg cells contribute to the pathogenesis of RA, a common autoimmune disease which leads to systemic inflammation and erosive joint destruction. Treg cells from patients with RA are characterized by impaired functions and by an altered phenotype. They show increased plasticity towards Th17 cells and a reduced suppressive capacity. Besides the suppressive function of Treg cells, their effectiveness is determined by their ability to migrate into inflamed tissues. In the past years, new mechanisms involved in Treg cell migration have been identified. One example of such a mechanism is the phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). Efficient migration of Treg cells requires the presence of VASP. IL-6, a cytokine which is abundantly present in the peripheral blood and in the synovial tissue of RA patients, induces posttranslational modifications of VASP. Recently, it has been shown in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) that this IL-6 mediated posttranslational modification leads to reduced Treg cell trafficking. Another protein which facilitates Treg cell migration is G-protein-signaling modulator 2 (GPSM2). It modulates G-protein coupled receptor functioning, thereby altering the cellular activity initiated by cell surface receptors in response to extracellular signals. The almost complete lack of GPSM2 in Treg cells from RA patients contributes to their reduced ability to migrate towards inflammatory sites. In this review article, we highlight the newly identified mechanisms of Treg cell migration and review the current knowledge about impaired Treg cell homeostasis in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Kotschenreuther
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shuaifeng Yan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David M. Kofler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: David M. Kofler,
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3
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Bumbacea RS, Boustani R, Panaitescu C, Haidar L, Buzan MR, Bumbacea D, Laculiceanu A, Cojanu C, Spanu D, Agache I. Mechanisms of allergen immunotherapy supporting its disease-modifying effect. Immunotherapy 2022; 14:627-638. [PMID: 35416072 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is considered the only disease-modifying treatment available at present for allergic disorders. Its main benefits include improvement of symptoms, decreased need for pharmacotherapy, prevention of new sensitizations and sustained effect after AIT completion. The key pillars of AIT-induced tolerance include a shift from Th2 to Th1 response, an increase of regulatory T and B cells, pro-inflammatory effector cell downregulation and IgE suppression, in addition to IgG4, IgA and IgD induction. AIT may also induce trained immunity, characterized by a durable decrease in group 2 of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and increased ILC1 and ILC3s. Understanding the immune mechanisms of AIT is essential for validating biomarkers for the prediction of AIT response and for achieving AIT success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Silvia Bumbacea
- Allergy Department, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Bucharest, 020021, Romania.,Allergy Department, Nephrology Hospital Dr. Carol Davila, Bucharest, 010731, Romania
| | - Rama Boustani
- Allergy Department, Nephrology Hospital Dr. Carol Davila, Bucharest, 010731, Romania
| | - Carmen Panaitescu
- Department of Functional Sciences, Physiology, Centre of Immuno-Physiology & Biotechnologies (CIFBIOTECH), "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Timișoara, 300041, Romania.,Centre for Gene & Cellular Therapies in The Treatment of Cancer - OncoGen, "Pius Brinzeu" Clinical Emergency Hospital, Timișoara, 300723, Romania
| | - Laura Haidar
- Department of Functional Sciences, Physiology, Centre of Immuno-Physiology & Biotechnologies (CIFBIOTECH), "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Timișoara, 300041, Romania
| | - Maria-Roxana Buzan
- Department of Functional Sciences, Physiology, Centre of Immuno-Physiology & Biotechnologies (CIFBIOTECH), "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Timișoara, 300041, Romania.,Centre for Gene & Cellular Therapies in The Treatment of Cancer - OncoGen, "Pius Brinzeu" Clinical Emergency Hospital, Timișoara, 300723, Romania
| | - Dragos Bumbacea
- Department of Pneumology, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Bucharest, 020021, Romania
| | | | - Catalina Cojanu
- Faculty of Medicine, Transylvania University, Brasov, 500051 Romania
| | - Daniela Spanu
- Faculty of Medicine, Transylvania University, Brasov, 500051 Romania
| | - Ioana Agache
- Faculty of Medicine, Transylvania University, Brasov, 500051 Romania
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4
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Rezende RM, Weiner HL. Oral tolerance: an updated review. Immunol Lett 2022; 245:29-37. [PMID: 35395272 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oral tolerance (OT) has classically been defined as the specific suppression of cellular and/or humoral immune responses to an antigen by prior administration of the antigen through the oral route. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed to explain the induction of OT including T cell clonal depletion and anergy when high doses of antigens are fed, and regulatory T (Treg) cell generation following oral administration of low and repeated doses of antigens. Oral antigen administration suppresses the immune response in several animal models of autoimmune disease, including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, uveitis, thyroiditis, myasthenia, arthritis and diabetes, but also non-autoimmune inflammatory conditions such as asthma, atherosclerosis, graft rejection, allergy and stroke. However, human trials have given mixed results and a great deal remains to be learned about the mechanisms of OT before it can be successfully applied to people. One of the possible mechanisms relates to the gut microbiota and in this review, we will explore the cellular components involved in the induction of OT and the role of the gut microbiota in contributing to OT development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M Rezende
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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5
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Zhu L, Wu H, Ma Z, Dong D, Yang Z, Tian J. Astaxanthin ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via inhibition of inflammatory reactions and modulation of the SOCS3/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways in mice. Food Funct 2022; 13:11638-11651. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02182j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The results showed that astaxanthin had a protective effect on LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice, and its protective mechanism was through activating the SOCS3/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- The Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No. 366. Taishan Road, Taian 271000, China
| | - Huihui Wu
- The Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No. 366. Taishan Road, Taian 271000, China
| | - Zhenbo Ma
- Medical Imaging Center, Taian City Central Hospital, No. 29, Longtan Road, Taian 271000, China
| | - Decheng Dong
- The Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No. 366. Taishan Road, Taian 271000, China
| | - Ze Yang
- The Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No. 366. Taishan Road, Taian 271000, China
| | - Jing Tian
- The Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No. 366. Taishan Road, Taian 271000, China
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6
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Pham MN, Khoryati L, Jamison BL, Hayes E, Sullivan JM, Campbell DJ, Gavin MA. In Vivo Expansion of Antigen-Specific Regulatory T Cells through Staggered Fc.IL-2 Mutein Dosing and Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy. Immunohorizons 2021; 5:782-791. [PMID: 34583939 PMCID: PMC11034776 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, Ag administration in the absence of adjuvant typically elicits tolerogenic immune responses through the deletion or inactivation of conventional CD4 T cells and the formation or expansion of regulatory CD4 T cells (Treg). Although these "Ag-specific immunotherapy" (ASI) approaches are currently under clinical development to treat autoinflammatory conditions, efficacy and safety may be variable and unpredictable because of the diverse activation states of immune cells in subjects with autoimmune and allergic diseases. To reliably induce Ag-specific tolerance in patients, novel methods to control T cell responses during ASI are needed, and strategies that permanently increase Treg frequencies among Ag-specific CD4 T cells may provide long-lasting immunosuppression between treatments. In this study, we present an approach to durably increase the frequency of Ag-specific Treg in mice by administering ASI when Treg numbers are transiently increased with individual doses of a half-life-extended Treg-selective IL-2 mutein. Repeated weekly cycles of IL-2 mutein doses (day 0) followed by ASI (day 3) resulted in a 3- to 5-fold enrichment in Treg among Ag-responsive CD4 T cells. Expanded Ag-specific Treg persisted for more than 3 wk following treatment cessation, as well as through an inflammatory T cell response to an Ag-expressing virus. Combining Treg enrichment with ASI has the potential to durably treat autoimmune disease or allergy by increasing the Treg/conventional CD4 T cell ratio among autoantigen- or allergen-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh N Pham
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA; and
| | | | | | - Erika Hayes
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA; and
| | | | | | - Marc A Gavin
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA; and
- Omeros Corp., Seattle, WA
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7
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Pinheiro-Rosa N, Torres L, Oliveira MDA, Andrade-Oliveira MF, Guimarães MADF, Coelho MM, Alves JDL, Maioli TU, Faria AMC. Oral tolerance as antigen-specific immunotherapy. IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2021; 1:ltab017. [PMID: 35919733 PMCID: PMC9327124 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltab017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Oral tolerance is a physiological phenomenon described more than a century ago as a suppressive immune response to antigens that gain access to the body by the oral route. It is a robust and long-lasting event with local and systemic effects in which the generation of mucosally induced regulatory T cells (iTreg) plays an essential role. The idea of using oral tolerance to inhibit autoimmune and allergic diseases by oral administration of target antigens was an important development that was successfully tested in 1980s. Since then, several studies have shown that feeding specific antigens can be used to prevent and control chronic inflammatory diseases in both animal models and clinically. Therefore, oral tolerance can be classified as an antigen-specific form of oral immunotherapy (OIT). In the light of novel findings on mechanisms, sites of induction and factors affecting oral tolerance, this review will focus on specific characteristics of oral tolerance induction and how they impact in its therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Pinheiro-Rosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lícia Torres
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariana de Almeida Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos Felipe Andrade-Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauro Andrade de Freitas Guimarães
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Monique Macedo Coelho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Lima Alves
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tatiani Uceli Maioli
- Departamento de Nutrição, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana M Caetano Faria
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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8
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Estrogen inhibits the growth of colon cancer in mice through reversing extracellular vesicle-mediated immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Cancer Lett 2021; 520:332-343. [PMID: 34391809 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Postmenopausal women taking estrogen supplements are at a lower risk of advanced colorectal cancer, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Thus, this study examined the role of estrogen in colorectal cancer. Estrogen receptor expression levels in in situ colorectal cancer tissue from female patients increased significantly, indicating their estrogen sensitivity. Compared with the sham-operated group, the growth of MC38 tumors was enhanced in ovariectomized mice, which was reversed in ovariectomized mice with E2 supplementation. The PD-L1+ M2-like macrophage, regulatory T (Treg) cell, and myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) populations significantly increased, and the population of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells declined in MC38 tumors in ovariectomized mice, which were all reversed in ovariectomized mice with E2 supplementation. MC38 cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MC38-EVs), but not EVs derived from MC38 cells treated with E2 (E2-MC38-EVs), were involved in the establishment of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. E2-MC38-EVs contained lower TGF-β1 levels and were less capable of inducing Treg cells than MC38-EVs in vitro. Overall, these results show that estrogen treatment prevents MC38 tumor growth via regulating the tumor immune microenvironment through MC38-EVs.
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9
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Nishikawa H, Koyama S. Mechanisms of regulatory T cell infiltration in tumors: implications for innovative immune precision therapies. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002591. [PMID: 34330764 PMCID: PMC8327843 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
With the broad application of cancer immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors in multiple cancer types, the immunological landscape in the tumor microenvironment (TME) has become enormously important for determining the optimal cancer treatment. Tumors can be immunologically divided into two categories: inflamed and non-inflamed based on the extent of immune cell infiltration and their activation status. In general, immunotherapies are preferable for the inflamed tumors than for non-inflamed tumors. Regulatory T cells (Tregs), an immunosuppressive subset of CD4+ T cells, play an essential role in maintaining self-tolerance and immunological homeostasis. In tumor immunity, Tregs compromise immune surveillance against cancer in healthy individuals and impair the antitumor immune response in tumor-bearing hosts. Tregs, therefore, accelerate immune evasion by tumor cells, leading to tumor development and progression in various types of cancer. Therefore, Tregs are considered to be a crucial therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy. Abundant Tregs are observed in the TME in many types of cancer, both in inflamed and non-inflamed tumors. Diverse mechanisms of Treg accumulation, activation, and survival in the TME have been uncovered for different tumor types, indicating the importance of understanding the mechanism of Treg infiltration in each patient when selecting the optimal Treg-targeted therapy. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of mechanisms leading to Treg abundance in the TME to optimize Treg-targeted therapy. Furthermore, in addition to the conventional strategies targeting cell surface molecules predominantly expressed by Tregs, reagents targeting molecules and signaling pathways specifically employed by Tregs for infiltration, activation, and survival in each tumor type are illustrated as novel Treg-targeted therapies. The effectiveness of immune precision therapy depends on conditions in the TME of each cancer patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Nishikawa
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Research Institute/Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center (EPOC), National Cancer Center, Tokyo/Chiba, Japan .,Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shohei Koyama
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Research Institute/Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center (EPOC), National Cancer Center, Tokyo/Chiba, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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10
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Padem N, Erickson K, Yong M, Makhija M, Hulse KE, Singh AM. Dysregulated specific IgE production to bystander foods in children with peanut allergy but not egg allergy. JOURNAL OF FOOD ALLERGY 2021; 3:24-31. [PMID: 39022630 PMCID: PMC11250455 DOI: 10.2500/jfa.2021.3.210005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Background Food specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) levels are associated with the development of allergic responses and are used in the clinical evaluation of food allergy. Food sIgG4 levels have been associated with tolerance or clinical nonresponsiveness, particularly in interventional studies. Objective We aimed to characterize food-specific antibody responses and compare responses with different foods in food allergy. Methods Serum sIgA, sIgG4, and sIgE to whole peanut, egg white, and wheat, along with total IgE were measured in 57 children. Children with food allergy, children with natural tolerance, and controls were studied. The Mann-Whitney test or Kruskall Wallis test with the Dunn correction were used for statistical analysis. Results As expected, total IgE levels were highest in the subjects with food allergy compared with the subjects who were nonallergic (p < 0.001) or the subjects who were naturally tolerant (p < 0.001). Peanut sIgE levels were higher in subjects with peanut allergy compared with the subjects who were naturally tolerant (p < 0.0001) and the control subjects (p < 0.03). Interestingly, peanut sIgG4 levels were also highest in children with peanut allergy compared with subjects who were naturally tolerant and control subjects (p = 0.28 and p < 0.001, respectively). Subjects with peanut allergy alone had comparable egg white sIgE levels to children with egg white allergy. In addition, the subjects with peanut allergy alone also had higher levels of egg white and wheat sIgE compared with the control subjects (p < 0.02 and p = 0.001, respectively). In contrast, the subjects with egg white allergy did not demonstrate elevated peanut or wheat sIgE levels. Conclusion These novel findings suggested that IgE production is dysregulated in patients with peanut allergy, who are much less likely to outgrow their allergy, and suggest that the mechanisms that drive more persistent forms of food allergy may be distinct from more transient forms of food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurcicek Padem
- From the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kristin Erickson
- From the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, and
| | - Meagan Yong
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, and
| | - Melanie Makhija
- From the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kathryn E. Hulse
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, and
| | - Anne Marie Singh
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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11
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Value of cord blood Treg population properties and function-associated characteristics for predicting allergy development in childhood. Cent Eur J Immunol 2021; 45:393-402. [PMID: 33613093 PMCID: PMC7882409 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2020.103413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases represent some of the most common immunological disorders with high clinical and economic impact. Despite intensive research, there are still few universally accepted and reliable biomarkers capable of predicting their development at an early age. There is therefore a pressing need for identification of potential predictive factors and validation of their prognostic value by correlating them with allergy development. Dysbalance of the branches of immune response, most often excessive Th2 polarization, is the principal cause of allergic diseases. Regulatory T cells (Treg) are a crucial population for the timely establishment of physiological immune polarization and induction and maintenance of tolerance against environmental antigens. This makes them a potentially promising candidate for an early marker predicting allergy development. In our study, we analysed samples of cord blood of children of allergic mothers and children of healthy mothers by flow cytometry and retrospectively correlated the data with clinical allergy status of the children at the age of 6 to 10 years. Studied parameters included cord blood Treg population proportions and functional properties - intracellular presence of IL-10 and TGF-b, MFI of FoxP3. We observed higher percentage of Tregs in cord blood of children who did not develop allergy compared with allergic children. Further, we found higher numbers of IL-10+ Tregs in cord blood of healthy children of healthy mothers than in cord blood of children of allergic mothers and decreased TGF-b+ cord blood Tregs in the group of allergic children of allergic mothers compared to all other groups.
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12
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Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are distinctive sites exposed to environmental, dietary, and microbial antigens. Particularly in the gut, the host continuously actively adapts via complex interactions between the microbiota and dietary compounds and immune and other tissue cells. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical for tuning the intestinal immune response to self- and non-self-antigens in the intestine. Its importance in intestinal homeostasis is illustrated by the onset of overt inflammation caused by deficiency in Treg generation, function, or stability in the gut. A substantial imbalance in Tregs has been observed in intestinal tissue during pathogenic conditions, when a tightly regulated and equilibrated system becomes dysregulated and leads to unimpeded and chronic immune responses. In this chapter, we compile and critically discuss the current knowledge on the key factors that promote Treg-mediated tolerance in the gut, such as those involved in intestinal Treg differentiation, specificity and suppressive function, and their immunophenotype during health and disease. We also discuss the current state of knowledge on Treg dysregulation in human intestine during pathological states such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and colorectal cancer (CRC), and how that knowledge is guiding development of Treg-targeted therapies to treat or prevent intestinal disorders.
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13
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Bertolini TB, Biswas M, Terhorst C, Daniell H, Herzog RW, Piñeros AR. Role of orally induced regulatory T cells in immunotherapy and tolerance. Cell Immunol 2020; 359:104251. [PMID: 33248367 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oral antigen administration to induce regulatory T cells (Treg) takes advantage of regulatory mechanisms that the gastrointestinal tract utilizes to promote unresponsiveness against food antigens or commensal microorganisms. Recently, antigen-based oral immunotherapies (OITs) have shown efficacy as treatment for food allergy and autoimmune diseases. Similarly, OITs appear to prevent anti-drug antibody responses in replacement therapy for genetic diseases. Intestinal epithelial cells and microbiota possibly condition dendritic cells (DC) toward a tolerogenic phenotype that induces Treg via expression of several mediators, e.g. IL-10, transforming growth factor-β, retinoic acid. Several factors, such as metabolites derived from microbiota or diet, impact the stability and expansion of these induced Treg, which include, but are not limited to, FoxP3+ Treg, LAP+ Treg, and/or Tr1 cells. Here, we review various orally induced Treg, their plasticity and cooperation between the Treg subsets, as well as underlying mechanisms controlling their induction and role in oral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais B Bertolini
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Moanaro Biswas
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Roland W Herzog
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Annie R Piñeros
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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14
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Turner JA, Stephen-Victor E, Wang S, Rivas MN, Abdel-Gadir A, Harb H, Cui Y, Fanny M, Charbonnier LM, Fong JJH, Benamar M, Wang L, Burton OT, Bansal K, Bry L, Zhu C, Li QZ, Clement RL, Oettgen HC, Crestani E, Rachid R, Sage PT, Chatila TA. Regulatory T Cell-Derived TGF-β1 Controls Multiple Checkpoints Governing Allergy and Autoimmunity. Immunity 2020; 53:1202-1214.e6. [PMID: 33086036 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which regulatory T (Treg) cells differentially control allergic and autoimmune responses remain unclear. We show that Treg cells in food allergy (FA) had decreased expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) because of interleukin-4 (IL-4)- and signal transducer and activator of transciription-6 (STAT6)-dependent inhibition of Tgfb1 transcription. These changes were modeled by Treg cell-specific Tgfb1 monoallelic inactivation, which induced allergic dysregulation by impairing microbiota-dependent retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma t (ROR-γt)+ Treg cell differentiation. This dysregulation was rescued by treatment with Clostridiales species, which upregulated Tgfb1 expression in Treg cells. Biallelic deficiency precipitated fatal autoimmunity with intense autoantibody production and dysregulated T follicular helper and B cell responses. These results identify a privileged role of Treg cell-derived TGF-β1 in regulating allergy and autoimmunity at distinct checkpoints in a Tgfb1 gene dose- and microbiota-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Turner
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emmanuel Stephen-Victor
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sen Wang
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Magali Noval Rivas
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Azza Abdel-Gadir
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hani Harb
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ye Cui
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Manoussa Fanny
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Louis-Marie Charbonnier
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jason Jun Hung Fong
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mehdi Benamar
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Leighanne Wang
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Oliver T Burton
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridgeshire CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Kushagra Bansal
- Molecular Biology & Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Lynn Bry
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chengsong Zhu
- Department of Immunology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rachel L Clement
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hans C Oettgen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elena Crestani
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rima Rachid
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter T Sage
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Talal A Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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15
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Fantini MC, Favale A, Onali S, Facciotti F. Tumor Infiltrating Regulatory T Cells in Sporadic and Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer: The Red Little Riding Hood and the Wolf. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6744. [PMID: 32937953 PMCID: PMC7555219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells represent a class of specialized T lymphocytes that suppress unwanted immune responses and size the activation of the immune system whereby limiting collateral damages in tissues involved by inflammation. In cancer, the accumulation of Tregs is generally associated with poor prognosis. Many lines of evidence indicate that Tregs accumulation in the tumor microenvironment (TME) suppresses the immune response against tumor-associated antigens (TAA), thus promoting tumor progression in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSLC), breast carcinoma and melanoma. In colorectal cancer (CRC) the effect of Tregs accumulation is debated. Some reports describe the association of high number of Tregs in CRC stroma with a better prognosis while others failed to find any association. These discordant results stem from the heterogeneity of the immune environment generated in CRC in which anticancer immune response may coexists with tumor promoting inflammation. Moreover, different subsets of Tregs have been identified that may exert different effects on cancer progression depending on tumor stage and their location within the tumor mass. Finally, Tregs phenotypic plasticity may be induced by cytokines released in the TME by dysplastic and other tumor-infiltrating cells thus affecting their functional role in the tumor. Here, we reviewed the recent literature about the role of Tregs in CRC and in colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC), where inflammation is the main driver of tumor initiation and progression. We tried to explain when and how Tregs can be considered to be the "good" or the "bad" in the colon carcinogenesis process on the basis of the available data concluding that the final effect of Tregs on sporadic CRC and CAC depends on their localization within the tumor, the subtype of Tregs involved and their phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Claudio Fantini
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Agnese Favale
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Sara Onali
- CEMAD-IBD UNIT-Unità Operativa Complessa di Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Federica Facciotti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy;
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16
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Buszko M, Shevach EM. Control of regulatory T cell homeostasis. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 67:18-26. [PMID: 32810642 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ Foxp3+ T Regulatory (Treg) cells play a critical role in the homeostasis and maintenance of the immune system. The understanding of different aspects of Treg cells biology remains an intensively investigated subject as altering their generation, stability, or function by drugs or biologics may have therapeutic value in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases as well as cancers. This review will focus on recent studies on the role of cytokines, T Cell Receptor (TCR) and co-stimulatory/co-inhibitory molecules signaling, location and metabolism on the homeostasis and stability of Treg cells. The potential for therapeutic manipulation of each of these factors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Buszko
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, Cellular Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ethan M Shevach
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, Cellular Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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17
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Akkaya B, Shevach EM. Regulatory T cells: Master thieves of the immune system. Cell Immunol 2020; 355:104160. [PMID: 32711171 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Treg cells are the immune system's in-house combatants against pathological immune activation. Because they are vital to maintenance of peripheral tolerance, it is important to understand how they perform their functions. To this end, various mechanisms have been proposed for Treg-mediated immune inhibition. A major group of mechanisms picture Treg cells as skilled thieves stealing a plethora of molecules that would otherwise promote immune effector functions. This suggests that several million years of evolution have endowed Treg cells with efficient ways to deprive immune effectors of activating stimuli to prevent immunopathology for survival of the host. Although we are still long way from deciphering their complete set of tricks, this review will focus on the types of "crimes" committed by these master thieves in both secondary lymphoid organs and non-lymphoid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billur Akkaya
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ethan M Shevach
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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18
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Horwitz DA, Fahmy TM, Piccirillo CA, La Cava A. Rebalancing Immune Homeostasis to Treat Autoimmune Diseases. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:888-908. [PMID: 31601519 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During homeostasis, interactions between tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs), self-reactive T cells, and T regulatory cells (Tregs) contribute to maintaining mammalian immune tolerance. In response to infection, immunogenic DCs promote the generation of proinflammatory effector T cell subsets. When complex homeostatic mechanisms maintaining the balance between regulatory and effector functions become impaired, autoimmune diseases can develop. We discuss some of the newest advances on the mechanisms of physiopathologic homeostasis that can be employed to develop strategies to restore a dysregulated immune equilibrium. Some of these designs are based on selectively activating regulators of immunity and inflammation instead of broadly suppressing these processes. Promising approaches include the use of nanoparticles (NPs) to restore Treg control over self-reactive cells, aiming to achieve long-term disease remission, and potentially to prevent autoimmunity in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Horwitz
- General Nanotherapeutics, LLC, Santa Monica, CA, USA; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Tarek M Fahmy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Program in Infectious Disease and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Antonio La Cava
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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19
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Weissler KA, Frischmeyer-Guerrerio PA. Genetic evidence for the role of transforming growth factor-β in atopic phenotypes. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 60:54-62. [PMID: 31163387 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
New evidence in humans and mice supports a role for transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in the initiation and effector phases of allergic disease, as well as in consequent tissue dysfunction. This pleiotropic cytokine can affect T cell activation and differentiation and B cell immunoglobulin class switching following initial encounter with an allergen. TGF-β can also act on mast cells during an acute allergic episode to modulate the strength of the response, in addition to driving tissue remodeling following damage caused by an allergic attack. Accordingly, genetic disorders leading to altered TGF-β signaling can result in increased rates of allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Weissler
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
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20
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Regulatory T cell adaptation in the intestine and skin. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:386-396. [PMID: 30890797 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0351-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestine and skin are distinct microenvironments with unique physiological functions and are continually exposed to diverse environmental challenges. Host adaptation at these sites is an active process that involves interaction between immune cells and tissue cells. Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) play a pivotal role in enforcing homeostasis at barrier surfaces, illustrated by the development of intestinal and skin inflammation in diseases caused by primary deficiency in Treg cells. Treg cells at barrier sites are phenotypically distinct from their lymphoid-organ counterparts, and these 'tissue' signatures often reflect their tissue-adapted function. We discuss current understanding of Treg cell adaptation in the intestine and skin, including unique phenotypes, functions and metabolic demands, and how increased knowledge of Treg cells at barrier sites might guide precision medicine therapies.
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21
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Salem M, Wallace C, Velegraki M, Li A, Ansa-Addo E, Metelli A, Kwon H, Riesenberg B, Wu B, Zhang Y, Guglietta S, Sun S, Liu B, Li Z. GARP Dampens Cancer Immunity by Sustaining Function and Accumulation of Regulatory T Cells in the Colon. Cancer Res 2019; 79:1178-1190. [PMID: 30674536 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activated regulatory T (Treg) cells express the surface receptor glycoprotein-A repetitions predominant (GARP), which binds and activates latent TGFβ. How GARP modulates Treg function in inflammation and cancer remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that loss of GARP in Treg cells leads to spontaneous inflammation with highly activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and development of enteritis. Treg cells lacking GARP were unable to suppress pathogenic T-cell responses in multiple models of inflammation, including T-cell transfer colitis. GARP-/- Treg cells were significantly reduced in the gut and exhibited a reduction in CD103 expression, a colon-specific migratory marker. In the colitis-associated colon cancer model, GARP on Treg cells dampened immune surveillance, and mice with GARP-/- Treg cells exhibited improved antitumor immunity. Thus, GARP empowers the functionality of Treg cells and their tissue-specific accumulation, highlighting the importance of cell surface TGFβ in Treg function and GARP as a potential therapeutic target for colorectal cancer therapy.Significance: These findings uncover functions of membrane-bound TGFβ and GARP that tune the activity of Treg cells, highlighting a potential treatment strategy in autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Salem
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Caroline Wallace
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Maria Velegraki
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Anqi Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Ephraim Ansa-Addo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Alessandra Metelli
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Hyunwoo Kwon
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Brian Riesenberg
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Bill Wu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Silvia Guglietta
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Shaoli Sun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Zihai Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina. .,First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University School of Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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22
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Wang X, Ge J, Chen R. LAP + Treg is a better biomarker than total Treg in viral myocarditis. J Med Virol 2018; 91:886-889. [PMID: 30570750 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Latency associated peptide (LAP) is a protein expressed on the membrane of some regulatory T cells (Treg). LAP+ Treg have a greater immunomodulatory effect than that of their negative counterparts. In this study, we presented the data on the proportion of LAP+ Treg out of CD4+ cells in mice with viral myocarditis, which we believed was more sensitive and specific than that of the ratio of total Treg in CD4+ cells. Comparing with the previously recognized total Treg, LAP+ Treg was a better biomarker on myocardial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinggang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruizhen Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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23
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Černý V, Hrdý J, Novotná O, Petrásková P, Boráková K, Kolářová L, Prokešová L. Distinct characteristics of Tregs of newborns of healthy and allergic mothers. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207998. [PMID: 30475891 PMCID: PMC6258229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases represent a major issue in clinical and experimental immunology due to their high and increasing incidence worldwide. Allergy status of the mother remains the best predictor of an individual's increased risk of allergy development. Dysregulation of the balance between different branches of immune response, chiefly excessive polarization towards Th2, is the underlying cause of allergic diseases. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a pivotal role in the timely establishment of physiological immune polarization and are crucial for control of allergy. In our study we used flow cytometry to assess Tregs in cord blood of newborns of healthy (n = 121) and allergic (n = 108) mothers. We observed a higher percentage of Tregs (CD4+CD25+CD127lowFoxP3+) in cord blood of children of allergic mothers. However, the percentage of cells expressing extracellular (PD-1, CTLA-4, GITR) and intracellular (IL-10, TGF-β) markers of function was lower (significantly for PD-1 and IL-10) within Tregs of these children. Furthermore, Helios- induced Tregs in the cord blood of children of allergic mothers were decreased. These results were supported by a decrease in plasma levels of IL-10 and TGF-β in cord blood of newborns of allergic mothers, implying lower tolerogenic capacity on the systemic level. Taken together, these findings reflect deficient function of Tregs in the group with higher risk of allergy development. This may be caused by a lower maturation status of the immune system, specifically Tregs, at birth. Such immaturity may represent an important mechanism involved in the increased risk of allergy in children of allergic mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Černý
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Hrdý
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Novotná
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Petrásková
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Libuše Kolářová
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Prokešová
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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24
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Wang H, Li J, Fu X, Liu Y, Xu Q, Sang L. Effect of simvastatin on expression of VEGF and TGF-β1 in atherosclerotic animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:2889-2894. [PMID: 30233664 PMCID: PMC6143897 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in atherosclerosis animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with simvastatin was investigated. Clean grade mature Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into three groups: Normal control (n=10), model (n=13) and treatment group (n=13); low-dose simvastatin was administered. The changes of VEGF and TGF-β1 levels were analyzed by tail vein blood sampling. The relationship between levels of VEGF, TGF-β1 and treatment time was analyzed. The expression level of VEGF in the treatment group after 4 and 8 weeks of intervention was lower compared with the model group (P<0.05). The expression level of TGF-β1 in the treatment group after 8 weeks of intervention was higher than that in the model group (P<0.05). The expression level of VEGF in the treatment group after 8 weeks of intervention was lower than that after 1 week of intervention (P<0.05). The expression level of TGF-β1 was increased in the model group after 8 weeks of intervention compared with 1 week before and after the intervention (P<0.05). The expression level of TGF-β1 in the treatment group at 2, 4 and 8 weeks after intervention were significantly higher than that before intervention (P<0.05). The expression of TGF-β1 increased after 4 and 8 weeks after intervention compared with 1 week after intervention (P<0.05). The expression of VEGF was negatively correlated with TGF-β1 expression in the treatment group; negative correlation was found between VEGF and treatment time. There was a positive correlation between TGF-β1 and treatment time. VEGF and TGF-β1 may be involved in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2MD) atherosclerosis (AS). Simvastatin may play a therapeutic role in T2MD AS by downregulating VEGF and upregulating the expression of TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Department of Cadre Health Protection, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Fu
- Department of Cadre Health Protection, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Xu
- Department of Cadre Health Protection, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Lili Sang
- Department of Cadre Health Protection, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
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Stockis J, Dedobbeleer O, Lucas S. Role of GARP in the activation of latent TGF-β1. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 13:1925-1935. [PMID: 28795730 DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00251c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
TGF-β1, 2 and 3 cytokines are involved in many cellular processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and survival. Whereas TGF-β2 and 3 play important roles in embryonic development, TGF-β1 is mostly implicated in controlling immune responses after birth. The production of TGF-β1 is a tightly regulated process, occurring mostly at a post-translational level. Virtually all cells produce the latent, inactive form of TGF-β1. In latent TGF-β1, the mature TGF-β1 dimer is non-covalently associated to the Latency Associated Peptide, or LAP, which prevents binding to the TGF-β1 receptor. Activation of the cytokine implies release of mature TGF-β1 from LAP. Only a few cell types activate latent TGF-β1, via mechanisms that are cell type specific. Proteins such as integrins, proteases and thrombospondin-1 activate TGF-β1 in epithelial cells, fibroblasts and dendritic cells. More recently, the protein GARP was shown to be involved in TGF-β1 activation by regulatory T cells (Treg), a subset of CD4+ T lymphocytes specialized in suppression of immune responses. GARP is a transmembrane protein that binds latent-TGF-β1 and tethers it on the Treg surface. The role of GARP was studied mostly in Tregs, and this was recently reviewed in L. Sun, H. Jin and H. Li, Oncotarget, 2016, 7, 42826-42836. However, GARP is also expressed in non-immune cells. This review focuses on the roles of GARP in latent TGF-β1 activation by immune and non-immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Stockis
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Shevach EM. Foxp3 + T Regulatory Cells: Still Many Unanswered Questions-A Perspective After 20 Years of Study. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1048. [PMID: 29868011 PMCID: PMC5962663 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
T regulatory (Treg) cells were discovered more than 20 years ago and have remained a topic of intense investigation by immunologists. The initial doubts about their existence were dissipated by the discovery in 2003 of the lineage specific transcription factor Foxp3. In this article, I will discuss some of the questions that I believe still need to be answered before we will be able to fully apply Treg therapy to the clinic. The major issue that remains to be resolved is how they mediate their suppressive functions. In order to correct defective suppression in autoimmune disease (assuming it is a causative factor) or to augment suppression in graft versus host disease or during organ transplantation, we still need to fully understand the biochemical nature of suppressor mechanisms. Similarly, in cancer, it is now widely accepted that reversal of Treg suppression would be highly desirable, yet which of the many purported pathways of suppression are operative in different tumors in different anatomic sites. Many of the concepts we have developed are based on in vitro studies, and it remains unclear if these concepts can readily be applied to Treg function in vivo. Our lack of a specific cell surface marker that readily allows us to identify and target Treg in vivo, particularly in man, remains a major stumbling block. Finally, I will review in some detail controversies regarding the origin of Treg, thymus versus periphery, and attempts to reverse Treg suppression by targeting antigens on their cell surface, particularly members of the TNF receptor superfamily. Hopefully, these areas of controversy will be resolved by in depth studies over the next few years and manipulation of Treg function will be placed on a more solid experimental footing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M Shevach
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Sharma R, Kinsey GR. Regulatory T cells in acute and chronic kidney diseases. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F679-F698. [PMID: 28877881 PMCID: PMC6031912 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00236.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Foxp3-expressing CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) make up one subset of the helper T cells (Th) and are one of the major mechanisms of peripheral tolerance. Tregs prevent abnormal activation of the immune system throughout the lifespan, thus protecting from autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have elucidated the role of Tregs beyond autoimmunity. Tregs play important functions in controlling not only innate and adaptive immune cell activation, but also regulate nonimmune cell function during insults and injury. Inflammation contributes to a multitude of acute and chronic diseases affecting the kidneys. This review examines the role of Tregs in pathogenesis of renal inflammatory diseases and explores the approaches for enhancing Tregs for prevention and therapy of renal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Sharma
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Gilbert R Kinsey
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
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Mair I, Zandee SEJ, Toor IS, Saul L, McPherson RC, Leech MD, Smyth DJ, O’Connor RA, Henderson NC, Anderton SM. A Context-Dependent Role for αv Integrins in Regulatory T Cell Accumulation at Sites of Inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:264. [PMID: 29535709 PMCID: PMC5834440 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Several inflammatory diseases including multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease have been associated with dysfunctional and/or reduced numbers of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg). While numerous mechanisms of action have been discovered by which Treg can exert their function, disease-specific Treg requirements remain largely unknown. We found that the integrin αv, which can pair with several β subunits including β8, is highly upregulated in Treg at sites of inflammation. Using mice that lacked αv expression or β8 expression specifically in Treg, we demonstrate that there was no deficit in Treg accumulation in the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and no difference in the resolution of disease compared to control mice. In contrast, during a curative T cell transfer model of colitis, Treg lacking all αv integrins were found at reduced proportions and numbers in the inflamed gut. This led to a quantitative impairment in the ability of αv-deficient Treg to reverse disease when Treg numbers in the inflamed colon were below a threshold. Increase of the number of curative Treg injected was able to rescue this phenotype, indicating that αv integrins were not required for the immunosuppressive function of Treg per se. In accordance with this, αv deficiency did not impact on the capacity of Treg to suppress proliferation of naive conventional T cells in vitro as well as in vivo. These observations demonstrate that despite the general upregulation of αv integrins in Treg at sites of inflammation, they are relevant for adequate Treg accumulation only in specific disease settings. The understanding of disease-specific mechanisms of action by Treg has clear implications for Treg-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Mair
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie E. J. Zandee
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Iqbal S. Toor
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Saul
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rhoanne C. McPherson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie D. Leech
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle J. Smyth
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. O’Connor
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil C. Henderson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M. Anderton
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Li X, Li D, Huang X, Zhou P, Shi Q, Zhang B, Ju X. Helios expression in regulatory T cells promotes immunosuppression, angiogenesis and the growth of leukemia cells in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res 2018; 67:60-66. [PMID: 29455107 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) characterized by the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) are crucial for maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmunity. However, FoxP3 does not function alone and Helios is considered a potential candidate for defining Treg subsets. In this study, we investigated the expression and function of Helios for identifying Tregs in childhood precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pre-B ALL). Our results demonstrated that patients with pre-B ALL had a higher percentage of Helios+ FoxP3+ CD4+ Tregs. And there was a positive correlation between the expression of Helios and the suppressive function of Tregs, the risk gradation of ALL. Helios in combination with CD4 and FoxP3 may be an effective way to detect functional Tregs in pre-B ALL by promoting the secretion of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. Furthermore, Helios+ Tregs could regulate angiogenesis in the BM niche of pre-B ALL via the VEGFA/VEGFR2 pathway. We also found Helios+ Tregs decreased apoptosis rate of nalm-6 cells by up-regulating the expression of anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2. In summary, these data strongly imply the physiological importance of Helios expression in Tregs, and suggest that the manipulation of Helios may serve as a novel strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Xiaoyang Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Panpan Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Qing Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Xiuli Ju
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China.
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Satitsuksanoa P, Jansen K, Głobińska A, van de Veen W, Akdis M. Regulatory Immune Mechanisms in Tolerance to Food Allergy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2939. [PMID: 30619299 PMCID: PMC6299021 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral tolerance can develop after frequent exposure to food allergens. Upon ingestion, food is digested into small protein fragments in the gastrointestinal tract. Small food particles are later absorbed into the human body. Interestingly, some of these ingested food proteins can cause allergic immune responses, which can lead to food allergy. So far it has not been completely elucidated how these proteins become immunogenic and cause food allergies. In contrast, oral tolerance helps to prevent the pathologic reactions against different types of food antigens from animal or plant origin. Tolerance to food is mainly acquired by dendritic cells, epithelial cells in the gut, and the gut microbiome. A subset of CD103+ DCs is capable of inducing T regulatory cells (Treg cells) that express anti-inflammatory cytokines. Anergic T cells also contribute to oral tolerance, by reducing the number of effector cells. Similar to Treg cells, B regulatory cells (Breg cells) suppress effector T cells and contribute to the immune tolerance to food allergens. Furthermore, the human microbiome is an essential mediator in the induction of oral tolerance or food allergy. In this review, we outline the current understanding of regulatory immune mechanisms in oral tolerance. The biological changes reflecting early consequences of immune stimulation with food allergens should provide useful information for the development of novel therapeutic treatments.
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Niu J, Yue W, Le-Le Z, Bin L, Hu X. Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit T cell activation by releasing TGF-β1 from TGF-β1/GARP complex. Oncotarget 2017; 8:99784-99800. [PMID: 29245940 PMCID: PMC5725131 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervention with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) reveals a promising therapeutic tool to treat transplantation and autoimmune disease due to their immunoregulation capability. But the mechanisms of action are not fully investigated yet. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) exhibit multiple effects in migration, differentiation, and immunomodulation of MSCs. Glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP) is an important marker of activated Treg (regulatory T cells). GARP binds latent TGF-β1 to regulate its activation, which is the indispensable step in Treg suppressing effector T cells. So far we don't know whether GARP present on MSCs and its association with MSCs function. Our study show that MSCs express GARP which binds latent TGF-β1 on their cell surface. We also found that TGF-β1+/- MSCs produce less TGF-β1 and exhibit reduced capacity in inhibiting T cells. When TGF-β1 signaling pathway was blocked, MSCs show decreased activity in inhibiting T cells. Importantly, silencing GARP expression distinctively damaged the capacity of MSCs to inhibit IFN-γ production. These findings indicated the expression of GARP on MSCs and its functionality in activating LAP, thus demonstrating GARP as a novel biomarker and new target to improve the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Niu
- General Surgery of the Hospital Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Digestive Disease Research Laboratory of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
| | - Wang Yue
- General Surgery of the Hospital Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Digestive Disease Research Laboratory of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
| | - Zhu Le-Le
- General Surgery of the Hospital Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Digestive Disease Research Laboratory of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
| | - Liu Bin
- General Surgery of the Hospital Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Digestive Disease Research Laboratory of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
| | - Xin Hu
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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32
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Wu BX, Li A, Lei L, Kaneko S, Wallace C, Li X, Li Z. Glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP) positively regulates transforming growth factor (TGF) β3 and is essential for mouse palatogenesis. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18091-18097. [PMID: 28912269 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.797613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP) (encoded by the Lrrc32 gene) plays important roles in cell-surface docking and activation of TGFβ. However, GARP's role in organ development in mammalian systems is unclear. To determine the function of GARP in vivo, we generated a GARP KO mouse model. Unexpectedly, the GARP KO mice died within 24 h after birth and exhibited defective palatogenesis without apparent abnormalities in other major organs. Furthermore, we observed decreased apoptosis and SMAD2 phosphorylation in the medial edge epithelial cells of the palatal shelf of GARP KO embryos at embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5), indicating a defect in the TGFβ signaling pathway in the GARP-null developing palates. Of note, the failure to develop the secondary palate and concurrent reduction of SMAD phosphorylation without other defects in GARP KO mice phenocopied TGFβ3 KO mice, although GARP has not been suggested previously to interact with TGFβ3. We found that GARP and TGFβ3 co-localize in medial edge epithelial cells at E14.5. In vitro studies confirmed that GARP and TGFβ3 directly interact and that GARP is indispensable for the surface expression of membrane-associated latent TGFβ3. Our findings indicate that GARP is essential for normal morphogenesis of the palate and demonstrate that GARP plays a crucial role in regulating TGFβ3 signaling during embryogenesis. In conclusion, we have uncovered a novel function of GARP in positively regulating TGFβ3 activation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill X Wu
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Anqi Li
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Liming Lei
- the Departments of Urology and Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- the Departments of Urology and Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Caroline Wallace
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Xue Li
- the Departments of Urology and Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Zihai Li
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, .,the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University School of Medicine, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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Guan Q, Ezzati P, Spicer V, Krokhin O, Wall D, Wilkins JA. Interferon γ induced compositional changes in human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. Clin Proteomics 2017; 14:26. [PMID: 28694743 PMCID: PMC5501357 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-017-9161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) display a range of immunoregulatory properties which can be enhanced by the exposure to cytokines such interferon γ (IFN-γ). However the compositional changes associated with the ‘licensing’ of these cells have not been clearly defined. The present study was undertaken to provide a detailed comparative proteomic analysis of the compositional changes that occur in human bone marrow derived MSC following 20 h treatment with IFN-γ. Methods 2D LC MSMS analysis of control and IFN-γ treated cells from 5 different healthy donors provided confident identification of more than 8400 proteins. Results In total 210 proteins were shown to be significantly altered in their expression levels (≥|2SD|) following IFN-γ treatment. The changes for several of these proteins were confirmed by flow cytometry. STRING analysis determined that approximately 30% of the altered proteins physically interacted in described interferon mediated processes. Comparison of the list of proteins that were identified as changed in the proteomic analysis with data for the same proteins in the Interferome DB indicated that ~35% of these proteins have not been reported to be IFN-γ responsive in a range of cell types. Conclusions This data provides an in depth analysis of the proteome of basal and IFN-γ treated human mesenchymal stem cells and it identifies a number of novel proteins that may contribute to the immunoregulatory capacity if IFN-γ licensed cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12014-017-9161-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingdong Guan
- Manitoba Centre for Advanced Cell and Tissue Therapy, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada.,Cellular Therapy Laboratory, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - Peyman Ezzati
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Section of Biomedical Proteomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba and Health Sciences Centre, 799 John Buhler Research Centre, 715 McDermot Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4 Canada
| | - Victor Spicer
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Section of Biomedical Proteomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba and Health Sciences Centre, 799 John Buhler Research Centre, 715 McDermot Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4 Canada
| | - Oleg Krokhin
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Section of Biomedical Proteomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba and Health Sciences Centre, 799 John Buhler Research Centre, 715 McDermot Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4 Canada
| | - Donna Wall
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - John A Wilkins
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Section of Biomedical Proteomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba and Health Sciences Centre, 799 John Buhler Research Centre, 715 McDermot Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4 Canada
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Shevach EM. Garp as a therapeutic target for modulation of T regulatory cell function. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 21:191-200. [PMID: 28001437 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1275568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) play critical roles in immune homeostasis primarily by suppressing many aspects of the immune response. Tregs uniquely express GARP on their cell surface and GARP functions as a delivery system for latent TGF-β. As Treg-derived TGF-β may mediate the suppressive functions of Tregs, GARP may represent a target to inhibit Treg suppression in cancer or augment suppression in autoimmunity. Areas covered: This article will focus on 1) the role of Treg-derived TGF-β in the suppressive activity of Treg, 2) the cellular and molecular regulation of expression of GARP on mouse and human Tregs, 3) the role of integrins in the activation of latent-TGF-β/GARP complex, 4) an overview of our present understanding of the function of the latent-TGF-β/GARP complex. Expert opinion: Two approaches are outlined for targeting the L-TGF-β1/GARP complex for therapeutic purposes. Tregs play a major role in suppressive effector T cell responses to tumors and TGF-β1 may be a major contributor to this process. One approach is to specifically block the production of active TGF-β1 from Tregs as an adjunct to tumor immunotherapy. The second approach in autoimmunity is to selectively enhance the production of TGF-β by Tregs at sites of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M Shevach
- a Laboratory of Immunology , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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