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Białek MJ, Hurej K, Furuta H, Latos-Grażyński L. Organometallic chemistry confined within a porphyrin-like framework. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:2082-2144. [PMID: 36852929 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00784c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The world of modified porphyrins changed forever when an N-confused porphyrin (NCP), a porphyrin isomer, was first published in 1994. The replacement of one inner nitrogen with a carbon atom revolutionised the chemistry that one is able to perform within the coordination cavity. One could explore new pathways in the organometallic chemistry of porphyrins by forcing a carbon fragment from the ring or an inner substituent to sit close to an inserted metal ion. Since the NCP discovery, a series of modifications became available to tune the coordination properties of the cavity, introducing a fascinating realm of carbaporphyrins. The review surveys all possible carbatetraphyrins(1.1.1.1) and their spectacular coordination and organometallic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał J Białek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50383 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Karolina Hurej
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50383 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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2
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Jin GQ, Chau CV, Arambula JF, Gao S, Sessler JL, Zhang JL. Lanthanide porphyrinoids as molecular theranostics. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6177-6209. [PMID: 35792133 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00275b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, lanthanide (Ln) porphyrinoids have received increasing attention as theranostics. Broadly speaking, the term 'theranostics' refers to agents designed to allow both disease diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. This Review summarises the history and the 'state-of-the-art' development of Ln porphyrinoids as theranostic agents. The emphasis is on the progress made within the past decade. Applications of Ln porphyrinoids in near-infrared (NIR, 650-1700 nm) fluorescence imaging (FL), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radiotherapy, and chemotherapy will be discussed. The use of Ln porphyrinoids as photo-activated agents ('phototheranostics') will also be highlighted in the context of three promising strategies for regulation of porphyrinic triplet energy dissipation pathways, namely: regioisomeric effects, metal regulation, and the use of expanded porphyrinoids. The goal of this Review is to showcase some of the ongoing efforts being made to optimise Ln porphyrinoids as theranostics and as phototheranostics, in order to provide a platform for understanding likely future developments in the area, including those associated with structure-based innovations, functional improvements, and emerging biological activation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qing Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Calvin V Chau
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA.
| | - Jonathan F Arambula
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA. .,InnovoTEX, Inc. 3800 N. Lamar Blvd, Austin, Texas 78756, USA.
| | - Song Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China. .,Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou 515031, P. R. China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, Spin-X Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA.
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China. .,Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou 515031, P. R. China
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Toganoh M, Furuta H. Creation from Confusion and Fusion in the Porphyrin World─The Last Three Decades of N-Confused Porphyrinoid Chemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8313-8437. [PMID: 35230807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Confusion is a novel concept of isomerism in porphyrin chemistry, delivering a steady stream of new chemistry since the discovery of N-confused porphyrin, a porphyrin mutant, in 1994. These days, the number of confused porphyrinoids is increasing, and confusion and associated fusion are found in various fields such as supramolecular chemistry, materials chemistry, biological chemistry, and catalysts. In this review, the birth and growth of confused porphyrinoids in the last three decades are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Toganoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Chan WL, Xie C, Lo WS, Bünzli JCG, Wong WK, Wong KL. Lanthanide-tetrapyrrole complexes: synthesis, redox chemistry, photophysical properties, and photonic applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12189-12257. [PMID: 34553719 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00828d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tetrapyrrole derivatives such as porphyrins, phthalocyanines, naphthalocyanines, and porpholactones, are highly stable macrocyclic compounds that play important roles in many phenomena linked to the development of life. Their complexes with lanthanides are known for more than 60 years and present breath-taking properties such as a range of easily accessible redox states leading to photo- and electro-chromism, paramagnetism, large non-linear optical parameters, and remarkable light emission in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) ranges. They are at the centre of many applications with an increasing focus on their ability to generate singlet oxygen for photodynamic therapy coupled with bioimaging and biosensing properties. This review first describes the synthetic paths leading to lanthanide-tetrapyrrole complexes together with their structures. The initial synthetic protocols were plagued by low yields and long reaction times; they have now been replaced with much more efficient and faster routes, thanks to the stunning advances in synthetic organic chemistry, so that quite complex multinuclear edifices are presently routinely obtained. Aspects such as redox properties, sensitization of NIR-emitting lanthanide ions, and non-linear optical properties are then presented. The spectacular improvements in the quantum yield and brightness of YbIII-containing tetrapyrrole complexes achieved in the past five years are representative of the vitality of the field and open welcome opportunities for the bio-applications described in the last section. Perspectives for the field are vast and exciting as new derivatizations of the macrocycles may lead to sensitization of other LnIII NIR-emitting ions with luminescence in the NIR-II and NIR-III biological windows, while conjugation with peptides and aptamers opens the way for lanthanide-tetrapyrrole theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Lun Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chen Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Wai-Sum Lo
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jean-Claude G Bünzli
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Institute of Chemical Sciences & Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland.
| | - Wai-Kwok Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Ka-Leung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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5
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Historic overview and new developments in synthetic methods for preparation of the rare-earth tetrapyrrolic complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ke XS, Yang BY, Cheng X, Chan SLF, Zhang JL. Ytterbium(III) porpholactones: β-lactonization of porphyrin ligands enhances sensitization efficiency of lanthanide near-infrared luminescence. Chemistry 2014; 20:4324-33. [PMID: 24590671 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The near-infrared (NIR) luminescence efficiency of lanthanide complexes is largely dependent on the electronic and photophysical properties of antenna ligands. Although porphyrin ligands are efficient sensitizers of lanthanide NIR luminescence, non-pyrrolic porphyrin analogues, which have unusual symmetry and electronic states, have been much less studied. In this work, we used porpholactones, a class of β-pyrrolic-modified porphyrins, as ligands and investigated the photophysical properties of lanthanide porpholactones Yb-1 a-5 a. Compared with Yb porphyrin complexes, the porpholactone complexes displayed remarkable enhancement of NIR emission (50-120 %). Estimating the triplet-state levels of porphyrin and porpholactone in Gd complexes revealed that β-lactonization of porphyrinic ligands lowers the ligand T1 state and results in a narrow energy gap between this state and the lowest excited state of Yb(3+) . Transient absorption spectra showed that Yb(III) porpholactone has a longer transient decay lifetime at the Soret band than the porphyrin analogue (30.8 versus 17.0 μs). Thus, the narrower energy gap and longer lifetime arising from β-lactonization are assumed to enhance NIR emission of Yb porpholactones. To demonstrate the potential applications of Yb porpholactone, a water-soluble Yb bioprobe was constructed by conjugating glucose to Yb-1 a. Interestingly, the NIR emission of this Yb porpholactone could be specifically switched on in the presence of glucose oxidase and then switched off by addition of glucose. This is the first demonstration that non-pyrrolic porphyrin ligands enhance the sensitization efficiency of lanthanide luminescence and also display switchable NIR emission in the region of biological analytes (800-1400 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Sheng Ke
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare-Earth Materials Chemistryand Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871 (P. R. China), Fax: (+86) 1062767034
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Gao F, Yao MX, Li YY, Li YZ, Song Y, Zuo JL. Syntheses, structures, and magnetic properties of seven-coordinate lanthanide porphyrinate or phthalocyaninate complexes with Kläui's tripodal ligand. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:6407-16. [PMID: 23692376 DOI: 10.1021/ic400245n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of seven-coordinate mononuclear lanthanide(III) complexes of the general formula [(TPP)Ln(L(OEt))]·0.25H2O and [(Pc)Ln(L(OEt))] (Ln(3+) = Dy(3+), Tb(3+), Ho(3+), and Gd(3+); TPP = 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinate; Pc = phthalocyaninate; L(OEt)(-) = [(η(5)-C5H5)Co(P(=O)(OEt)2)3](-)) are synthesized on the basis of the tripodal ligand L(OEt)(-) and either porphyrin or phthalocyanine ligands. All of the complexes are characterized by X-ray crystallography and by static and dynamic magnetic measurements. The Dy and Tb complexes show the field-induced slow relaxation of magnetization, and they are interesting seven-coordinate single-lanthanide-based SMMs. The magnetic relaxation properties of these double-decker sandwich complexes are influenced by the local molecular symmetry and are sensitive to subtle distortions of the coordination geometry of the paramagnetic lanthanide ions, such as metal-to-plane distances, plane center distances, and bending angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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8
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Zhang T, Zhu X, Wong WK, Tam HL, Wong WY. Light-harvesting ytterbium(III)-porphyrinate-BODIPY conjugates: synthesis, excitation-energy transfer, and two-photon-induced near-infrared-emission studies. Chemistry 2012; 19:739-48. [PMID: 23165692 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Based on a donor-acceptor framework, several conjugates have been designed and prepared in which an electron-donor moiety, ytterbium(III) porphyrinate (YbPor), was linked through an ethynyl bridge to an electron-acceptor moiety, boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY). Photoluminescence studies demonstrated efficient energy transfer from the BODIPY moiety to the YbPor counterpart. When conjugated with the YbPor moiety, the BODIPY moiety served as an antenna to harvest the lower-energy visible light, subsequently transferring its energy to the YbPor counterpart, and, consequently, sensitizing the Yb(III) emission in the near-infrared (NIR) region with a quantum efficiency of up to 0.73% and a lifetime of around 40 μs. Moreover, these conjugates exhibited large two-photon-absorption cross-sections that ranged from 1048-2226 GM and strong two-photon-induced NIR emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants, Committee, Hong Kong) and Department of Chemistry and Institute of Advanced Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Hong Kong, PR China
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Allen KJH, Nicholls-Allison EC, Johnson KRD, Nirwan RS, Berg DJ, Wester D, Twamley B. Lanthanide Complexes of the Kläui Metalloligand, CpCo(P═O(OR)2)3: An Examination of Ligand Exchange Kinetics between Isotopomers by Electrospray Mass Spectrometry. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:12436-43. [DOI: 10.1021/ic301830u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. H. Allen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia,
Canada V8W 3V6
| | - Emma C. Nicholls-Allison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia,
Canada V8W 3V6
| | - Kevin R. D. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia,
Canada V8W 3V6
| | - Rajinder S. Nirwan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia,
Canada V8W 3V6
| | - David J. Berg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia,
Canada V8W 3V6
| | - Dennis Wester
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia,
Canada V8W 3V6
| | - Brendan Twamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia,
Canada V8W 3V6
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Laakso J, Rosser GA, Szíjjártó C, Beeby A, Borbas KE. Synthesis of chlorin-sensitized near infrared-emitting lanthanide complexes. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:10366-74. [PMID: 22978627 DOI: 10.1021/ic3015354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lanthanide (Yb(3+), Nd(3+)) complexes equipped with red-absorbing hydroporphyrin (chlorin) antennae were synthesized and characterized. The syntheses are scalable, highly modular, and enable the introduction of different chlorins functionalized with a single reactive group (COOH or NH(2)). Absorption maxima were dependent on chlorin substitution pattern (monomeso aryl or dimeso aryl) and metalation state (free base or zinc chelate). The complexes benefit from dual chlorin (610-639 nm) and lanthanide (980 or 1065 nm for Yb- or Nd-complexes, respectively) emission in the biologically relevant red and near IR region of the spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Laakso
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Toganoh M, Furuta H. Blooming of confused porphyrinoids—fusion, expansion, contraction, and more confusion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:937-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc14633e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Zhu X, Wong W, Wong W, Yang X. Design and Synthesis of Near‐Infrared Emissive Lanthanide Complexes Based on Macrocyclic Ligands. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201100481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xunjin Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme University Grants Committee, Hong Kong) and Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Luminescence Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Wai‐Kwok Wong
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme University Grants Committee, Hong Kong) and Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Luminescence Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Wai‐Yeung Wong
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme University Grants Committee, Hong Kong) and Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Luminescence Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712‐0165, USA, Fax: +1‐852‐3411‐7348
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Zhong Y, Si L, He H, Sykes AG. BODIPY chromophores as efficient green light sensitizers for lanthanide-induced near-infrared emission. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:11389-95. [PMID: 21922080 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11137j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A new boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) modified 8-hydroxylquinoline ligand (8-HOQ-BODIPY) is synthesized for the sensitization of near-infrared emission of lanthanide(III) ions. The BODIPY unit, as revealed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, aligns almost perpendicularly to the 8-HOQ unit. The ligand exhibits strong absorption at ~506 nm and fluorescence at 510 nm in organic solvents with quantum yields ranging from ~0.45 in dichloromethane to 0.015 in ethanol. It forms stable ytterbium(III), erbium(III) and neodymium(III) complexes with 3:1 ligand-to-metal molar ratios. Upon excitation (~522 nm), the neodymium(III) and erbium(III) complexes emit weakly at 1060 and 1382 nm, respectively, whereas the ytterbium(III) complex exhibits strong emission at 976 and 1003 nm. The results demonstrate the potential of BODIPY dyes as efficient and robust visible light sensitizers for lanthanide-based NIR emitters in medical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Zhong
- Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, Department of Electrical Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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Zhu XJ, Zhang T, Zhao S, Wong WK, Wong WY. Synthesis, Structure, and Photophysical Properties of Some Gadolinium(III) Porphyrinate Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zhu XJ, Wang P, Leung HWC, Wong WK, Wong WY, Kwong DWJ. Synthesis, Characterization, and DNA-Binding and -Photocleavage Properties of Water-Soluble Lanthanide Porphyrinate Complexes. Chemistry 2011; 17:7041-52. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Eliseeva SV, Bünzli JCG. Lanthanide luminescence for functional materials and bio-sciences. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:189-227. [PMID: 20023849 DOI: 10.1039/b905604c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2126] [Impact Index Per Article: 151.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V Eliseeva
- Laboratory of Lanthanide Supramolecular Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL)
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18
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Skonieczny J, Latos-Graz˙yński L, Szterenberg L. Transformations of N-Confused Porphyrin Triggered by Insertion of Silicon(IV). Inorg Chem 2009; 48:7394-407. [DOI: 10.1021/ic900914y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Skonieczny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
| | | | - Ludmiła Szterenberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
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