1
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Athanasopoulos E, Conradie J. DFT study of the spectroscopic behaviour of different iron(II)-terpyridine derivatives with application in DSSCs. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 129:108753. [PMID: 38461758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Through a comprehensive computational analysis utilizing Density Functional Theory (DFT), we clarify the electronic structure and spectroscopic properties of modified iron(II)-terpyridine derivatives, with the aim of enhancing the efficiency of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs). We optimized a series of nineteen iron(II)-terpyridine derivatives and related compounds in acetonitrile (MeCN) as the solvent using TDDFT, evaluating their potential as dyes for DSSCs. From the conducted computations on the optimized geometries of the nineteen [Fe(Ln)2]2+ complexes, containing substituted terpyridine and related ligands L1-L19, we determined the wavelengths (λ in nm), transition energy (E in eV), oscillator strength (f), type of transitions, excited state lifetime (τ), light harvesting efficiency (LHE), frontier orbital character and their energies (ELUMO/EHOMO), natural transition orbitals (NTOs), injection driving force of a dye (ΔGinject), and regeneration driving force of a dye (ΔGregenerate). Results show that the theoretically calculated values for assessing dye efficiency in a DSSC correlate with available experimental values. The UV-visible spectra of [Fe(Ln)2]2+ exhibited a peak above 500 nm (λmax) in the visible region, attributed to the ligand-to-metal charge transfer band (LMCT) in literature, and a significant absorbance peak at approximately 300 nm (λA,max) in the UV region. The M06-D3/CEP-121G method replicated all reported λmax and λA,max values with a mean absolute deviation (MAD) of 21 and 18 nm, respectively. Our findings underscore the connections between electronic modifications and absorption spectra, emphasizing their impact on the light-harvesting capabilities and overall performance of DSSCs. This research contributes to the advancement of fundamental principles governing the design and optimization of novel photovoltaic materials, facilitating the development of more efficient and sustainable solar energy technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Athanasopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
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2
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Cabrera-Lobera N, Del Horno E, Quirós MT, Buñuel E, Gimeno M, Brennessel WW, Neidig ML, Priego JL, Cárdenas DJ. Ni(2,2':6',2''-terpyridine) 2: a high-spin octahedral formal Ni(0) complex. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:8550-8554. [PMID: 38715455 PMCID: PMC11106753 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04247b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
We have synthesised and characterised the complex Ni(tpy)2 (tpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine). This formally Ni(0) complex is paramagnetic both in the solid state and in solution (S = 2). The crystal structure shows an octahedral geometry, with molecules arranged in independent dimers involving π-stacking between pairs of complexes. Magnetic measurementes and DFT calculations suggest the existence of temperature-dependent intermolecular antiferromagnetic coupling in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Cabrera-Lobera
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Red ORFEO-CINQA, Av. Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Estefanía Del Horno
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Red ORFEO-CINQA, Av. Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Teresa Quirós
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Campus Universitario, 28871, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Buñuel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Red ORFEO-CINQA, Av. Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Magali Gimeno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
| | - William W Brennessel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Michael L Neidig
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
| | - José Luis Priego
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego J Cárdenas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Red ORFEO-CINQA, Av. Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Tan TD, Serviano JMI, Luo X, Qian PC, Holland PL, Zhang X, Koh MJ. Congested C(sp3)-rich architectures enabled by iron-catalysed conjunctive alkylation. Nat Catal 2024; 7:321-329. [PMID: 38855712 PMCID: PMC11155680 DOI: 10.1038/s41929-024-01113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic cross-coupling by transition metals has revolutionized the formation of C-C bonds in organic synthesis. However, the challenge of forming multiple alkyl-alkyl bonds in crowded environments remains largely unresolved. Here, we report the regioselective functionalization of olefins with sp3-hybridized organohalides and organozinc reagents using a simple (terpyridine)iron catalyst. Aliphatic groups of various sizes are successfully installed on either olefinic carbon, furnishing a diverse array of products with congested cores featuring C- or heteroatom-substituted stereocenters. The method enables access to valuable but synthetically challenging C(sp3)-rich molecules, including alicyclic compounds bearing multiple contiguous stereocenters through annulation cascades. Mechanistic and theoretical studies suggest a stepwise iron-mediated radical carbometallation pathway followed by outer-sphere C-C bond formation, which potentially opens the door to a broader scope of transformations and new chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-De Tan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Republic of Singapore, 117544
- Institute of New Materials & Industry Technology, College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Juan M I Serviano
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Xiaohua Luo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Republic of Singapore, 117544
| | - Peng-Cheng Qian
- Institute of New Materials & Industry Technology, College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Patrick L Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- These authors jointly supervised this work
| | - Xinglong Zhang
- Institute of High-Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Republic of Singapore, 138632
- These authors jointly supervised this work
| | - Ming Joo Koh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Republic of Singapore, 117544
- These authors jointly supervised this work
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4
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Landaeta VR, Horsley Downie TM, Wolf R. Low-Valent Transition Metalate Anions in Synthesis, Small Molecule Activation, and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1323-1463. [PMID: 38354371 PMCID: PMC10906008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
This review surveys the synthesis and reactivity of low-oxidation state metalate anions of the d-block elements, with an emphasis on contributions reported between 2006 and 2022. Although the field has a long and rich history, the chemistry of transition metalate anions has been greatly enhanced in the last 15 years by the application of advanced concepts in complex synthesis and ligand design. In recent years, the potential of highly reactive metalate complexes in the fields of small molecule activation and homogeneous catalysis has become increasingly evident. Consequently, exciting applications in small molecule activation have been developed, including in catalytic transformations. This article intends to guide the reader through the fascinating world of low-valent transition metalates. The first part of the review describes the synthesis and reactivity of d-block metalates stabilized by an assortment of ligand frameworks, including carbonyls, isocyanides, alkenes and polyarenes, phosphines and phosphorus heterocycles, amides, and redox-active nitrogen-based ligands. Thereby, the reader will be familiarized with the impact of different ligand types on the physical and chemical properties of metalates. In addition, ion-pairing interactions and metal-metal bonding may have a dramatic influence on metalate structures and reactivities. The complex ramifications of these effects are examined in a separate section. The second part of the review is devoted to the reactivity of the metalates toward small inorganic molecules such as H2, N2, CO, CO2, P4 and related species. It is shown that the use of highly electron-rich and reactive metalates in small molecule activation translates into impressive catalytic properties in the hydrogenation of organic molecules and the reduction of N2, CO, and CO2. The results discussed in this review illustrate that the potential of transition metalate anions is increasingly being tapped for challenging catalytic processes with relevance to organic synthesis and energy conversion. Therefore, it is hoped that this review will serve as a useful resource to inspire further developments in this dynamic research field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Wolf
- University of Regensburg, Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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5
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Horsewill SJ, Cao C, Dabney N, Yang ES, Faulkner S, Scott DJ. Isolation of the elusive [Ru(bipy) 3] +: a key intermediate in photoredox catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37991841 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04375d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis has flourished in recent years, but due to its widespread utility applications have grown faster than mechanistic understanding. In this report we help to address this deficit by isolating and characterising one of the intermediates of the iconic photocatalyst [Ru(bipy)3]2+, and testing its initial photoreactivity towards common substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Horsewill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Chengyang Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Noah Dabney
- Department of Chemistry, Guilford College, 5800 W Friendly Ave., Greensboro, NC 27410, USA
| | - Eric S Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Stephen Faulkner
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Daniel J Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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6
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Nößler M, Neuman NI, Böser L, Jäger R, Singha Hazari A, Hunger D, Pan Y, Lücke C, Bens T, van Slageren J, Sarkar B. Spin Crossover and Fluorine-Specific Interactions in Metal Complexes of Terpyridines with Polyfluorocarbon Tails. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301246. [PMID: 37191067 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In coordination chemistry and materials science, terpyridine ligands are of great interest, due to their ability to form stable complexes with a broad range of transition metal ions. We report three terpyridine ligands containing different perfluorocarbon (PFC) tails on the backbone and the corresponding FeII and CoII complexes. The CoII complexes display spin crossover close to ambient temperature, and the nature of this spin transition is influenced by the length of the PFC tail on the ligand backbone. The electrochemical properties of the metal complexes were investigated with cyclic voltammetry revealing one oxidation and several reduction processes. The fluorine-specific interactions were investigated by EPR measurements. Analysis of the EPR spectra of the complexes as microcrystalline powders and in solution reveals exchange-narrowed spectra without resolved hyperfine splittings arising from the 59 Co nucleus; this suggests complex aggregation in solution mediated by interactions of the PFC tails. Interestingly, addition of perfluoro-octanol in different ratios to the acetonitrile solution of the sample resulted in the disruption of the F ⋯ ${\cdots }$ F interactions of the tails. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation of fluorine-specific interactions in metal complexes through EPR spectroscopy, as exemplified by exchange narrowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Nößler
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolás I Neuman
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química, INTEC, UNL-CONICET Predio CCT Conicet "Dr. Alberto Cassano", Colectora RN 168, Km 0, Paraje El Pozo, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Lisa Böser
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - René Jäger
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arijit Singha Hazari
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - David Hunger
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yixian Pan
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Clemens Lücke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tobias Bens
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joris van Slageren
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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7
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Suhr S, Schröter N, Kleoff M, Neuman N, Hunger D, Walter R, Lücke C, Stein F, Demeshko S, Liu H, Reissig HU, van Slageren J, Sarkar B. Spin State in Homoleptic Iron(II) Terpyridine Complexes Influences Mixed Valency and Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:6375-6386. [PMID: 37043797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Two homoleptic Fe(II) complexes in different spin states bearing superbasic terpyridine derivatives as ligands are investigated to determine the relationship between spin state and electrochemical/spectroscopic behavior. Antiferromagnetic coupling between a ligand-centered radical and the high-spin metal center leads to an anodic shift of the first reduction potential and results in a species that shows mixed valency with a moderately intense intervalence-charge-transfer band. The differences afforded by the different spin states extend to the electrochemical reactivity of the complexes: while the low-spin species is a precatalyst for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction and leads to the preferential formation of CO with a Faradaic efficiency of 37%, the high-spin species only catalyzes proton reduction at a modest Faradaic efficiency of approximately 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Suhr
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nicolai Schröter
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Merlin Kleoff
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolas Neuman
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química - INTEC, UNL-CONICET, CCT-CONICET Santa Fe, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - David Hunger
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Robert Walter
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Clemens Lücke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Felix Stein
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hang Liu
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Reissig
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joris van Slageren
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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8
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Komeda J, Takada K, Maeda H, Fukui N, Tsuji T, Nishihara H. Chemically Laminated 2D Bis(terpyridine)metal Polymer Films: Formation Mechanism at the Liquid–Liquid Interface and Redox Rectification. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201316. [PMID: 35695303 PMCID: PMC9400887 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies on molecular 2D materials with high tunability of structure and function have focused mostly on the discovery of new precursors. Here, we demonstrate a facile one‐pot synthesis of laminated 2D coordination polymer films comprising bis(terpyridine)iron and cobalt at a water/dichloromethane interface. Cross‐sectional elemental mapping unveiled the stratum‐like structure of the film and revealed that the second layer grows to the dichloromethane side below the first layer. Cyclic voltammetry clarified that the bottom layer mediates charge transfer between the top layer and the substrate in a narrow potential region of mixed‐valence states. Furthermore, the bilayer film sandwiched by electrodes in a dry condition shows stable rectification character, and the barrier voltage corresponds to the redox potential difference between the two layers. This study introduces a new strategy for polymer design to explore the materials science of molecular 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Komeda
- Research Institute for Science and Technology Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Kenji Takada
- Research Institute for Science and Technology Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Maeda
- Research Institute for Science and Technology Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Naoya Fukui
- Research Institute for Science and Technology Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Takuya Tsuji
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Research Institute for Science and Technology Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
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9
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Sproules S. Electronic versatility of vanadium in tris-chelates with redox-active ligands. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5772-5776. [PMID: 35348162 PMCID: PMC9023751 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00672c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spectroscopic and computational examination of the neutral tris-dioxolene complex [V(dbcat)3] (dbcat2- = 3,6-di-tert-butylcatecholate) reveals a Class III mixed-valent ground state. The radical is stabilised by delocalisation across the ligands mediated by the energy matched d orbital manifold of the V(V) centre. This electronic structure is compared to the tris-dithiolene and tris-diimine analogues that possess V(IV) and V(II) ions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Sproules
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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10
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Henke WC, Stiel JP, Day VW, Blakemore JD. Evidence for Charge Delocalization in Diazafluorene Ligands Supporting Low-Valent [Cp*Rh] Complexes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103970. [PMID: 35006643 PMCID: PMC8857064 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ligands based upon the 4,5-diazafluorene core are an important class of emerging ligands in organometallic chemistry, but the structure and electronic properties of these ligands have received less attention than they deserve. Here, we show that 9,9'-dimethyl-4,5-diazafluorene (Me2 daf) can stabilize low-valent complexes through charge delocalization into its conjugated π-system. Using a new platform of [Cp*Rh] complexes with three accessible formal oxidation states (+III, +II, and +I), we show that the methylation in Me2 daf is protective, blocking Brønsted acid-base chemistry commonly encountered with other daf-based ligands. Electronic absorption spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of a family of eleven new compounds, including the unusual Cp*Rh(Me2 daf), reveal features consistent with charge delocalization driven by π-backbonding into the LUMO of Me2 daf, reminiscent of behavior displayed by the workhorse 2,2'-bipyridyl ligand. Taken together with spectrochemical data demonstrating clean conversion between oxidation states, our findings show that 9,9'-dialkylated daf-type ligands are promising building blocks for applications in reductive chemistry and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade C. Henke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Jonah P. Stiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Victor W. Day
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - James D. Blakemore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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11
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Thenarukandiyil R, Paenurk E, Wong A, Fridman N, Karton A, Carmieli R, Ménard G, Gershoni-Poranne R, de Ruiter G. Extensive Redox Non-Innocence in Iron Bipyridine-Diimine Complexes: a Combined Spectroscopic and Computational Study. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:18296-18306. [PMID: 34787414 PMCID: PMC8653161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metal-ligand cooperation is an important aspect in earth-abundant metal catalysis. Utilizing ligands as electron reservoirs to supplement the redox chemistry of the metal has resulted in many new exciting discoveries. Here, we demonstrate that iron bipyridine-diimine (BDI) complexes exhibit an extensive electron-transfer series that spans a total of five oxidation states, ranging from the trication [Fe(BDI)]3+ to the monoanion [Fe(BDI]-1. Structural characterization by X-ray crystallography revealed the multifaceted redox noninnocence of the BDI ligand, while spectroscopic (e.g., 57Fe Mössbauer and EPR spectroscopy) and computational studies were employed to elucidate the electronic structure of the isolated complexes, which are further discussed in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeesh Thenarukandiyil
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion −
Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 3200008 Haifa, Israel
| | - Eno Paenurk
- Laboratorium
für Organische Chemie, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Wong
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Natalia Fridman
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion −
Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 3200008 Haifa, Israel
| | - Amir Karton
- School
of Molecular Science, The University of
Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, 6009 Perth, Australia
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Department
of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 761000, Israel
| | - Gabriel Ménard
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Renana Gershoni-Poranne
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion −
Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 3200008 Haifa, Israel
- Laboratorium
für Organische Chemie, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Graham de Ruiter
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion −
Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 3200008 Haifa, Israel
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12
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Palmer TC, Beamer A, Pitt T, Popov IA, Cammack CX, Pratt HD, Anderson TM, Batista ER, Yang P, Davis BL. A Comparative Review of Metal-Based Charge Carriers in Nonaqueous Flow Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1214-1228. [PMID: 33305517 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Energy storage is becoming the chief barrier to the utilization of more renewable energy sources on the grid. With independent service operators aiming to acquire gigawatts in the next 10-20 years, there is a large need to develop a suite of new storage technologies. Redox flow batteries (RFB) may be part of the solution if certain key barriers are overcome. This Review focuses on a particular kind of RFB based on nonaqueous media that promises to meet the challenge through higher voltages than the organic and aqueous variants. This class of RFB is divided into three groups: molecular, macromolecular, and redox-targeted systems. The growing field of theoretical modeling is also reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis C Palmer
- Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 87545, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Andrew Beamer
- Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 87545, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Tristan Pitt
- Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 87545, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ivan A Popov
- T-1: Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 87545, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Claudina X Cammack
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, MS 0614, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Harry D Pratt
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, MS 0614, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Travis M Anderson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, MS 0614, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Enrique R Batista
- T-CNLS: Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 87545, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ping Yang
- T-CNLS: Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 87545, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Benjamin L Davis
- Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 87545, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
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13
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Griffin JD, Pancoast AR, Sigman MS. Interrogation of 2,2'-Bipyrimidines as Low-Potential Two-Electron Electrolytes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:992-1004. [PMID: 33411535 PMCID: PMC7980696 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As utilization of renewable energy sources continues to expand, the need for new grid energy storage technologies such as redox flow batteries (RFBs) will be vital. Ultimately, the energy density of a RFB will be dependent on the redox potentials of the respective electrolytes, their solubility, and the number of electrons stored per molecule. With prior literature reports demonstrating the propensity of nitrogen-containing heterocycles to undergo multielectron reduction at low potentials, we focused on the development of a novel electrolyte scaffold based upon a 2,2'-bipyrimidine skeleton. This scaffold is capable of storing two electrons per molecule while also exhibiting a low (∼-2.0 V vs Fc/Fc+) reduction potential. A library of 24 potential bipyrimidine anolytes were synthesized and systematically evaluated to unveil structure-function relationships through computational evaluation. Through analysis of these relationships, it was unveiled that steric interactions disrupting the planarity of the system in the reduced state could be responsible for higher levels of degradation in certain anolytes. The major decomposition pathway was ultimately determined to be protonation of the dianion by solvent, which could be reversed by electrochemical or chemical oxidation. To validate the hypothesis of strain-induced decomposition, two new electrolytes with minimal steric encumbrance were synthesized, evaluated, and found to indeed exhibit higher stability than their sterically hindered counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Adam R. Pancoast
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Matthew S. Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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14
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Xiao Y, Sun R, Liang J, Fang Y, Liu Z, Jiang S, Wang B, Gao S, Huang W. Homoleptic tris(6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine) rare earth metal complexes. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi00240f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Homoleptic tris(bipy) rare earth metal complexes were synthesized and structurally characterized. While two parallel bipy radical anions were strongly antiferromagnetically coupled, the remaining bipy radical anion hosted most spin densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyuan Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Material Chemistry and Application
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Rong Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Material Chemistry and Application
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Jiefeng Liang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Material Chemistry and Application
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Yuhui Fang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Material Chemistry and Application
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Shangda Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Bingwu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Material Chemistry and Application
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Song Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Material Chemistry and Application
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Wenliang Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Material Chemistry and Application
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
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15
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Derrick JS, Loipersberger M, Chatterjee R, Iovan DA, Smith PT, Chakarawet K, Yano J, Long JR, Head-Gordon M, Chang CJ. Metal–Ligand Cooperativity via Exchange Coupling Promotes Iron- Catalyzed Electrochemical CO2 Reduction at Low Overpotentials. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20489-20501. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Derrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthias Loipersberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ruchira Chatterjee
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Diana A. Iovan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter T. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Khetpakorn Chakarawet
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Long
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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16
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Ershova IV, Piskunov AV, Cherkasov VK. Complexes of diamagnetic cations with radical anion ligands. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Henke WC, Hopkins JA, Anderson ML, Stiel JP, Day VW, Blakemore JD. 4,5-Diazafluorene and 9,9'-Dimethyl-4,5-Diazafluorene as Ligands Supporting Redox-Active Mn and Ru Complexes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25143189. [PMID: 32668660 PMCID: PMC7396985 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
4,5-diazafluorene (daf) and 9,9’-dimethyl-4,5-diazafluorene (Me2daf) are structurally similar to the important ligand 2,2’-bipyridine (bpy), but significantly less is known about the redox and spectroscopic properties of metal complexes containing Me2daf as a ligand than those containing bpy. New complexes Mn(CO)3Br(daf) (2), Mn(CO)3Br(Me2daf) (3), and [Ru(Me2daf)3](PF6)2 (5) have been prepared and fully characterized to understand the influence of the Me2daf framework on their chemical and electrochemical properties. Structural data for 2, 3, and 5 from single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveal a distinctive widening of the daf and Me2daf chelate angles in comparison to the analogous Mn(CO)3(bpy)Br (1) and [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (4) complexes. Electronic absorption data for these complexes confirm the electronic similarity of daf, Me2daf, and bpy, as spectra are dominated in each case by metal-to-ligand charge transfer bands in the visible region. However, the electrochemical properties of 2, 3, and 5 reveal that the redox-active Me2daf framework in 3 and 5 undergoes reduction at a slightly more negative potential than that of bpy in 1 and 4. Taken together, the results indicate that Me2daf could be useful for preparation of a variety of new redox-active compounds, as it retains the useful redox-active nature of bpy but lacks the acidic, benzylic C–H bonds that can induce secondary reactivity in complexes bearing daf.
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18
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Hamo Y, Lahav M, Boom ME. Bifunctional Nanoscale Assemblies: Multistate Electrochromics Coupled with Charge Trapping and Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Hamo
- Department of Organic ChemistryWeizmann Institute of Science 7610001 Rehovot Israel
| | - Michal Lahav
- Department of Organic ChemistryWeizmann Institute of Science 7610001 Rehovot Israel
| | - Milko E. Boom
- Department of Organic ChemistryWeizmann Institute of Science 7610001 Rehovot Israel
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19
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Hamo Y, Lahav M, van der Boom ME. Bifunctional Nanoscale Assemblies: Multistate Electrochromics Coupled with Charge Trapping and Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:2612-2617. [PMID: 31696626 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate controlled charge trapping and release, accompanied by multiple color changes in a metallo-organic bilayer. The dual functionality of the metallo-organic materials provides fundamental insight into the metal-mediated electron transport pathways. The electrochemical processes are visualized by distinct, four color-to-color transitions: red, transparent, orange, and brown. The bilayer is composed of two elements: 1) a nanoscale gate consisting of a layer of well-defined polypyridyl ruthenium complexes bound to a flexible transparent electrode, and 2) a charge storage layer consisting of isostructural iron complexes attached to the surface of the gate. This gate mediates or blocks electron transport in response to an applied voltage. The charge storage and release depend on the oxidation state of the layer of ruthenium complexes (=gate). Combining electrochemistry with optical data revealed mechanistic information: the brown coloration of the bilayer directly relates to the formation of intermediate ruthenium species, providing evidence for catalytic positive charge release mediated through the gate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Hamo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Lahav
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Milko E van der Boom
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
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20
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Papanikolaou MG, Elliott A, McAllister J, Gallos JK, Keramidas AD, Kabanos TA, Sproules S, Miras HN. Electrocatalytic hydrogen production by dinuclear cobalt(ii) compounds containing redox-active diamidate ligands: a combined experimental and theoretical study. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:15718-15730. [PMID: 33146215 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02617d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The chiral dicobalt(ii) complex [CoII2(μ2-L)2] (1) (H2L = N2,N6-di(quinolin-8-yl)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide) and its tert-butyl analogue [CoII2(μ2-LBu)2] (2) were structurally characterized and their catalytic evolution of H2 was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James McAllister
- West CHEM
- School of Chemistry
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow G12 8QQ
- UK
| | - John K. Gallos
- Department of Chemistry
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- Thessaloniki GR 541 24
- Greece
| | | | | | - Stephen Sproules
- West CHEM
- School of Chemistry
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow G12 8QQ
- UK
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21
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van der Vlugt JI. Redox-Active Pincer Ligands. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2020_68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Solute-solvent electronic interaction is responsible for initial charge separation in ruthenium complexes [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and [Ru(phen)3]2+. Commun Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-019-0213-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Origin of the initial charge separation in optically-excited Ruthenium(II) tris(bidentate) complexes of intrinsic D3 symmetry has remained a disputed issue for decades. Here we measure the femtosecond two-photon absorption (2PA) cross section spectra of [Ru(2,2′-bipyridine)3]2 and [Ru(1,10-phenanthroline)3]2 in a series of solvents with varying polarity and show that for vertical transitions to the lower-energy 1MLCT excited state, the permanent electric dipole moment change is nearly solvent-independent, Δμ = 5.1–6.3 D and 5.3–5.9 D, respectively. Comparison of experimental results with quantum-chemical calculations of complexes in the gas phase, in a polarizable dielectric continuum and in solute-solvent clusters containing up to 18 explicit solvent molecules indicate that the non-vanishing permanent dipole moment change in the nominally double-degenerate E-symmetry state is caused by the solute-solvent interaction twisting the two constituent dipoles out of their original opposite orientation, with average angles matching the experimental two-photon polarization ratio.
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23
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Katari M, Carmichael D, Jacquemin D, Frison G. Structure of Electronically Reduced N-Donor Bidentate Ligands and Their Heteroleptic Four-Coordinate Zinc Complexes: A Survey of Density Functional Theory Results. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:7169-7179. [PMID: 31117621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of Hartree-Fock exchange in describing the structural changes occurring upon reduction of bipyridine-based ligands and their complexes is investigated within the framework of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. A set of four free ligands in their neutral and radical anionic forms, and two of their zinc complexes in their dicationic and monocationic radical forms, is used to compare a large panel of pure, conventional, and long-range corrected hybrid DFT functionals; coupled cluster single and double calculations are used alongside experimental results as benchmarks. Particular attention has been devoted to the magnitude of the change, upon reduction, of the Δ-parameter, which measures the difference between the Cpy-Cpy and the C-N bond lengths in bipyridine ligand and is known to experimentally correlate with the charge of the ligands. Our results indicate that the structural changes significantly depend on the amount of exact exchange included in the functional. A progressive evolution is observed for the free ligands, whereas two distinct sets of results are obtained for the complexes. Functionals with a small degree of HF exchange, e.g., B3LYP, do not adequately describe geometric changes for the considered species, and, quite surprisingly, the same holds for the CC2 method. The best agreement to experimental and CCSD values is obtained with functionals that include a significant but not excessive part of exact exchange, e.g., CAM-B3LYP, M06-2X, and ωB97X-D. The calculated localization of the added electron after reduction, which depends on the self-interaction error, is used to rationalize these outcomes. Static correlation is also shown to play a role in the accurate description of the electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duncan Carmichael
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique , IP Paris , F-91128 Palaiseau , France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- University of Nantes , CNRS, CEISAM (UMR 6230), 2 chemin de la Houssinière , 44322 Nantes , Cedex 03 , France
| | - Gilles Frison
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique , IP Paris , F-91128 Palaiseau , France
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24
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Abstract
Redox-active unsaturated chelate ligands can be realised with different ring sizes of the resulting metallacycles. An overview is presented, starting from an exposition of non-innocent behaviour and chelate effects. A systematic approach is used to describe the most familiar situation, the metal complexes of 1,4-hetero-1,3-dienes in established forms (e.g. o-quinone, α-dithiolene, and α-diimine ligands) and with less common combinations of O, S, and N heteroatoms. The different steric and electronic conditions in six-membered chelate ring systems derived from the β-diketonate structure will be discussed with examples of substituted and π extended ligands, including 9-oxidophenalenyl, formazanate, and anions derived from indigo or 9,10-anthraquinone. Four-membered chelate rings existing in at least two ligand-based oxidation states are available through steric and electronic stabilisation in amidinate or triazenide complexes. Three-membered and seven-membered chelate ring situations are discussed briefly as further alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kaim
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
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25
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Savard JM, Castañeda R, Gabidullin B, Brusso JL. Exploring the coordination chemistry of terpy-type boratriazine chelates through a series of mononuclear iron(III) complexes. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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26
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Alig L, Fritz M, Schneider S. First-Row Transition Metal (De)Hydrogenation Catalysis Based On Functional Pincer Ligands. Chem Rev 2018; 119:2681-2751. [PMID: 30596420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of 3d metals in de/hydrogenation catalysis has emerged as a competitive field with respect to "traditional" precious metal catalyzed transformations. The introduction of functional pincer ligands that can store protons and/or electrons as expressed by metal-ligand cooperativity and ligand redox-activity strongly stimulated this development as a conceptual starting point for rational catalyst design. This review aims at providing a comprehensive picture of the utilization of functional pincer ligands in first-row transition metal hydrogenation and dehydrogenation catalysis and related synthetic concepts relying on these such as the hydrogen borrowing methodology. Particular emphasis is put on the implementation and relevance of cooperating and redox-active pincer ligands within the mechanistic scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Alig
- Universität Göttingen , Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Tammannstrasse 4 , D-37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Maximilian Fritz
- Universität Göttingen , Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Tammannstrasse 4 , D-37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Sven Schneider
- Universität Göttingen , Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Tammannstrasse 4 , D-37077 Göttingen , Germany
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27
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Carey MC, Adelman SL, McCusker JK. Insights into the excited state dynamics of Fe(ii) polypyridyl complexes from variable-temperature ultrafast spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2018; 10:134-144. [PMID: 30746076 PMCID: PMC6335846 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04025g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to better define the nature of the nuclear coordinate associated with excited state dynamics in first-row transition metal-based chromophores, variable-temperature ultrafast time-resolved absorption spectroscopy has been used to determine activation parameters associated with ground state recovery dynamics in a series of low-spin Fe(ii) polypyridyl complexes. Our results establish that high-spin (5T2) to low-spin (1A1) conversion in complexes of the form [Fe(4,4'-di-R-2,2'-bpy')3]2+ (R = H, CH3, or tert-butyl) is characterized by a small but nevertheless non-zero barrier in the range of 300-350 cm-1 in fluid CH3CN solution, a value that more than doubles to ∼750 cm-1 for [Fe(terpy)2]2+ (terpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine). The data were analyzed in the context of semi-classical Marcus theory. Changes in the ratio of the electronic coupling to reorganization energy (specifically, H ab 4/λ) reveal an approximately two-fold difference between the [Fe(bpy')3]2+ complexes (∼1/30) and [Fe(terpy)2]2+ (∼1/14), suggesting a change in the nature of the nuclear coordinate associated with ground state recovery between these two types of complexes. These experimentally-determined ratios, along with estimates for the 5T2/1A1 energy gap, yield electronic coupling values between these two states for the [Fe(bpy')3]2+ series and [Fe(terpy)2]2+ of 4.3 ± 0.3 cm-1 and 6 ± 1 cm-1, respectively, values that are qualitatively consistent with the second-order nature of high-spin/low-spin coupling in a d6 ion. In addition to providing useful quantitative information on these prototypical Fe(ii) complexes, these results underscore the utility of variable-temperature spectroscopic measurements for characterizing ultrafast excited state dynamics in this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Carey
- Department of Chemistry , Michigan State University , 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing , MI 48824 , USA .
| | - Sara L Adelman
- Department of Chemistry , Michigan State University , 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing , MI 48824 , USA .
| | - James K McCusker
- Department of Chemistry , Michigan State University , 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing , MI 48824 , USA .
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28
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Popov IA, Mehio N, Chu T, Davis BL, Mukundan R, Yang P, Batista ER. Impact of Ligand Substitutions on Multielectron Redox Properties of Fe Complexes Supported by Nitrogenous Chelates. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:14766-14778. [PMID: 31458151 PMCID: PMC6643937 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) have recently been recognized as a potentially viable technology for scalable energy storage. To take full advantage of RFBs, one possible approach for achieving high energy densities is to maximize a number of redox events by utilizing charge carriers capable of multiple one-electron transfers within the electrochemical window of solvent. However, past efforts to develop more efficient electrolytes for nonaqueous RFBs have mostly been empirical. In this manuscript, we shed light on design principles by theoretically investigating the effects of systematically substituting pyridyl moieties with imine ligands within a series of Fe complexes with some experimental validation. We found that such replacement is an effective strategy for reducing the molecular weight-to-charge ratios of these complexes. Simultaneously, calculations suggest that the reduction potentials and ligand-based redox activity of such substituted N-heterocyclic Fe compounds might be maintained within their +4 → -1 charge states. Additionally, by theoretically examining the role of coordination geometry, vis-à-vis reducing the number of redox noninnocent ligands within the first coordination sphere, we have demonstrated that Fe complexes with one such ligand were also capable of supporting multielectron reduction events and exhibited reduction potentials similar to their parent analogs supported by two or three of the same multidentate ligands. However, some differences in redox nature within the lower (+2 → -1) charge states were also noticed. Specifically, complexes containing two bidentate ligands, or one tridentate ligand, exhibited ligand-based reductions, whereas compounds with one bidentate ligand exhibited metal-centered reductions. The current results pave the way toward the design of the next-generation of Fe complexes with lower molecular weights and greater stored energy for redox flow batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A. Popov
- Theoretical
Division, , and Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Nada Mehio
- Theoretical
Division, , and Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Terry Chu
- Theoretical
Division, , and Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Benjamin L. Davis
- Theoretical
Division, , and Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Rangachary Mukundan
- Theoretical
Division, , and Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Ping Yang
- Theoretical
Division, , and Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Enrique R. Batista
- Theoretical
Division, , and Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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29
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McPherson JN, Das B, Colbran SB. Tridentate pyridine–pyrrolide chelate ligands: An under-appreciated ligand set with an immensely promising coordination chemistry. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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30
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McPherson JN, Elton TE, Colbran SB. A Strain-Deformation Nexus within Pincer Ligands: Application to the Spin States of Iron(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:12312-12322. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James N. McPherson
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Timothy E. Elton
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Stephen B. Colbran
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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31
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A combined experimental and computational study of a ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complex: Synthesis, characterization, electronic structures and spectral properties. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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32
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Brook DJR, Fleming C, Chung D, Richardson C, Ponce S, Das R, Srikanth H, Heindl R, Noll BC. An electron transfer driven magnetic switch: ferromagnetic exchange and spin delocalization in iron verdazyl complexes. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:6351-6360. [PMID: 29652414 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00805a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The verdazyl 'pincer' ligand, 1-isopropyl-3,5-dipyridyl-6-oxoverdazyl (dipyvd), coordinates iron to form a series of pseudooctahedral coordination compounds [Fe(dipyvd)2]n+ (n = 0-3). In the case where n = 2, the molecular geometry and physical and spectral properties are consistent with a low spin (S = 0) iron(ii) ion coordinated by two ferromagnetically coupled radical ligands. Upon one electron reduction, the room temperature effective magnetic moment of the complex jumps from μeff = 2.64 to μeff = 5.86 as a result of spin crossover of the iron atom combined with very strong ferromagnetic coupling of the remaining ligand centered unpaired electron with the metal center. The sign of the exchange is opposite to that observed in other high spin iron/radical ligand systems and appears to be a result of delocalization of the ligand unpaired electron across the whole molecule. The large change in magnetic properties, combined with a delocalized electronic structure and accessible redox potentials, suggests the utility of this and related systems in the development of novel molecular spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J R Brook
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192, USA.
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33
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Zhang Y, Harriman KLM, Brunet G, Pialat A, Gabidullin B, Murugesu M. Reversible Redox, Spin Crossover, and Superexchange Coupling in 3
d
Transition‐Metal Complexes of
Bis
‐azinyl Analogues of 2,2′:6′,2′′‐Terpyridine. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry University of Ottawa 10 Marie Curie K1N 6N5 Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Katie L. M. Harriman
- Department of Chemistry University of Ottawa 10 Marie Curie K1N 6N5 Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Gabriel Brunet
- Department of Chemistry University of Ottawa 10 Marie Curie K1N 6N5 Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Amélie Pialat
- Department of Chemistry University of Ottawa 10 Marie Curie K1N 6N5 Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Bulat Gabidullin
- Department of Chemistry University of Ottawa 10 Marie Curie K1N 6N5 Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Muralee Murugesu
- Department of Chemistry University of Ottawa 10 Marie Curie K1N 6N5 Ottawa Ontario Canada
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34
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Kurahashi T. Drastic Redox Shift and Electronic Structural Changes of a Manganese(III)-Salen Oxidation Catalyst upon Reaction with Hydroxide and Cyanide Ion. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:1066-1078. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kurahashi
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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35
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Lin Z, Thacker NC, Sawano T, Drake T, Ji P, Lan G, Cao L, Liu S, Wang C, Lin W. Metal-organic layers stabilize earth-abundant metal-terpyridine diradical complexes for catalytic C-H activation. Chem Sci 2018; 9:143-151. [PMID: 29629082 PMCID: PMC5869321 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03537c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a terpyridine-based metal-organic layer (TPY-MOL) and its metalation with CoCl2 and FeBr2 to afford CoCl2·TPY-MOL and FeBr2·TPY-MOL, respectively. Upon activation with NaEt3BH, CoCl2·TPY-MOL catalyzed benzylic C-H borylation of methylarenes whereas FeBr2·TPY-MOL catalyzed intramolecular Csp3 -H amination of alkyl azides to afford pyrrolidines and piperidines. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic spectroscopy (EPR) measurements as well as density functional theory (DFT) calculations identified M(THF)2·TPY-MOL (M = Co or Fe) as the active catalyst with a MII-(TPY˙˙)2- electronic structure featuring divalent metals and TPY diradical dianions. We believe that site isolation stabilizes novel MII-(TPY˙˙)2- (M = Co or Fe) species in the MOLs to endow them with unique and enhanced catalytic activities for Csp3 -H borylation and intramolecular amination over their homogeneous counterparts. The MOL catalysts are also superior to their metal-organic framework analogs owing to the removal of diffusion barriers. Our work highlights the potential of MOLs as a novel 2D molecular material platform for designing single-site solid catalysts without diffusional constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekai Lin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Chicago , 929 E. 57th St. , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , USA .
| | - Nathan C Thacker
- Department of Chemistry , University of Chicago , 929 E. 57th St. , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , USA .
| | - Takahiro Sawano
- Department of Chemistry , University of Chicago , 929 E. 57th St. , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , USA .
| | - Tasha Drake
- Department of Chemistry , University of Chicago , 929 E. 57th St. , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , USA .
| | - Pengfei Ji
- Department of Chemistry , University of Chicago , 929 E. 57th St. , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , USA .
| | - Guangxu Lan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Chicago , 929 E. 57th St. , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , USA .
| | - Lingyun Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials , State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , PR China
| | - Shubin Liu
- Research Computing Center , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599-3420 , USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials , State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , PR China
| | - Wenbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Chicago , 929 E. 57th St. , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , USA .
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials , State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , PR China
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36
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Wang L, Li J, Zhang L, Fang Y, Chen C, Zhao Y, Song Y, Deng L, Tan G, Wang X, Power PP. Isolable Borane-Based Diradical and Triradical Fused by a Diamagnetic Transition Metal Ion. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17723-17726. [PMID: 29185742 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Complex Fe(bpyB)3 (1, bpyB = 5,5'-bis(dimesitylboranyl)-2,2'-bipyridine) and its reduced species [(18-c-6)K(THF)2]·[Fe(bpyB)3] (2) were synthesized. Their solid state and electronic structures were investigated by single crystal X-ray crystallography, electron paramagnetic resonance and UV-vis spectroscopy, and SQUID measurements. In 1 two bpyB radical anions are fused by a diamagnetic FeII ion, whereas in 2 all three bpyB ligands are in the radical state. Complex 1 possesses an open-shell singlet ground state with a singlet-triplet gap of 0.18 kcal mol-1 and 2 features an open-shell doublet ground state with a doublet-quartet gap of 1.4 kcal mol-1, as determined by SQUID measurements. The unpaired-electrons in 1 and 2 mainly delocalize over the boron atoms and the bipyrdine moieties with negligible spin density at the iron center. Complex 2 represents the first isolable example of boron-based triradicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - You Song
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gengwen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Philip P Power
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
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37
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Chábera P, Liu Y, Prakash O, Thyrhaug E, Nahhas AE, Honarfar A, Essén S, Fredin LA, Harlang TCB, Kjær KS, Handrup K, Ericson F, Tatsuno H, Morgan K, Schnadt J, Häggström L, Ericsson T, Sobkowiak A, Lidin S, Huang P, Styring S, Uhlig J, Bendix J, Lomoth R, Sundström V, Persson P, Wärnmark K. A low-spin Fe(iii) complex with 100-ps ligand-to-metal charge transfer photoluminescence. Nature 2017; 543:695-699. [PMID: 28358064 DOI: 10.1038/nature21430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal complexes are used as photosensitizers, in light-emitting diodes, for biosensing and in photocatalysis. A key feature in these applications is excitation from the ground state to a charge-transfer state; the long charge-transfer-state lifetimes typical for complexes of ruthenium and other precious metals are often essential to ensure high performance. There is much interest in replacing these scarce elements with Earth-abundant metals, with iron and copper being particularly attractive owing to their low cost and non-toxicity. But despite the exploration of innovative molecular designs, it remains a formidable scientific challenge to access Earth-abundant transition-metal complexes with long-lived charge-transfer excited states. No known iron complexes are considered photoluminescent at room temperature, and their rapid excited-state deactivation precludes their use as photosensitizers. Here we present the iron complex [Fe(btz)3]3+ (where btz is 3,3'-dimethyl-1,1'-bis(p-tolyl)-4,4'-bis(1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene)), and show that the superior σ-donor and π-acceptor electron properties of the ligand stabilize the excited state sufficiently to realize a long charge-transfer lifetime of 100 picoseconds (ps) and room-temperature photoluminescence. This species is a low-spin Fe(iii) d5 complex, and emission occurs from a long-lived doublet ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (2LMCT) state that is rarely seen for transition-metal complexes. The absence of intersystem crossing, which often gives rise to large excited-state energy losses in transition-metal complexes, enables the observation of spin-allowed emission directly to the ground state and could be exploited as an increased driving force in photochemical reactions on surfaces. These findings suggest that appropriate design strategies can deliver new iron-based materials for use as light emitters and photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Chábera
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Yizhu Liu
- Center for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Om Prakash
- Center for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Erling Thyrhaug
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Amal El Nahhas
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Alireza Honarfar
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sofia Essén
- Center for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lisa A Fredin
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tobias C B Harlang
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.,Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kasper S Kjær
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.,Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karsten Handrup
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredric Ericson
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hideyuki Tatsuno
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kelsey Morgan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Joachim Schnadt
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lennart Häggström
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tore Ericsson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adam Sobkowiak
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sven Lidin
- Center for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stenbjörn Styring
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Uhlig
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jesper Bendix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Reiner Lomoth
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Villy Sundström
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Petter Persson
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Wärnmark
- Center for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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38
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Interacting metal and ligand based open shell systems: Challenges for experiment and theory. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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39
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Munzert SM, Stier SP, Schwarz G, Weissman H, Rybtchinski B, Kurth DG. The Kinetics of Growth of Metallo-supramolecular Polyelectrolytes in Solution. Chemistry 2017; 24:2898-2912. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Martina Munzert
- Chemische Technologie der Materialsynthese; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Röntgenring 11 97070 Würzburg Germany
| | - Simon P. Stier
- Chemische Technologie der Materialsynthese; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Röntgenring 11 97070 Würzburg Germany
| | - Guntram Schwarz
- Chemische Technologie der Materialsynthese; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Röntgenring 11 97070 Würzburg Germany
| | - Haim Weissman
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Boris Rybtchinski
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Dirk G. Kurth
- Chemische Technologie der Materialsynthese; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Röntgenring 11 97070 Würzburg Germany
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40
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Klein J, Stuckmann A, Sobottka S, Suntrup L, van der Meer M, Hommes P, Reissig HU, Sarkar B. Ruthenium Complexes with Strongly Electron-Donating Terpyridine Ligands: Effect of the Working Electrode on Electrochemical and Spectroelectrochemical Properties. Chemistry 2017; 23:12314-12325. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Klein
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Anorganische Chemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Fabeckstraße 34-36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Alexandra Stuckmann
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Anorganische Chemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Fabeckstraße 34-36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Sebastian Sobottka
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Anorganische Chemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Fabeckstraße 34-36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Lisa Suntrup
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Anorganische Chemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Fabeckstraße 34-36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Margarethe van der Meer
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Anorganische Chemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Fabeckstraße 34-36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Paul Hommes
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Organische Chemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Reissig
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Organische Chemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Anorganische Chemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Fabeckstraße 34-36 14195 Berlin Germany
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41
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Wolczanski PT. Flipping the Oxidation State Formalism: Charge Distribution in Organometallic Complexes As Reported by Carbon Monoxide. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. Wolczanski
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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42
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Cabral DM, Howlett PC, MacFarlane DR. Electrochemistry of the tris(2,2‘-bipyridine) complex of iron(II) in ionic liquids and aprotic molecular solvents. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.10.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Büldt LA, Guo X, Prescimone A, Wenger OS. A Molybdenum(0) Isocyanide Analogue of Ru(2,2′-Bipyridine)32+: A Strong Reductant for Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11247-50. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Büldt
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 and Spitalstrasse 51 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Xingwei Guo
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 and Spitalstrasse 51 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 and Spitalstrasse 51 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 and Spitalstrasse 51 4056 Basel Switzerland
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44
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Büldt LA, Guo X, Prescimone A, Wenger OS. Ein Molybdän(0)-Isocyanid-Komplex als Ru(2,2′-Bipyridin)32+-Analogon: ein starkes Reduktionsmittel für die Photoredoxkatalyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Büldt
- Departement Chemie; Universität Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 und Spitalstrasse 51 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Xingwei Guo
- Departement Chemie; Universität Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 und Spitalstrasse 51 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Departement Chemie; Universität Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 und Spitalstrasse 51 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Departement Chemie; Universität Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 und Spitalstrasse 51 4056 Basel Schweiz
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45
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Harriman KLM, Kühne IA, Leitch AA, Korobkov I, Clérac R, Murugesu M, Brusso JL. Halide Influence on Molecular and Supramolecular Arrangements of Iron Complexes with a 3,5-Bis(2-Pyridyl)-1,2,4,6-Thiatriazine Ligand. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:5375-83. [PMID: 27152549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of iron centered complexes, namely, [Fe(Py2TTA)Cl2] (1), [Fe(Py2TTA)Br2] (2), and [Fe(μ-F)(Py2TTAO)F]∞ (3), were isolated via complexation of 3,5-bis(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4,6-thiatriazine (Py2TTAH) with various ferric halides (e.g., FeF3, FeCl3, and FeBr3). Comparison of the optical and electrochemical spectroscopy, structural analysis, and magnetic studies reveal numerous similarities between the chlorido (1) and bromido (2) derivatives, which crystallize as discrete five-coordinate iron centered complexes with coordination geometries that are intermediate between trigonal bipyramidal and square base pyramid. Conversely, the fluorido derivative (3) results in a completely different structure due to oxidation of the ligand and the formation of a one-dimensional coordination polymer held together through a bridging fluoride ion. Consequently, the spectroscopic and magnetic behavior of 3 differs significantly compared with 1 and 2. Complexes 1 and 2 exhibit paramagnetic properties typical for a mononuclear S = 5/2 system with weak intermolecular antiferromagnetic interactions at low temperatures, whereas complex 3 demonstrates significant exchange couplings within the chain and weak antiferromagnetic interchain interactions, which stabilize a canted antiferromagnetic state below 4.2 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L M Harriman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Irina A Kühne
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Alicea A Leitch
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ilia Korobkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rodolphe Clérac
- CNRS, CRPP , UPR 8641, F-33600 Pessac, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, CRPP , UPR 8641, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Muralee Murugesu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jaclyn L Brusso
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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46
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Gouré E, Gerey B, Clémancey M, Pécaut J, Molton F, Latour JM, Blondin G, Collomb MN. Intramolecular Electron Transfers Thwart Bistability in a Pentanuclear Iron Complex. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:9178-86. [PMID: 27251764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
With the intention to investigate the redox properties of polynuclear complexes as previously reported for the pentamanganese complex [{Mn(II)(μ-bpp)3}2Mn(III)Mn(II)2(μ3-O)](3+) (2(3+)), we focused on the analogous pentairon complex that was previously isolated as all-ferrous. As Masaoka and co-workers recently published, aerobic synthesis leads to the [{Fe(II)(μ-bpp)3}2Fe(III)Fe(II)2(μ3-O)](3+) complex (1(3+)). This species exhibits in acetonitrile solution four reversible one-electron oxidation waves. Accordingly, the three oxidized species 1(4+), 1(5+), and 1(6+) with a 3Fe(II)2Fe(III), 2Fe(II)3Fe(III), and 1Fe(II)4Fe(III) composition, respectively, were generated by bulk electrolysis and isolated. Mössbauer spectroscopy allowed us to determine the spin states of all the iron ions and to unambiguously locate the sites of the successive oxidations. They all occur in the μ3-oxo core except for the 1(4+) to 1(5+) process that presents a striking electronic rearrangement, with both metals in axial position being oxidized while the core is reduced to the [Fe(III)Fe(II)2(μ3-O)](5+) oxidation level. This strongly differs from the redox behavior of the Mn5 system. The origin of this electronic switch is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Gouré
- Université Grenoble Alpes, DCM, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CNRS, DCM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bertrand Gerey
- Université Grenoble Alpes, DCM, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CNRS, DCM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Martin Clémancey
- Université Grenoble Alpes, LCBM, pmb, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CEA, BIG-LCBM, pmb, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jacques Pécaut
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INAC-SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CEA, INAC-SyMMES, Reconnaissance Ionique et Chimie de Coordination, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Florian Molton
- Université Grenoble Alpes, DCM, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CNRS, DCM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Geneviève Blondin
- CEA, BIG-LCBM, pmb, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CNRS UMR 5249, LCBM, pmb, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Collomb
- Université Grenoble Alpes, DCM, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CNRS, DCM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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47
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DeCarlo S, Mayo DH, Tomlinson W, Hu J, Hooper J, Zavalij P, Bowen K, Schnöckel H, Eichhorn B. Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Al((R)bpy)3 Complexes (R = t-Bu, Me): Homoleptic Main-Group Tris-bipyridyl Compounds. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:4344-53. [PMID: 27064350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The neutral homoleptic tris-bpy aluminum complexes Al((R)bpy)3, where R = tBu (1) or Me (2), have been synthesized from reactions between AlX precursors (X = Cl, Br) and neutral (R)bpy ligands through an aluminum disproportion process. The crystalline compounds have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, electrochemical experiments, EPR, magnetic susceptibility, and density functional theory (DFT) studies. The collective data show that 1 and 2 contain Al(3+) metal centers coordinated by three bipyridine (bpy(•))(1-) monoanion radicals. Electrochemical studies show that six redox states are accessible from the neutral complexes, three oxidative and three reductive, that involve oxidation or reduction of the coordinated bpy ligands to give neutral (R)bpy or (R)bpy(2-) dianions, respectively. Magnetic susceptibility measurements (4-300 K) coupled with DFT studies show strong antiferromagnetic coupling of the three unpaired electrons located on the (R)bpy ligands to give S = (1)/2 ground states with low lying S = (3)/2 excited states that are populated above 110 K (1) and 80 K (2) in the solid-state. Complex 2 shows weak 3D magnetic interactions at 19 K, which is not observed in 1 or the related [Al(bpy)3] complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha DeCarlo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland-College Park , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Dennis H Mayo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland-College Park , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.,Research Department Naval Surface Warfare Center Indian Head EOD Tech Division, Indian Head, Maryland 20640, United States
| | - Warren Tomlinson
- Department of Physics, Naval Postgraduate School , Monterey, California 93943, United States
| | - Junkai Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland-College Park , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Joseph Hooper
- Department of Physics, Naval Postgraduate School , Monterey, California 93943, United States
| | - Peter Zavalij
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland-College Park , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Kit Bowen
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Hansgeorg Schnöckel
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bryan Eichhorn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland-College Park , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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48
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Bezdek MJ, Guo S, Chirik PJ. Terpyridine Molybdenum Dinitrogen Chemistry: Synthesis of Dinitrogen Complexes That Vary by Five Oxidation States. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:3117-27. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Máté J. Bezdek
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Sheng Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Paul J. Chirik
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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49
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Davidson R, Al-Owaedi OA, Milan DC, Zeng Q, Tory J, Hartl F, Higgins SJ, Nichols RJ, Lambert CJ, Low PJ. Effects of Electrode–Molecule Binding and Junction Geometry on the Single-Molecule Conductance of bis-2,2′:6′,2″-Terpyridine-based Complexes. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:2691-700. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross Davidson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South
Rd, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Oday A. Al-Owaedi
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
- Department of Laser Physics, Women Faculty of Science, Babylon University, Hillah, Iraq
| | - David C. Milan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Joanne Tory
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - František Hartl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J. Lambert
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Low
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Washington 6009, Australia
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50
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Munzert SM, Schwarz G, Kurth DG. Kinetic Studies of the Coordination of Mono- and Ditopic Ligands with First Row Transition Metal Ions. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:2565-73. [PMID: 26908136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of the ditopic ligand 1,4-bis(2,2':6',2″-terpyridin-4'-yl)benzene (1) as well as the monotopic ligands 4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine (2) and 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine (3) with Fe(2+), Co(2+), and Ni(2+) in solution are studied. While the reaction of 1 with Fe(2+), Co(2+), and Ni(2+) results in metallo-supramolecular coordination polyelectrolytes (MEPEs), ligands 2 and 3 give mononuclear complexes. All compounds are analyzed by UV/vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicates that protonation as well as coordination to Zn(2+) leads to an enhanced fluorescence of the terpyridine ligands. In contrast, Fe(2+), Co(2+), or Ni(2+) quench the fluorescence of the ligands. The kinetics of the reactions are studied by stopped-flow fluorescence spectroscopy. Analysis of the measured data is presented and the full kinetic rate laws for the coordination of the terpyridine ligands 1, 2, and 3 to Fe(2+), Co(2+), and Ni(2+) are presented. The coordination occurs within a few seconds, and the rate constant increases in the order Ni(2+) < Co(2+) < Fe(2+). With the rate constants at hand, the polymer growth of Ni-MEPE is computed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Martina Munzert
- Chemische Technologie der Materialsynthese, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Röntgenring 11, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Guntram Schwarz
- Chemische Technologie der Materialsynthese, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Röntgenring 11, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk G Kurth
- Chemische Technologie der Materialsynthese, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Röntgenring 11, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
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