1
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Sanz-Villafruela J, Bermejo-Casadesus C, Zafon E, Martínez-Alonso M, Durá G, Heras A, Soriano-Díaz I, Giussani A, Ortí E, Tebar F, Espino G, Massaguer A. Insights into the anticancer photodynamic activity of Ir(III) and Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes bearing β-carboline ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 276:116618. [PMID: 38972079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Ir(III) and Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes are promising photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) due to their outstanding photophysical properties. Herein, one series of cyclometallated Ir(III) complexes and two series of Ru(II) polypyridyl derivatives bearing three different thiazolyl-β-carboline N^N' ligands have been synthesized, aiming to evaluate the impact of the different metal fragments ([Ir(C^N)2]+ or [Ru(N^N)2]2+) and N^N' ligands on the photophysical and biological properties. All the compounds exhibit remarkable photostability under blue-light irradiation and are emissive (605 < λem < 720 nm), with the Ru(II) derivatives displaying higher photoluminescence quantum yields and longer excited state lifetimes. The Ir PSs display pKa values between 5.9 and 7.9, whereas their Ru counterparts are less acidic (pKa > 9.3). The presence of the deprotonated form in the Ir-PSs favours the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) since, according to theoretical calculations, it features a low-lying ligand-centered triplet excited state (T1 = 3LC) with a long lifetime. All compounds have demonstrated anticancer activity. Ir(III) complexes 1-3 exhibit the highest cytotoxicity in dark conditions, comparable to cisplatin. Their activity is notably enhanced by blue-light irradiation, resulting in nanomolar IC50 values and phototoxicity indexes (PIs) between 70 and 201 in different cancer cell lines. The Ir(III) PSs are also activated by green (with PI between 16 and 19.2) and red light in the case of complex 3 (PI = 8.5). Their antitumor efficacy is confirmed by clonogenic assays and using spheroid models. The Ir(III) complexes rapidly enter cells, accumulating in mitochondria and lysosomes. Upon photoactivation, they generate ROS, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and lysosomal damage and ultimately cell apoptosis. Additionally, they inhibit cancer cell migration, a crucial step in metastasis. In contrast, Ru(II) complex 6 exhibits moderate mitochondrial activity. Overall, Ir(III) complexes 1-3 show potential for selective light-controlled cancer treatment, providing an alternative mechanism to chemotherapy and the ability to inhibit lethal cancer cell dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sanz-Villafruela
- Universidad de Burgos, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Plaza Misael Bañuelos S/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Cristina Bermejo-Casadesus
- Universitat de Girona, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Maria Aurelia Capmany 40, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Elisenda Zafon
- Universitat de Girona, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Maria Aurelia Capmany 40, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-Alonso
- Universidad de Burgos, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Plaza Misael Bañuelos S/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Gema Durá
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica. Facultad de Químicas, Avda. Camilo J. Cela 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Aranzazu Heras
- Universidad de Burgos, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Plaza Misael Bañuelos S/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Iván Soriano-Díaz
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Angelo Giussani
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain.
| | - Francesc Tebar
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gustavo Espino
- Universidad de Burgos, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Plaza Misael Bañuelos S/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain.
| | - Anna Massaguer
- Universitat de Girona, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Maria Aurelia Capmany 40, 17003, Girona, Spain.
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2
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Hachey AC, Fenton AD, Heidary DK, Glazer EC. Design of Cytochrome P450 1B1 Inhibitors via a Scaffold-Hopping Approach. J Med Chem 2023; 66:398-412. [PMID: 36520541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) is a potential drug target in cancer research that is overexpressed in several solid tumors but is present only at low levels in healthy tissues. Its expression is associated with resistance to common chemotherapeutics, while inhibitors restore efficacy to these drugs in model systems. The majority of CYP1B1 inhibitors are derived from a limited number of scaffolds, and few have achieved outstanding selectivity against other human CYPs, which could impede clinical development. This study explores a new chemical space for CYP1B1 inhibitors using a scaffold-hopping approach and establishes 2,4-diarylthiazoles as a promising framework for further development. From a small library, compound 15 emerged as the lead, with picomolar CYP1B1 inhibition, and over 19,000-fold selectivity against its relative, CYP1A1. To investigate the activity of 15, molecular dynamics, optical spectroscopy, point mutations, and traditional structure-activity relationships were employed and revealed key interactions important for the development of CYP1B1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin C Hachey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky40506, United States
| | - Alexander D Fenton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky40506, United States
| | - David K Heidary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky40506, United States
| | - Edith C Glazer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky40506, United States
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3
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Synthesis and photobiological evaluation of Ru(II) complexes with expanded chelate polypyridyl ligands. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 238:112031. [PMID: 36327501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Photoreactive Ru(II) complexes capable of ejecting ligands have been used extensively for photocaging applications and for the creation of "photocisplatin" reagents. The incorporation of distortion into the structure of the coordination complex lowers the energy of dissociative excited states, increasing the yield of the photosubstitution reaction. While steric clash between ligands induced by adding substituents at the coordinating face of the ligand has been extensively utilized, a lesser known, more subtle approach is to distort the coordination sphere by altering the chelate ring size. Here a systematic study was performed to alter metal-ligand bond lengths, angles, and to cause intraligand distortion by introducing a "linker" atom or group between two pyridine rings. The synthesis, photochemistry, and photobiology of five Ru(II) complexes containing CH2, NH, O, and S-linked dipyridine ligands was investigated. All systems where stable in the dark, and three of the five were photochemically active in buffer. While a clear periodic trend was not observed, this study lays the foundation for the creation of photoactive systems utilizing an alternative type of distortion to facilitate photosubstitution reactions.
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4
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Etchenique R, Filevich O. Shine, Shine, Ruthenium Caged Drug. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 99:860-862. [PMID: 36562218 DOI: 10.1111/php.13772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This is a highlight on the paper by Bonnet et al.: A Lock-and-Kill Anticancer Photoactivated Chemotherapy Agent. which constitutes an important step toward establishing photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) as a widespread tool to treat different health issues, specially tumors. PACT can be a useful technique to deliver already tested drugs, where the effect of the desired molecule is directed only to its target after light irradiation, even in the cases in which it is difficult to achieve a precise delivery in the desired organ or tissue. Ruthenium-polipyridyl caged-compounds are near ideal devices to deliver a drug in that precise fashion, albeit they usually fail in revealing their actual location due to their weak light emission properties. The mentioned work introduces a simple and clever idea: the use of a covalently linked fluorophore to map the caged-compounds in-vivo distribution prior to the eventual irradiation to activate the chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Etchenique
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oscar Filevich
- Laboratorio de Neuroingeniería, Instituto de Tecnologías Emergentes y Ciencias Aplicadas (ITECA), UNSAM-CONICET, Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología (ECyT), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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5
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Combination of light and Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes: Recent advances in the development of new anticancer drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Li Y, Li E, Ye W, Pan J. Dinuclear Organoruthenium Complex for Mitochondria-Targeted Near-Infrared Imaging and Anticancer Therapy to Overcome Platinum Resistance. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:8267-8282. [PMID: 35584546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
New mononuclear and dinuclear Ru(II) coordination compounds with the 2,7-bisbenzoimidazolyl-naphthyridine ligand have been synthesized and characterized by UV-vis, NMR, and MALDI-TOF. The molecular structures for Ru(II) compounds were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. With the expansion of ligand π-conjugation and the increase in the complexed Ru number, the maximum emission wavelength red-shifted from 696 to 786 nm. The binding mode between complexes and DNA was predicted by molecular docking, which is intercalations and π-π stacking interactions with the surrounding bases. The intercalation mode of DNA binding was then determined by DNA titration and ethidium bromide (EB) displacement experiments. The antigrowth effects of complexes RuY, RuY1, and RuY2 were tested in HaCat (normal cells), HeLa (cervical cancer), A549 (lung cancer), and A549/DDP (cisplatin-resistant lung cancer) through the MTT assay. The dinuclear complex RuY2 was superior to mononuclear complexes and cisplatin in the cisplatin-resistant cell line. Confocal imaging proved that the subcellular localization of Ru(II) complexes was mitochondria; moreover, apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. All three complexes showed a dose-dependent manner in all four cell lines. All Ru(II) complexes were found to have reactive oxygen species (ROS). The finding indicated that these Ru(II) complexes caused cell death by both DNA disruption and ROS. This study helps to explore the potential of the polynuclear Ru(II) complexes for the combination of NIR imaging and Pt-resistant cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyang Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Li
- Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Enbo Li
- Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Ye
- Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-Throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Jie Pan
- Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
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7
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Roque JA, Cole HD, Barrett PC, Lifshits LM, Hodges RO, Kim S, Deep G, Francés-Monerris A, Alberto ME, Cameron CG, McFarland SA. Intraligand Excited States Turn a Ruthenium Oligothiophene Complex into a Light-Triggered Ubertoxin with Anticancer Effects in Extreme Hypoxia. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8317-8336. [PMID: 35482975 PMCID: PMC9098688 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ru(II) complexes that undergo photosubstitution reactions from triplet metal-centered (3MC) excited states are of interest in photochemotherapy (PCT) due to their potential to produce cytotoxic effects in hypoxia. Dual-action systems that incorporate this stoichiometric mode to complement the oxygen-dependent photosensitization pathways that define photodynamic therapy (PDT) are poised to maintain antitumor activity regardless of the oxygenation status. Herein, we examine the way in which these two pathways influence photocytotoxicity in normoxia and in hypoxia using the [Ru(dmp)2(IP-nT)]2+ series (where dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline and IP-nT = imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline tethered to n = 0-4 thiophene rings) to switch the dominant excited state from the metal-based 3MC state in the case of Ru-phen-Ru-1T to the ligand-based 3ILCT state for Ru-3T and Ru-4T. Ru-phen-Ru-1T, having dominant 3MC states and the largest photosubstitution quantum yields, are inactive in both normoxia and hypoxia. Ru-3T and Ru-4T, with dominant 3IL/3ILCT states and long triplet lifetimes (τTA = 20-25 μs), have the poorest photosubstitution quantum yields, yet are extremely active. In the best instances, Ru-4T exhibit attomolar phototoxicity toward SKMEL28 cells in normoxia and picomolar in hypoxia, with phototherapeutic index values in normoxia of 105-1012 and 103-106 in hypoxia. While maximizing excited-state deactivation through photodissociative 3MC states did not result in bonafide dual-action PDT/PCT agents, the study has produced the most potent photosensitizer we know of to date. The extraordinary photosensitizing capacity of Ru-3T and Ru-4T may stem from a combination of very efficient 1O2 production and possibly complementary type I pathways via 3ILCT excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA
| | - Houston D. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - Patrick C. Barrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA
| | - Liubov M. Lifshits
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - Rachel O. Hodges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA
| | - Susy Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, 27157 USA
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, 27157 USA
| | | | - Marta E. Alberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Italy
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
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8
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Gupta A, Zaheer MR, Iqbal S, Roohi, Ahmad A, Alshammari MB. Photodegradation and In Silico Molecular Docking Study of a Diuretic Drug: Clopamide. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:13870-13877. [PMID: 35559154 PMCID: PMC9088902 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Clopamide (CPD, 1) is a piperidine and sulfamoylbenzamide-based diuretic drug and a potential photosensitizing sulfonamide; its phototransformation was investigated using N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) as an electron donor and 1,4-dicyanonaphthalene (DCN) as an electron acceptor in an immersion-well-type photochemical reactor fitted with a medium-pressure mercury vapor lamp (450 W). Photodegradation of the drug Clopamide resulted in two significant products via photoinduced electron transfer. Structures of these products were deduced from their 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass, and IR spectra. The photoproducts are 2- choloro-5-((2,6-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)carbamoyl)benzenesulfonic acid (2) and 4-hydroxy-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidyl)-3-sulfamoyl benzamide (3). In addition to this, the comparative antioxidant potentials of the parent drug and its photoproducts were investigated using in silico molecular docking against tyrosinase in order to better understand the in vivo relevance of pharmacological action of the drug as a result of light-drug interactions. UV light has been observed to modify substituents on the benzene ring, hence loss of biological activity at the time of storage and in vivo cannot be ruled out. This suggests that Clopamide users should avoid light (natural or artificial) exposure to prevent from drug-induced photosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Gupta
- Department
of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 U.P., India
| | - Mohd. Rehan Zaheer
- Department
of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 U.P., India
| | - Safia Iqbal
- Department
of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 U.P., India
| | - Roohi
- Protein
Research Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026 U.P., India
| | - Akil Ahmad
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University 11892 Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed B. Alshammari
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University 11892 Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Papish ET, Oladipupo OE. Factors that influence singlet oxygen formation vs. ligand substitution for light-activated ruthenium anticancer compounds. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 68:102143. [PMID: 35483128 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on light-activated ruthenium anticancer compounds and the factors that influence which pathway is favored. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is favored by π expansion and the presence of low-lying triplet excited states (e.g. 3MLCT, 3IL). Photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) refers to light-driven ligand dissociation to give a toxic metal complex or a toxic ligand upon photo substitution. This process is driven by steric bulk near the metal center and weak metal-ligand bonds to create a low-energy 3MC state with antibonding character. With protic dihydroxybipyridine ligands, ligand charge can play a key role in these processes, with a more electron-rich deprotonated ligand favoring PDT and an electron-poor protonated ligand favoring PACT in several cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Papish
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Olaitan E Oladipupo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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10
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Liang Y, Huang W, Wang S, Su W, Situ Q, He L. Synthesis of a novel nitrogen mustard–conjugated bis-terpyridine ruthenium(II) complex as a potent anticancer agent that induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/17475198221085482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A fairly small-sized aryl nitrogen mustard–conjugated terpyridine is synthesized in only two steps as a ligand to chelate with RuCl3 to afford a [Ru(tpy-CM)2]Cl2 complex. This complex exhibits prominent antiproliferative activity toward several tumor cells. Further studies conclusively show that the complex suppresses human renal clear cell carcinoma cells (786-O cells) by inducing G1 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. This work provides a synthetic and therapeutic model for nitrogen mustard-containing metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwei Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P.R. of China
| | - Weiting Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P.R. of China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P.R. of China
| | - Weiming Su
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P.R. of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P.R. of China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P.R. of China
| | - Qianyi Situ
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P.R. of China
| | - Luxin He
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P.R. of China
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11
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Yawson GK, Will MF, Huffman SE, Strandquist ET, Bothwell PJ, Oliver EB, Apuzzo CF, Platt DC, Weitzel CS, Jones MA, Ferrence GM, Hamaker CG, Webb MI. A Dual-Pronged Approach: A Ruthenium(III) Complex That Modulates Amyloid-β Aggregation and Disrupts Its Formed Aggregates. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:2733-2744. [PMID: 35102739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurological disorder for which soluble oligomers of the peptide amyloid-β (Aβ) are now recognized as the neurotoxic species. Metal-based therapeutics are uniquely suited to target Aβ, with ruthenium-based (Ru) complexes emerging as propitious candidates. Recently, azole-based Ru(III) complexes were observed to modulate the aggregation of Aβ in solution, where the inclusion of a primary amine proximal to the ligand coordination site improved the activity of the complexes. To advance these structure-activity relationships, a series of oxazole-based Ru complexes were prepared and evaluated for their ability to modulate Aβ aggregation. From these studies, a lead candidate, Oc, emerged that had superior activity relative to its azole predecessors in modulating the aggregation of soluble Aβ and diminishing its cytotoxicity. Further evaluation of Oc demonstrated its ability to disrupt formed Aβ aggregates, resulting in smaller amorphous species. Because altering both sides of the aggregation equilibrium for Aβ has not been previously suggested for metal-based complexes for AD, this work represents an exciting new avenue for improved therapeutic success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon K Yawson
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Mark F Will
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Samantha E Huffman
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Evan T Strandquist
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Paige J Bothwell
- Core Microscope Facility, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Ethan B Oliver
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - C Fiore Apuzzo
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - David C Platt
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Christopher S Weitzel
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Marjorie A Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Gregory M Ferrence
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Christopher G Hamaker
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Michael I Webb
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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12
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Heidary DK, Kriger SM, Hachey AC, Glazer EC. A Fluorometric CYP19A1 (Aromatase) Activity Assay in Live Cells. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2845-2850. [PMID: 34224206 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of estrogen synthesis is an integral component of the frontline pharmacologic therapy for the treatment of estrogen receptor positive cancers. However, there is currently no direct, high-throughput-ready assay for aromatase (also known as CYP19A1) that can be performed in live cells. Herein we present a cell-based assay that allows for multiplexed assessment of enzyme activity, protein half-life, cell viability, and identification of inhibitors with slow off-rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Heidary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose St., Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Sarah M Kriger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose St., Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Austin C Hachey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose St., Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Edith C Glazer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose St., Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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13
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Hachey AC, Havrylyuk D, Glazer EC. Biological activities of polypyridyl-type ligands: implications for bioinorganic chemistry and light-activated metal complexes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 61:191-202. [PMID: 33799087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polypyridyl coordinating ligands are common in metal complexes used in medicinal inorganic chemistry. These ligands possess intrinsic cytotoxicity, but detailed data on this phenomenon are sparse, and cytotoxicity values vary widely and are often irreproducible. To provide new insights into the biological effects of bipyridyl-type ligands and structurally related metal-binding systems, reports of free ligand cytotoxicity were reviewed. The cytotoxicity of 25 derivatives of 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline demonstrates that there is no correlation between IC50 values and ligand properties such as pKa, log D, polarizability volume, and electron density, as indicated by NMR shifts. As a result of these observations, as well as the various reported mechanisms of action of polypyridyl ligands, we offer the hypothesis that biological effects are governed by the availability of and affinity for specific metal ions within the experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin C Hachey
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kentucky, 505 Rose St, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Dmytro Havrylyuk
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kentucky, 505 Rose St, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Edith C Glazer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kentucky, 505 Rose St, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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14
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Qu F, Lamb RW, Cameron CG, Park S, Oladipupo O, Gray JL, Xu Y, Cole HD, Bonizzoni M, Kim Y, McFarland SA, Webster CE, Papish ET. Singlet Oxygen Formation vs Photodissociation for Light-Responsive Protic Ruthenium Anticancer Compounds: The Oxygenated Substituent Determines Which Pathway Dominates. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:2138-2148. [PMID: 33534562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes bearing protic diimine ligands are cytotoxic to certain cancer cells upon irradiation with blue light. Previously reported complexes of the type [(N,N)2Ru(6,6'-dhbp)]Cl2 with 6,6'-dhbp = 6,6'-dihydroxybipyridine and N,N = 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) (1A), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) (2A), and 2,3-dihydro-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline (dop) (3A) show EC50 values as low as 4 μM (for 3A) vs breast cancer cells upon blue light irradiation ( Inorg. Chem. 2017, 56, 7519). Herein, subscript A denotes the acidic form of the complex bearing OH groups, and B denotes the basic form bearing O- groups. This photocytotoxicity was originally attributed to photodissociation, but recent results suggest that singlet oxygen formation is a more plausible cause of photocytotoxicity. In particular, bulky methoxy substituents enhance photodissociation but these complexes are nontoxic ( Dalton Trans 2018, 47, 15685). Cellular studies are presented herein that show the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis indicators upon treatment of cells with complex 3A and blue light. Singlet oxygen sensor green (SOSG) shows the formation of 1O2 in cell culture for cells treated with 3A and blue light. At physiological pH, complexes 1A-3A are deprotonated to form 1B-3B in situ. Quantum yields for 1O2 (ϕΔ) are 0.87 and 0.48 for 2B and 3B, respectively, and these are an order of magnitude higher than the quantum yields for 2A and 3A. The values for ϕΔ show an increase with 6,6'-dhbp derived substituents as follows: OMe < OH < O-. TD-DFT studies show that the presence of a low lying triplet metal-centered (3MC) state favors photodissociation and disfavors 1O2 formation for 2A and 3A (OH groups). However, upon deprotonation (O- groups), the 3MLCT state is accessible and can readily lead to 1O2 formation, but the dissociative 3MC state is energetically inaccessible. The changes to the energy of the 3MLCT state upon deprotonation have been confirmed by steady state luminescence experiments on 1A-3A and their basic analogs, 1B-3B. This energy landscape favors 1O2 formation for 2B and 3B and leads to enhanced toxicity for these complexes under physiological conditions. The ability to convert readily from OH to O- groups allowed us to investigate an electronic change that is not accompanied by steric changes in this fundamental study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengrui Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Robert W Lamb
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Seungjo Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Olaitan Oladipupo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Jessica L Gray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Yifei Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Houston D Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Marco Bonizzoni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Charles Edwin Webster
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Elizabeth T Papish
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
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15
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Influence of substituents in 1,10-phenanthroline on the structural and photophysical properties of W(CO)4(1,10-phenanthroline-type) complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.120166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Malcomson T, Paterson MJ. Theoretical determination of two-photon absorption in biologically relevant pterin derivatives. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:1538-1547. [PMID: 33029609 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00255k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Given the prevalence of fluorescence spectroscopy in biological systems, and the prevalence of pterin derivatives throughout biological systems, presented here is an assessment of the two-photon absorption spectroscopy as it applies to a range of the most commonly studied pterin derivatives. QR-CAMB3LYP//ccpVTZ calculations suggest that the use of two-photon spectroscopic methods would enable a more capable differentiation between closely related derivatives in comparison to the one-photon spectra, which show minimal qualitative deviation. Study of short tail derivatives shows that, in most cases, two-photon accessible states solely involve the π* LUMO as the particle orbital, with biopterin, neopterin, and 6-(hydroxymethyl)pterin presenting exceptional potential for targetting. Investigation of derivatives in which the tail contains an aromatic ring resulted in the observation of a series of two-photon accessible states involving charge transfer from the tail to the pterin moiety, the cross sections of which are highly dependent on the adoption of a planar geometry. The observation of these states presents a novel method for tracking the substitution of biologically important molecules such as folic acid and 5-methenyltetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Malcomson
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK.
| | - Martin J Paterson
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
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17
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Scarpi-Luttenauer M, Geminiani L, Lebrun P, Kyritsakas N, Chaumont A, Henry M, Mobian P. Bent 1,10-Phenanthroline Ligands within Octahedral Complexes Constructed around a TiO 4N 2 Core. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12005-12016. [PMID: 32805984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of monomeric octahedral complexes constructed around a TiO4N2 core bearing neocuproine derivatives is detailed. These architectures follow the [Ti(1)2(N-N)] general formulas, where 1 is the 6,6'-diphenyl-2,2'-biphenolato ligand and N-N is a 1,10-phenanthroline derivative. Single-crystal analysis revealed that the neocuproine-based ligands within these architectures adopt a nonplanar geometry. The distortion of these aromatic diimine systems has been quantified through measurement of a torsion angle (α) and a dihedral angle (β) defined by two planes within the aromatic diimine molecule (π1 and π2), permitting one to evaluate the twisting and bending of a coordinated nitrogen ligand, respectively. Next, the scope of this investigation was extended to the synthesis of a dimeric architecture, [Ti2(1)4(3)], where 3 is the 5,5'-bis(neocuproine) ligand. Again, a strong distortion of the neocuproine fragments was characterized in the crystalline state for such a complex. The UV-visible properties of these complexes were interpreted with the help of time-dependent density functional theory calculations. The solution behavior as well as good hydrolytic stability of these species has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Scarpi-Luttenauer
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Etat Solide, UMR 7140, UDS-CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Loris Geminiani
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Etat Solide, UMR 7140, UDS-CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pauline Lebrun
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Etat Solide, UMR 7140, UDS-CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Kyritsakas
- Laboratoire de Tectonique Moléculaire, UMR 7140, UDS-CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Chaumont
- Laboratoire de Modélisation et Simulations Moléculaires, UMR 7140, UDS-CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marc Henry
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Etat Solide, UMR 7140, UDS-CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Mobian
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Etat Solide, UMR 7140, UDS-CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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18
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Zhang X, Huang X, Xie A, Zhang X, Deng J, Zou D, Zou J. Boosting type I process of Ru(II) compounds by changing tetrazole ligand for enhanced photodynamic therapy against lung cancer. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 212:111236. [PMID: 32889130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Boosting the photosensitization type I process will enhance the phototherapy efficacy because the superoxide radicals (O2-) generated during type I process are more toxic than the singlet oxygen (1O2) in type II process. Herein, [Ru(Hdtza)(phen)2][PF6] (1) and [Ru(pytz)(phen)2][PF6] (2) (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) based on two nitrogen-rich tetrazole ligands, di(2H-tetrazol-5-yl) amine (H2dtza) and 5-(2-pyridyl)tetrazole (Hpytz) have been developed for photodynamic therapy (PDT) against lung cancer, respectively. Nanoprecipitation was used to prepare the nanoparticles (NPs) of both compounds. [Ru(Hdtza)(phen)2][PF6] NPs mainly undergo an electron transfer process to generate O2- while [Ru(pytz)(phen)2][PF6] the direct energy transfer to produce 1O2, which is responsible for the higher phototoxicity of [Ru(Hdtza)(phen)2][PF6] NPs (IC50 ~ 4.8 μg/mL) than that of [Ru(pytz)(phen)2][PF6] NPs (IC50 ~ 13.6 μg/mL) on human lung cancer cells (A549). Furthermore, in vivo study indicates that the tumor proliferation of nude mice can be effectively inhibited with the help of laser when the mice were injected with [Ru(pytz)(phen)2][PF6] NPs. This work may provide a simple strategy to design type I photosensitizers for enhanced photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Xiao Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Aize Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Xiaochuan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Kunshan 215300, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jun Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Kunshan 215300, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Dengfeng Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, PR China.
| | - Jianhua Zou
- Jiangsu Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, 215500, Jiangsu, PR China.
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19
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Yang J, He X, Ke Z, Chen J, Zou Z, Wei B, Zou D, Zou J. Two photoactive Ru (II) compounds based on tetrazole ligands for photodynamic therapy. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 210:111127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Soupart A, Alary F, Heully JL, Elliott PIP, Dixon IM. Theoretical Study of the Full Photosolvolysis Mechanism of [Ru(bpy)3]2+: Providing a General Mechanistic Roadmap for the Photochemistry of [Ru(N^N)3]2+-Type Complexes toward Both Cis and Trans Photoproducts. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14679-14695. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Soupart
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Fabienne Alary
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Louis Heully
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Paul I. P. Elliott
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Functional Materials, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Isabelle M. Dixon
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
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21
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Havrylyuk D, Heidary DK, Sun Y, Parkin S, Glazer EC. Photochemical and Photobiological Properties of Pyridyl-pyrazol(in)e-Based Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Sub-micromolar Cytotoxicity for Phototherapy. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:18894-18906. [PMID: 32775891 PMCID: PMC7408248 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of new light-triggered prodrugs based on ruthenium (II) complexes is a promising approach for photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT). The light-mediated activation of "strained" Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes resulted in ligand release and produced a ligand-deficient metal center capable of forming covalent adducts with biomolecules such as DNA. Based on the strategy of exploiting structural distortion to activate photochemistry, biologically active small molecules were coordinated to a Ru(II) scaffold to create light-triggered dual-action agents. Thirteen new Ru(II) complexes with pyridyl-pyrazol(in)e ligands were synthesized, and their photochemical reactivity and anticancer properties were investigated. Isomeric bidentate ligands were investigated, where "regular" ligands (where the coordinated nitrogens in the heterocycles are linked by C-C atoms) were compared to "inverse" isomers (where the coordinated nitrogens in the heterocycles are linked by C-N atoms). Coordination of the regular 3-(pyrid-2-yl)-pyrazol(in)es to a Ru(II) bis-dimethylphenanthroline scaffold yielded photoresponsive compounds with promising photochemical and biological properties, in contrast to the inverse 1-(pyrid-2-yl)-pyrazolines. The introduction of a phenyl ring to the 1N-pyrazoline cycle increased the distortion in complexes and improved ligand release upon light irradiation (470 nm) up to 5-fold in aqueous media. Compounds 1-8, containing pyridyl-pyrazol(in)e ligands, were at least 20-80-fold more potent than the parent pyridyl-pyrazol(in)es, and exhibited biological activity in the dark, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ranging from 0.2 to 7.6 μM in the HL60 cell line, with complete growth inhibition upon light irradiation. The diversification of coligands and introduction of a carboxylic acid into the Ru(II) complex resulted in compounds 9-12, with up to 146-fold improved phototoxicity indices compared with complexes 1-8.
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22
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Ryan RT, Stevens KC, Calabro R, Parkin S, Mahmoud J, Kim DY, Heidary DK, Glazer EC, Selegue JP. Bis-tridentate N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ru(II) Complexes are Promising New Agents for Photodynamic Therapy. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:8882-8892. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael T. Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Kimberly C. Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Rosemary Calabro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Jumanah Mahmoud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Doo Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - David K. Heidary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Edith C. Glazer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - John P. Selegue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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23
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Bolitho EM, Sanchez-Cano C, Huang H, Hands-Portman I, Spink M, Quinn PD, Harkiolaki M, Sadler PJ. X-ray tomography of cryopreserved human prostate cancer cells: mitochondrial targeting by an organoiridium photosensitiser. J Biol Inorg Chem 2020; 25:295-303. [PMID: 32124100 PMCID: PMC7082392 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-020-01761-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The organoiridium complex Ir[(C,N)2(O,O)] (1) where C, N = 1-phenylisoquinoline and O,O = 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate is a promising photosensitiser for Photo-Dynamic Therapy (PDT). 1 is not toxic to cells in the dark. However, irradiation of the compound with one-photon blue or two-photon red light generates high levels of singlet oxygen (1O2) (in Zhang et al. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 56 (47):14898-14902 10.1002/anie.201709082,2017), both within cell monolayers and in tumour models. Moreover, photo-excited 1 oxidises key proteins, causing metabolic alterations in cancer cells with potent antiproliferative activity. Here, the tomograms obtained by cryo-Soft X-ray Tomography (cryo-SXT) of human PC3 prostate cancer cells treated with 1, irradiated with blue light, and cryopreserved to maintain them in their native state, reveal that irradiation causes extensive and specific alterations to mitochondria, but not other cellular components. Such new insights into the effect of 1O2 generation during PDT using iridium photosensitisers on cells contribute to a detailed understanding of their cellular mode of action. Graphic abstract ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00775-020-01761-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Bolitho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.,Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Ave, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Carlos Sanchez-Cano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. .,Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramon 182, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Huaiyi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ian Hands-Portman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Matthew Spink
- Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Ave, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Paul D Quinn
- Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Ave, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Maria Harkiolaki
- Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Ave, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK.
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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24
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Phillips AM, Pombeiro AJ. Transition Metal-Based Prodrugs for Anticancer Drug Delivery. Curr Med Chem 2020; 26:7476-7519. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181203141122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
:
Transition metal complexes, of which the platinum(II) complex cisplatin is an example,
have been used in medicine to treat cancer for more than 40 years. Although many successes have
been achieved, there are problems associated with the use of these drugs, such as side effects and
drug resistance. Converting them into prodrugs, to make them more inert, so that they can travel to
the tumour site unchanged and release the drug in its active form only there, is a strategy which is
the subject of much research nowadays. The new prodrugs may be activated and release the cytotoxic
agent by differences in oxygen concentration or in pH, by the action of overexpressed enzymes,
by differences in metabolic rates, etc., which characteristically distinguish cancer cells from
normal ones, or even by the input of radiation, which can be visible light. Converting a metal complex
into a prodrug may also be used to improve its pharmacological properties. In some cases, the
metal complex is a carrier which transports the active drug as a ligand. Some platinum prodrugs
have reached clinical trials. So far platinum, ruthenium and cobalt have been the most studied metals.
This review presents the recent developments in this area, including the types of complexes
used, the mechanisms of drug action and in some cases the techniques applied to monitor drug delivery
to cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M.F. Phillips
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Armando J.L. Pombeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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25
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Havrylyuk D, Stevens K, Parkin S, Glazer EC. Toward Optimal Ru(II) Photocages: Balancing Photochemistry, Stability, and Biocompatibility Through Fine Tuning of Steric, Electronic, and Physiochemical Features. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:1006-1013. [PMID: 31899619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ru(II) complex photocages are used in a variety of biological applications, but the thermal stability, photosubstitution quantum yield, and biological compatibility of the most commonly used Ru(II) systems remain unoptimized. Here, multiple compounds used in photocaging applications were analyzed and found to have several unsatisfactory characteristics. To address these deficiencies, three new scaffolds were designed to improve key properties through modulation of a combination of electronic, steric, and physiochemical features. One of these new systems, containing the 2,2'-biquinoline-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid (2,2'-bicinchoninic acid) ligand, fulfills several of the requirements for an optimal photocage. Another complex, containing the 2-benzothiazol-2-yl-quinoline ligand, provides a scaffold for the creation of "dual action" agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Havrylyuk
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , 505 Rose Street , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
| | - Kimberly Stevens
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , 505 Rose Street , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , 505 Rose Street , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
| | - Edith C Glazer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , 505 Rose Street , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
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26
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Kuncewicz J, Dąbrowski JM, Kyzioł A, Brindell M, Łabuz P, Mazuryk O, Macyk W, Stochel G. Perspectives of molecular and nanostructured systems with d- and f-block metals in photogeneration of reactive oxygen species for medical strategies. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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27
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Yang J, Xu Y, Jiang M, Zou D, Yang G, Shen L, Zou J. Photochemical property of two Ru(II) compounds based on 5-(2-pyrazinyl)tetrazole for cancer phototherapy by changing auxiliary ligand. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 193:124-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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28
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Zhu T, Wu TY, Ren JA, Qian SJ, Li Y, Su WT, Zou DF, Li QY, Yang J. Synthesis and anticancer property of Zn(II) compounds nanoparticles based on tetrazole carboxylate ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Acar Cevik U, Saglik BN, Levent S, Osmaniye D, Kaya Cavuşoglu B, Ozkay Y, Kaplancikli ZA. Synthesis and AChE-Inhibitory Activity of New Benzimidazole Derivatives. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24050861. [PMID: 30823470 PMCID: PMC6429502 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), one of the main causes of aged dementia, is a progressive and degenerative neurological disorder characterized by loss of cognition and memory. Although the symptomatic treatment of AD, particularly acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) based on the ‘cholinergic hypothesis’, has been successful in clinic, at present there is no cure for this disease. In this study, we designed compounds carrying benzimidazole and triazole rings on the same chemical skeleton so as to investigate their potential acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity. Furthermore, molecular modeling study was performed to determine the binding mode of the best inhibitor to the AChE. Among them, compounds 3d and 3h, which featured 3,4-dihydroxy substitution at the phenyl ring and 5(6)-chloro substitution at the benzimidazole ring were found to be potent inhibitors of AChE. The inhibition kinetics of the two most active derivatives 3d and 3h were further studied. The kinetic displayed increasing slope and increasing intercept, which is consistent with a mixed inhibition. The IC50 and Ki values of 3d are 31.9 ± 0.1 nM and 26.2 nM, respectively. Compound 3h exhibited IC50 of 29.5 ± 1.2 nM and Ki of 24.8 nM. The above data compared favorably with data for donepezil (21.8 ± 0.9 nM) the reference compound in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulviye Acar Cevik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26210 Eskişehir, Turkey.
- Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26210 Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Begüm Nurpelin Saglik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26210 Eskişehir, Turkey.
- Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26210 Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Serkan Levent
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26210 Eskişehir, Turkey.
- Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26210 Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Derya Osmaniye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26210 Eskişehir, Turkey.
- Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26210 Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Betul Kaya Cavuşoglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26210 Eskişehir, Turkey.
- Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26210 Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Yusuf Ozkay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26210 Eskişehir, Turkey.
- Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26210 Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Zafer Asim Kaplancikli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26210 Eskişehir, Turkey.
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30
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Roose M, Tassé M, Lacroix PG, Malfant I. Nitric oxide (NO) photo-release in a series of ruthenium–nitrosyl complexes: new experimental insights in the search for a comprehensive mechanism. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj03907k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of nitric oxide release is investigated along a series of 1–3 “push–pull” ruthenium nitrosyl complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Roose
- CNRS
- LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination)
- 205 route de Narbonne
- 31077 Toulouse
- France
| | - Marine Tassé
- CNRS
- LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination)
- 205 route de Narbonne
- 31077 Toulouse
- France
| | - Pascal G. Lacroix
- CNRS
- LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination)
- 205 route de Narbonne
- 31077 Toulouse
- France
| | - Isabelle Malfant
- CNRS
- LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination)
- 205 route de Narbonne
- 31077 Toulouse
- France
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31
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Havrylyuk D, Deshpande M, Parkin S, Glazer EC. Ru(ii) complexes with diazine ligands: electronic modulation of the coordinating group is key to the design of "dual action" photoactivated agents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:12487-12490. [PMID: 30338772 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05809a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Coordination complexes can be used to photocage biologically active ligands, providing control over the location, time, and dose of a delivered drug. Dual action agents can be created if both the ligand released and the ligand-deficient metal center effect biological processes. Ruthenium(ii) complexes coordinated to pyridyl ligands generally are only capable of releasing one ligand in H2O, wasting equivalents of drug molecules, and producing a Ru(ii) center that is not cytotoxic. In contrast, Ru(ii) polypyridyl complexes containing diazine ligands eject both monodentate ligands, with the quantum yield (φPS) of the second phase varying as a function of ligand pKa and the pH of the medium. This effect is general, as it is effective with different Ru(ii) structures, and demonstrates that diazine-based drugs are the preferred choice for the development of light-activated dual action Ru(ii) agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Havrylyuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose St., Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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32
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Peña B, Saha S, Barhoumi R, Burghardt RC, Dunbar KR. Ruthenium(II)-Polypyridyl Compounds with π-Extended Nitrogen Donor Ligands Induce Apoptosis in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma (A549) Cells by Triggering Caspase-3/7 Pathway. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:12777-12786. [PMID: 30239197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ru(II)-polypyridyl complexes exhibit antitumor properties that can be systematically tailored by means of adjusting the ligand environment. In this work, the effect of incorporating π-extended moieties into anionic N∧O- based chelating ligands on the cytotoxic properties of Ru compounds is explored. Four new Ru(II) complexes, [Ru(bpy)2(dphol)][PF6] (1; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, dphol = dibenzo[ a, c]phenazin-10-olate), [Ru(phen)2(dphol)][PF6] (2; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), [Ru(bpy)2(hbtz)][PF6] (3; hbtz = 2-(benzo[ d]thiazol-2-yl)phenolate), and [Ru(phen)2(hbtz)][PF6] (4) were synthesized and thoroughly characterized. In vitro cytotoxicity was investigated in human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells, which revealed that 4 is the most cytotoxic compound (IC50 = 0.8 μM) in the series including a control compound [Ru(bpy)2(quo)][PF6] (5; quo = 8-hydroxyquinolinate) and is nearly 8-fold more cytotoxic than cisplatin. An investigation of the mechanism of cell death led to the finding that compounds 1-4 disrupt the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) in a concentration-dependent fashion, which is an event associated with the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Moreover, compound 4 triggers the activity of caspase-3/7, which eventually induces the apoptotic cellular death of A549 cells. Thus, increasing the overall lipophilicity of the Ru compounds by introducing π-extended moieties in the anionic N∧O- ligand is a successful strategy for realizing a new family of pro-apoptotic compounds with a [RuIIN5O]+ coordination environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Peña
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Sayan Saha
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Rola Barhoumi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Robert C Burghardt
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Kim R Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
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33
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Xu D, Yang ZY, Wang ZK, Hao XY, Shi YJ, Li QY, Yang GW. Synthesis and anticancer property of one Fe(II) compound based on 5-(3-pyridyl)tetrazole-2-acetic acid. J COORD CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2018.1490955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Duo Xu
- Jiangsu Laboratory of Advanced Functional Material, Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, P. R. China
| | - Zhan Yong Yang
- Jiangsu Laboratory of Advanced Functional Material, Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Kang Wang
- Jiangsu Laboratory of Advanced Functional Material, Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yu Hao
- Jiangsu Laboratory of Advanced Functional Material, Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, P. R. China
| | - Yu Jie Shi
- Jiangsu Laboratory of Advanced Functional Material, Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Yun Li
- Jiangsu Laboratory of Advanced Functional Material, Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, P. R. China
- Department of Biology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, P. R. China
| | - Gao Wen Yang
- Jiangsu Laboratory of Advanced Functional Material, Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, P. R. China
- Department of Biology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, P. R. China
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Findlay JA, Barnsley JE, Gordon KC, Crowley JD. Synthesis and Light-Induced Actuation of Photo-Labile 2-Pyridyl-1,2,3-Triazole Ru(bis-bipyridyl) Appended Ferrocene Rotors. Molecules 2018; 23:E2037. [PMID: 30110981 PMCID: PMC6222349 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To realise useful control over molecular motion in the future an extensive toolbox of both actionable molecules and stimuli-responsive units must be developed. Previously, our laboratory has reported 1,1'-disubstituted ferrocene (Fc) rotor units which assume a contracted/π-stacked conformation until complexation of cationic metal ions causes rotation about the Ferrocene (Fc) molecular 'ball-bearing'. Herein, we explore the potential of using the photochemical ejection of [Ru(2,2'-bipyridyl)₂]2+ units as a stimulus for the rotational contraction of new ferrocene rotor units. Fc rotors with both 'regular' and 'inverse' 2-pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole binding pockets and their corresponding [Ru(2,2'-bipyridyl)₂]2+ complexes were synthesised. The rotors and complexes were characterised using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopies, Electro-Spray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (ESI⁻MS), and electrochemistry. The 1,1'-disubstituted Fc ligands were shown to π-stack both in solution and solid state. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations (CAM-B3LYP/6-31G(d)) support the notion that complexation to [Ru(2,2'-bipyridyl)₂]2+ caused a rotation from the syn- to the anti-conformation. Upon photo-irradiation with UV light (254 nm), photo-ejection of the [Ru(2,2'-bipyridyl)₂(CH₃CN)₂]2+ units in acetonitrile was observed. The re-complexation of the [Ru(2,2'-bipyridyl)₂]2+ units could be achieved using acetone as the reaction solvent. However, the process was exceedingly slowly. Additionally, the Fc ligands slowly decomposed when exposed to UV irradiation meaning that only one extension and contraction cycle could be completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Findlay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, Otago, New Zealand.
| | - Jonathan E Barnsley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, Otago, New Zealand.
| | - Keith C Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, Otago, New Zealand.
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, Otago, New Zealand.
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35
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Havrylyuk D, Howerton BS, Nease L, Parkin S, Heidary DK, Glazer EC. Structure-activity relationships of anticancer ruthenium(II) complexes with substituted hydroxyquinolines. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 156:790-799. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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36
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He SF, Chen BB, Hao YH, Chen JX, Song XD, Mei J, Chen WX, Sun J. Synthesis, characterization and anticancer activity of two Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes [Ru(dpq)2L](PF6)2 (L = maip, paip). Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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37
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Gichumbi JM, Friedrich HB. Half-sandwich complexes of platinum group metals (Ir, Rh, Ru and Os) and some recent biological and catalytic applications. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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38
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Liu J, Zhang C, Rees TW, Ke L, Ji L, Chao H. Harnessing ruthenium(II) as photodynamic agents: Encouraging advances in cancer therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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39
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Thota S, Rodrigues DA, Crans DC, Barreiro EJ. Ru(II) Compounds: Next-Generation Anticancer Metallotherapeutics? J Med Chem 2018; 61:5805-5821. [PMID: 29446940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metal based therapeutics are a precious class of drugs in oncology research that include examples of theranostic drugs, which are active in both diagnostic, specifically imaging, and therapeutics applications. Ruthenium compounds have shown selective bioactivity and the ability to overcome the resistance that platinum-based therapeutics face, making them effective oncotherapeutic competitors in rational drug invention approaches. The development of antineoplastic ruthenium therapeutics is of particular interest because ruthenium containing complexes NAMI-A, KP1019, and KP1339 entered clinical trials and DW1/2 is in preclinical levels. The very robust, conformationally rigid organometallic Ru(II) compound DW1/2 is a protein kinase inhibitor and presents new Ru(II) compound designs as anticancer agents. Over the recent years, numerous strategies have been used to encapsulate Ru(II) derived compounds in a nanomaterial system, improving their targeting and delivery into neoplastic cells. A new photodynamic therapy based Ru(II) therapeutic, TLD-1433, has also entered clinical trials. Ru(II)-based compounds can also be photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy, which has proven to be an effective new, alternative, and noninvasive oncotherapy modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekanth Thota
- National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation on Neglected Diseases (INCT/IDN), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Av. Brazil 4036, Prédio da Expansão, 8° Andar, Sala 814, Manguinhos , 21040-361 Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil.,Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , P.O. Box 68023, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Daniel A Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , P.O. Box 68023, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Debbie C Crans
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Eliezer J Barreiro
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , P.O. Box 68023, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
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40
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Marker SC, MacMillan SN, Zipfel WR, Li Z, Ford PC, Wilson JJ. Photoactivated in Vitro Anticancer Activity of Rhenium(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes Bearing Water-Soluble Phosphines. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:1311-1331. [PMID: 29323880 PMCID: PMC8117114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen water-soluble rhenium compounds of the general formula [Re(CO)3(NN)(PR3)]+, where NN is a diimine ligand and PR3 is 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA), tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine (THP), or 1,4-diacetyl-1,3,7-triaza-5-phosphabicylco[3.3.1]nonane (DAPTA), were synthesized and characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. The complexes bearing the THP and DAPTA ligands exhibit triplet-based luminescence in air-equilibrated aqueous solutions with quantum yields ranging from 3.4 to 11.5%. Furthermore, the THP and DAPTA complexes undergo photosubstitution of a CO ligand upon irradiation with 365 nm light with quantum yields ranging from 1.1 to 5.5% and sensitize the formation of 1O2 with quantum yields as high as 70%. In contrast, all of the complexes bearing the PTA ligand are nonemissive and do not undergo photosubstitution upon irradiation with 365 nm light. These compounds were evaluated as photoactivated anticancer agents in human cervical (HeLa), ovarian (A2780), and cisplatin-resistant ovarian (A2780CP70) cancer cell lines. All of the complexes bearing THP and DAPTA exhibited a cytotoxic response upon irradiation with minimal toxicity in the absence of light. Notably, the complex with DAPTA and 1,10-phenanthroline gave rise to an IC50 value of 6 μM in HeLa cells upon irradiation, rendering it the most phototoxic compound in this library. The nature of the photoinduced cytotoxicity of this compound was explored in further detail. These data indicate that the phototoxic response may result from the release of both CO and the rhenium-containing photoproduct, as well as the production of 1O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra C. Marker
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Samantha N. MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Warren R. Zipfel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Peter C. Ford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Justin J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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41
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Battistin F, Balducci G, Wei J, Renfrew AK, Alessio E. Photolabile Ru Model Complexes with Chelating Diimine Ligands for Light‐Triggered Drug Release. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201701392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Battistin
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Gabriele Balducci
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Jianhua Wei
- School of Chemistry University of Sydney 2006 Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Anna K. Renfrew
- School of Chemistry University of Sydney 2006 Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Enzo Alessio
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
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42
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Yang GW, Zhang X, Li GM, Yang J, Shen L, Chen DY, Li QY, Zou DF. Photochemical property of a Ru(ii) compound based on 3-(2-pyridyl)pyrazole and 2,2′-bipyridine for ablation of cancer cells. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj05034h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ru(ii) compounds are potential candidates for photodynamic therapy (PDT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Wen Yang
- Jiangsu Laboratory of Advanced Functional Material
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering
- Changshu Institute of Technology
- Changshu 215500
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Jiangsu Laboratory of Advanced Functional Material
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering
- Changshu Institute of Technology
- Changshu 215500
- P. R. China
| | - Guang Ming Li
- Jiangsu Laboratory of Advanced Functional Material
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering
- Changshu Institute of Technology
- Changshu 215500
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- Jiangsu Laboratory of Advanced Functional Material
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering
- Changshu Institute of Technology
- Changshu 215500
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Shen
- Jiangsu Laboratory of Advanced Functional Material
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering
- Changshu Institute of Technology
- Changshu 215500
- P. R. China
| | - Dian Yu Chen
- Jiangsu Laboratory of Advanced Functional Material
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering
- Changshu Institute of Technology
- Changshu 215500
- P. R. China
| | - Qiao Yun Li
- Jiangsu Laboratory of Advanced Functional Material
- Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering
- Changshu Institute of Technology
- Changshu 215500
- P. R. China
| | - Deng Feng Zou
- School of Pharmacy
- Guilin Medical University
- Guilin 541004
- P. R. China
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43
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Zhai C, Xu D, Yang ZY, Hao XY, Shi YJ, Wang ZK, Yang GW, Li QY. Synthesis, characterization and anticancer property of a Dy(III) compound with [Dy4(OH)4]8+ secondary building units. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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44
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Zhang P, Chiu CKC, Huang H, Lam YPY, Habtemariam A, Malcomson T, Paterson MJ, Clarkson GJ, O'Connor PB, Chao H, Sadler PJ. Organoiridium Photosensitizers Induce Specific Oxidative Attack on Proteins within Cancer Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14898-14902. [PMID: 29047228 PMCID: PMC5698709 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Strongly luminescent iridium(III) complexes, [Ir(C,N)2 (S,S)]+ (1) and [Ir(C,N)2 (O,O)] (2), containing C,N (phenylquinoline), O,O (diketonate), or S,S (dithione) chelating ligands, have been characterized by X-ray crystallography and DFT calculations. Their long phosphorescence lifetimes in living cancer cells give rise to high quantum yields for the generation of 1 O2 , with large 2-photon absorption cross-sections. 2 is nontoxic to cells, but potently cytotoxic to cancer cells upon brief irradiation with low doses of visible light, and potent at sub-micromolar doses towards 3D multicellular tumor spheroids with 2-photon red light. Photoactivation causes oxidative damage to specific histidine residues in the key proteins in aldose reductase and heat-shock protein-70 within living cancer cells. The oxidative stress induced by iridium photosensitizers during photoactivation can increase the levels of enzymes involved in the glycolytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyu Zhang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
- College of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | | | - Huaiyi Huang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
- School of ChemistrySun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Yuko P. Y. Lam
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | | | - Thomas Malcomson
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghEH4 4ASUK
| | | | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | | | - Hui Chao
- School of ChemistrySun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
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Kohler L, Nease L, Vo P, Garofolo J, Heidary DK, Thummel RP, Glazer EC. Photochemical and Photobiological Activity of Ru(II) Homoleptic and Heteroleptic Complexes Containing Methylated Bipyridyl-type Ligands. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:12214-12223. [PMID: 28949518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Light-activated compounds are powerful tools and potential agents for medical applications, as biological effects can be controlled in space and time. Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes can induce cytotoxic effects through multiple mechanisms, including acting as photosensitizers for singlet oxygen (1O2) production, generating other reactive oxygen species (ROS), releasing biologically active ligands, and creating reactive intermediates that form covalent bonds to biological molecules. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study was performed on a series of Ru(II) complexes containing isomeric tetramethyl-substituted bipyridyl-type ligands. Three of the ligand systems studied contained strain-inducing methyl groups and created photolabile metal complexes, which can form covalent bonds to biomolecules upon light activation, while the fourth was unstrained and resulted in photostable complexes, which can generate 1O2. The compounds studied included both bis-heteroleptic complexes containing two bipyridine ligands and a third, substituted ligand and tris-homoleptic complexes containing only the substituted ligand. The photophysics, electrochemistry, photochemistry, and photobiology were assessed. Strained heteroleptic complexes were found to be more photoactive and cytotoxic then tris-homoleptic complexes, and bipyridine ligands were superior to bipyrimidine. However, the homoleptic complexes exhibited an enhanced ability to inhibit protein production in live cells. Specific methylation patterns were associated with improved activation with red light, and photolabile complexes were generally more potent cytotoxic agents than the photostable 1O2-generating compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Kohler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , 112 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Leona Nease
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Pascal Vo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , 112 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Jenna Garofolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - David K Heidary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , 112 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Randolph P Thummel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , 112 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Edith C Glazer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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