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Yin JF, Amidani L, Chen J, Li M, Xue B, Lai Y, Kvashnina K, Nyman M, Yin P. Spatiotemporal Studies of Soluble Inorganic Nanostructures with X-rays and Neutrons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202310953. [PMID: 37749062 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
This Review addresses the use of X-ray and neutron scattering as well as X-ray absorption to describe how inorganic nanostructured materials assemble, evolve, and function in solution. We first provide an overview of techniques and instrumentation (both large user facilities and benchtop). We review recent studies of soluble inorganic nanostructure assembly, covering the disciplines of materials synthesis, processes in nature, nuclear materials, and the widely applicable fundamental processes of hydrophobic interactions and ion pairing. Reviewed studies cover size regimes and length scales ranging from sub-Ångström (coordination chemistry and ion pairing) to several nanometers (molecular clusters, i.e. polyoxometalates, polyoxocations, and metal-organic polyhedra), to the mesoscale (supramolecular assembly processes). Reviewed studies predominantly exploit 1) SAXS/WAXS/SANS (small- and wide-angle X-ray or neutron scattering), 2) PDF (pair-distribution function analysis of X-ray total scattering), and 3) XANES and EXAFS (X-ray absorption near-edge structure and extended X-ray absorption fine structure, respectively). While the scattering techniques provide structural information, X-ray absorption yields the oxidation state in addition to the local coordination. Our goal for this Review is to provide information and inspiration for the inorganic/materials science communities that may benefit from elucidating the role of solution speciation in natural and synthetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Fu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Lucia Amidani
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF, The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) P.O. Box 510119, 01314, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jiadong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Mu Li
- Institute of Advanced Science Facilities, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Binghui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yuyan Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Kristina Kvashnina
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF, The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) P.O. Box 510119, 01314, Dresden, Germany
| | - May Nyman
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA
| | - Panchao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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2
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Bondarenko AA, Vlasova YS, Polynski MV, Ilyushenkova VV, Ananikov VP. Towards determining molecular structure with ESI-MS backed by computational methods: structures of subnanoclusters of Pd and Cu chlorides, ion dynamics in vacuum, and challenges to the methodology. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi01098d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Determining most stable structures of sub-nanoscale ionic clusters in ESI-MS spectra with quantum chemical modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton A. Bondarenko
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Prospect 26, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Yulia S. Vlasova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
- MSU, Faculty of Chemistry, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Polynski
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Prospect 26, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
- MSU, Faculty of Chemistry, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valentina V. Ilyushenkova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Prospect 26, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
- MSU, Faculty of Chemistry, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
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3
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Shohel M, Bjorklund JL, Smith JA, Kravchuk DV, Mason SE, Forbes TZ. Formation of Nanoscale [Ge
4
O
16
Al
48
(OH)
108
(H
2
O)
24
]
20+
from Condensation of ϵ‐GeAl
12
8+
Keggin Polycations**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202017321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shohel
- Department of Chemistry University of Iowa Iowa City IA 52242 USA
| | | | - Jack A. Smith
- Department of Chemistry University of Iowa Iowa City IA 52242 USA
| | | | - Sara E. Mason
- Department of Chemistry University of Iowa Iowa City IA 52242 USA
| | - Tori Z. Forbes
- Department of Chemistry University of Iowa Iowa City IA 52242 USA
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4
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Shohel M, Bjorklund JL, Smith JA, Kravchuk DV, Mason SE, Forbes TZ. Formation of Nanoscale [Ge 4 O 16 Al 48 (OH) 108 (H 2 O) 24 ] 20+ from Condensation of ϵ-GeAl 12 8+ Keggin Polycations*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8755-8759. [PMID: 33482020 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202017321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Keggin-type polyaluminum cations belong to a unique class of compounds with their large positive charge, hydroxo bridges, and divergent isomerization/oligomerization. Previous reports indicated that oligomerization of this species can only occur through one isomer (δ), but herein we report the isolation of largest Keggin-type cluster that occurs through self-condensation of four ϵ-isomers ϵ-GeAl12 8+ to form [Ge4 O16 Al48 (OH)108 (H2 O)24 ]20+ cluster (Ge4 Al48 ). The cluster was crystallized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) and the elemental composition was confirmed by ICP-MS and SEM-EDS. Additional dynamic light scattering experiments confirms the presence of the Ge4 Al48 in thermally aged solutions. DFT calculations reveal that a single atom Ge substitution in tetrahedral site of ϵ-isomer is the key for the formation of Ge4 Al48 because it activates deprotonation at key surface sites that control the self-condensation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shohel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | | | - Jack A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Dmytro V Kravchuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Sara E Mason
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Tori Z Forbes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Bjorklund JL, Shohel M, Bennett JW, Smith JA, Carolan ME, Hollar E, Forbes TZ, Mason SE. Density functional theory and thermodynamics analysis of MAl 12 Keggin substitution reactions: Insights into ion incorporation and experimental confirmation. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:064303. [PMID: 33588534 DOI: 10.1063/5.0038962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyaluminum cations, such as the MAl12 Keggin, undergo atomic substitutions at the heteroatom site (M), where nanoclusters with M = Al3+, Ga3+, and Ge4+ have been experimentally studied. The identity of the heteroatom M has been shown to influence the structural and electronic properties of the nanocluster and the kinetics of ligand exchange reactions. To date, only three ε-analogs have been identified, and there is a need for a predictive model to guide experiment to the discovery of new MAl12 species. Here, we present a density functional theory (DFT) and thermodynamics approach to predicting favorable heteroatom substitution reactions, alongside structural analyses on hypothetical ε-MAl12 nanocluster models. We delineate trends in energetics and geometry based on heteroatom cation properties, finding that Al3+-O bond lengths are related to heteroatom cation size, charge, and speciation. Our analyses also enable us to identify potentially isolable new ε-MAl12 species, such as FeAl12 7+. Based upon these results, we evaluated the Al3+/Zn2+/Cr3+ system and determined that substitution of Cr3+ is unfavorable in the heteroatom site but is preferred for Zn2+, in agreement with the experimental structures. Complimentary experimental studies resulted in the isolation of Cr3+-substituted δ-Keggin species where Cr3+ substitution occurs only in the octahedral positions. The isolated structures Na[AlO4Al9.6Cr2.4(OH)24(H2O)12](2,6-NDS)4(H2O)22 (δ-CrnAl13-n-1) and Na[AlO4Al9.5Cr2.5(OH)24(H2O)12](2,7-NDS)4(H2O)18.5 (δ-CrnAl13-n-2) are the first pieces of evidence of mixed Al3+/Cr3+ Keggin-type nanoclusters that prefer substitution at the octahedral sites. The δ-CrnAl13-n-2 structure also exhibits a unique placement of the bound Na+ cation, which may indicate that Cr3+ substitution can alter the surface reactivity of Keggin-type species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Shohel
- University of Iowa, Department of Chemistry, Iowa City, Iowa 52245, USA
| | - Joseph W Bennett
- University of Iowa, Department of Chemistry, Iowa City, Iowa 52245, USA
| | - Jack A Smith
- University of Iowa, Department of Chemistry, Iowa City, Iowa 52245, USA
| | | | - Ethan Hollar
- University of Iowa, Department of Chemistry, Iowa City, Iowa 52245, USA
| | - Tori Z Forbes
- University of Iowa, Department of Chemistry, Iowa City, Iowa 52245, USA
| | - Sara E Mason
- University of Iowa, Department of Chemistry, Iowa City, Iowa 52245, USA
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Craig MJ, Barda-Chatain R, García-Melchor M. Fundamental insights and rational design of low-cost polyoxometalates for the oxygen evolution reaction. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Hutchison DC, Smith RM, Nyman M. Isomerization of Na‐Centered Alkyltin Keggin Clusters. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachelle M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - May Nyman
- Department of Chemistry Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA
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8
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Abstract
Alkyltin clusters are exploited in nanolithography for the fabrication of microelectronics. The alkyltin Keggin family is unique among Keggin clusters across the periodic table; its members appear to favor the lower-symmetry β and γ isomers rather than the highly symmetrical α and ε isomers. Therefore, the alkyltin Keggin family may provide important fundamental information about the formation and isomerization of Keggin clusters. We have synthesized and structurally characterized a new butyltin Keggin cluster with a tetrahedral Ca2+ center, fully formulated [(BuSn)12(CaO4)(OCH3)12(O)4(OH)8]2+ (β-CaSn12). The synthesis is a simple one-step process. Extensive solution characterization including electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, small-angle X-ray scattering, and multinuclear (1H, 13C, and 119Sn) nuclear magnetic resonance shows β-CaSn12 is essentially phase-pure and stable. This differs from the previously reported Na-centered analogues that always form a mixture of β and γ isomers, with facile interconversion. Therefore, this study has clarified prior confusion over complex spectroscopic and crystallographic characterization of the Na-centered analogues. Density functional theory calculations showed the following stability order: γ-CaSn12 < γ-NaSn12 < β-CaSn12 < β-NaSn12. The β analogue is always more stable than the γ analogue, consistent with experiment. Notable outcomes of this study include a rare tetrahedral Ca coordination, a Na-free alkyltin cluster (important for microelectronics manufacturing), and a better understanding of Keggin families built of different metal cations.
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Sommers JA, Hutchison DC, Martin NP, Kozma K, Keszler DA, Nyman M. Peroxide-Promoted Disassembly Reassembly of Zr-Polyoxocations. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16894-16902. [PMID: 31564104 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zr/Hf aqueous-acid clusters are relevant to inorganic nanolithography, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), catalysis, and nuclear fuel reprocessing, but only two topologies have been identified. The (Zr4) polyoxocation is the ubiquitous square aqueous Zr/Hf-oxysalt of all halides (except fluoride), and prior-debated for perchlorate. Simply adding peroxide to a Zr oxyperchlorate solution leads to a striking modification of Zr4, yielding two structures identified by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Zr25, isolated from a reaction solution of 1:1 peroxide/Zr, is fully formulated [Zr25O10(OH)50(O2)5(H2O)40](ClO4)10·xH2O. Zr25 is a pentagonal assembly of 25 Zr-oxy/peroxo/hydroxyl polyhedra and is the largest Zr/Hf cluster topology identified to date. Yet it is completely soluble in common organic solvents. ZrTd, an oxo-centered tetrahedron fully formulated [Zr4(OH)4(μ-O2)2(μ4-O)(H2O)12](ClO4)6·xH2O, is isolated from a 10:1 peroxide/Zr reaction solution. The formation pathways of ZrTd and Zr25 in water were described by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), pair distribution function (PDF), and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Zr4 undergoes disassembly by 1 equiv of peroxide (per Zr) to yield small oligomers of Zr25 that assemble predominantly in the solid state, an unusual crystal growth mechanism. The self-buffering acidity of the Zr-center prevents Zr25 from remaining intact in water. Identical species distribution and cluster fragments are observed in the assembly of Zr25 and upon redissolution of Zr25. On the other hand, the 10:1 peroxide/Zr ratio of the ZrTd reaction solution yields larger prenucleation clusters before undergoing peroxide-promote disassembly into smaller fragments. Neither these larger cluster intermediates of ZrTd nor the smaller intermediates of Zr25 have yet been isolated and structurally characterized, and they represent an opportunity to expand this new class of group IV polycations, obtained by peroxide reactivity and ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Sommers
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - Danielle C Hutchison
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - Nicolas P Martin
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - Karoly Kozma
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - Douglas A Keszler
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - May Nyman
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
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10
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Zhu Y, Olsen MR, Nyman M, Zhang L, Zhang J. Stabilizing γ-Alkyltin-Oxo Keggin Ions by Borate Functionalization. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:4534-4539. [PMID: 30883101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a hierarchical self-assembly engineering of tin-oxo clusters from nanosized hydrophobic clusters to a single-layer film of assembled clusters. These clusters are derivatives of the previously reported Na-centered butyltin Keggin ions, but they are bicapped with butyltin and with borate ligands. The formulas γ-[( n-BuSn)14(OCH3)10(OH)3O9(NaO4)(HBO3)2] and γ-[( n-BuSn)14(OCH3)10(OH)3O9(NaO4)(PhBO2)2] were determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction and bulk solution characterization including small-angle X-ray scattering, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and multinuclear and multidimensional NMR (119Sn, 13C, and 1H). Solution characterization confirms that borate functionalization inhibits the solution-phase β-γ Keggin isomer interconversion that was recognized prior for uncapped butyltin clusters, and in this case, the γ isomer is favored. The assembly of the γ-NaSn14BO3 clusters into a homogeneous Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer is the first step toward creating nanopatterned films for microelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter (FJIRSM) , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , P. R. China
| | - Morgan Rose Olsen
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University (OSU) , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - May Nyman
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University (OSU) , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter (FJIRSM) , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter (FJIRSM) , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , P. R. China
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11
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Kozma K, Wang M, Molina PI, Martin NP, Feng Z, Nyman M. The role of titanium-oxo clusters in the sulfate process for TiO2 production. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:11086-11093. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01337g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Titanium–sulphate solutions preceding TiO2-nanoparticle precipitation contain exclusively pentagon-shaped clusters with no apparent structural similarity, confounding our understanding of crystal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoly Kozma
- Department of Chemistry
- Oregon State University
- Corvallis
- USA
| | - Maoyu Wang
- School of Chemical
- Biological and Environmental Engineering
- Oregon State University
- Corvallis
- USA
| | | | | | - Zhenxing Feng
- School of Chemical
- Biological and Environmental Engineering
- Oregon State University
- Corvallis
- USA
| | - May Nyman
- Department of Chemistry
- Oregon State University
- Corvallis
- USA
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