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Lin D, Lechermann LM, Huestis MP, Marik J, Sap JBI. Light-Driven Radiochemistry with Fluorine-18, Carbon-11 and Zirconium-89. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317136. [PMID: 38135665 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses recent advances in light-driven radiochemistry for three key isotopes: fluorine-18, carbon-11, and zirconium-89, and their applications in positron emission tomography (PET). In the case of fluorine-18, the predominant approach involves the use of cyclotron-produced [18F]fluoride or reagents derived thereof. Light serves to activate either the substrate or the fluorine-18 labeled reagent. Advancements in carbon-11 photo-mediated radiochemistry have been leveraged for the radiolabeling of small molecules, achieving various transformations, including 11C-methylation, 11C-carboxylation, 11C-carbonylation, and 11C-cyanation. Contrastingly, zirconium-89 photo-mediated radiochemistry differs from fluorine-18 and carbon-11 approaches. In these cases, light facilitates a postlabeling click reaction, which has proven valuable for the labeling of large biomolecules such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). New technological developments, such as the incorporation of photoreactors in commercial radiosynthesizers, illustrate the commitment the field is making in embracing photochemistry. Taken together, these advances in photo-mediated radiochemistry enable radiochemists to apply new retrosynthetic strategies in accessing novel PET radiotracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lin
- Department of Translational Imaging, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Current address: University of Southern California Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Laura M Lechermann
- Department of Translational Imaging, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Malcolm P Huestis
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jan Marik
- Department of Translational Imaging, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jeroen B I Sap
- Department of Translational Imaging, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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2
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Lu S, Telu S, Siméon FG, Cai L, Pike VW. Gas Phase Transformations in Carbon-11 Chemistry. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1167. [PMID: 38256240 PMCID: PMC10816134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The short-lived positron-emitter carbon-11 (t1/2 = 20.4 min; β+, 99.8%) is prominent for labeling tracers for use in biomedical research with positron emission tomography (PET). Carbon-11 is produced for this purpose with a cyclotron, nowadays almost exclusively by the 14N(p,α)11C nuclear reaction, either on nitrogen containing a low concentration of oxygen (0.1-0.5%) or hydrogen (~5%) to produce [11C]carbon dioxide or [11C]methane, respectively. These primary radioactive products can be produced in high yields and with high molar activities. However, only [11C]carbon dioxide has some utility for directly labeling PET tracers. Primary products are required to be converted rapidly and efficiently into secondary labeling synthons to provide versatile radiochemistry for labeling diverse tracer chemotypes at molecular positions of choice. This review surveys known gas phase transformations of carbon-11 and summarizes the important roles that many of these transformations now play for producing a broad range of labeling synthons in carbon-11 chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Victor W. Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm B3C346, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1003, USA; (S.L.); (S.T.); (F.G.S.); (L.C.)
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3
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Horikawa M, Joy ST, Sharninghausen LS, Shao X, Mapp AK, Scott PJH, Sanford MS. C-H radiocyanation of bioactive molecules via sequential iodination/copper-mediated cross-coupling. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12068-12072. [PMID: 37969612 PMCID: PMC10631240 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03948j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This report describes a net C-H radiocyanation reaction for the transformation of electron rich (hetero)aromatic substrates into 11CN-labeled products. Electrophilic C(sp2)-H iodination of the (hetero)arene with N-iodosuccinimide is followed by Cu-mediated radiocyanation with K11CN. This sequence is applied to a variety of substrates, including the nucleobases uracil and cytosine, the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan, and the peptide LYRAGWRAFS, which undergoes selective C-H radiocyanation at the tryptophan (W) residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Horikawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Stephen T Joy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Liam S Sharninghausen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Xia Shao
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan 1301 Catherine Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Anna K Mapp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan 1301 Catherine Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
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4
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Ishii H, Yamasaki T, Okamura T, Zhang Y, Kurihara Y, Ogawa M, Nengaki N, Zhang MR. Evaluation and improvement of CuI-mediated 11 C-cyanation. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2023; 66:95-107. [PMID: 36791689 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.4016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
CuI-mediated 11 C-cyanation was evaluated by synthesizing [11 C]perampanel ([11 C]5) as a model compound and compared with previous reports. To a DMF solution with 5'-(2-bromophenyl)-1'-phenyl-[2,3'-bipyridin]-6'(1'H)-one (4) and CuI, [11 C]NH4 CN in a stream of ammonia/nitrogen (5:95, v/v) gas was bubbled. Subsequently, the reaction mixture was heated at 180°C for 5 min. After HPLC purification, [11 C]5 was obtained in 7.2 ± 1.0% (n = 4) non-decay corrected radiochemical yield with >99% radiochemical purity and a molar activity of 98 ± 28 GBq/μmol. In vivo evaluations of [11 C]5 were performed using small animals. PET scans to check the kinetics of [11 C]5 in the whole body of mice suggested that [11 C]5 spreads rapidly into the brain, heart, and lungs and then accumulates in the small intestine. To evaluate the performance of CuI-mediated 11 C-cyanation reaction, bromobenzene (6a) was selected as the model compound; however, it failed. Therefore, optimization of the reaction conditions has been performed, and consequently, the addition of K2 CO3 and prolonging the reaction time improved the radiochemical yield about double. With this improved method, CuI-mediated 11 C-cyanation of various (hetero)aromatic bromides was performed to exhibit the tolerance of most functional groups and to provide 11 C-cyanated products in good to moderate radiochemical yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ishii
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomoteru Yamasaki
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Okamura
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kurihara
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- SHI Accelerator Service Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanao Ogawa
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- SHI Accelerator Service Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuki Nengaki
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- SHI Accelerator Service Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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5
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Metal-free photocatalyzed cyanation enables access to carbon-11-radiolabeled aryl nitriles. Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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6
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Wu X, Chen W, Holmberg-Douglas N, Bida GT, Tu X, Ma X, Wu Z, Nicewicz DA, Li Z. 11C, 12C and 13C-Cyanation of Electron-Rich Arenes via Organic Photoredox Catalysis. Chem 2023; 9:343-362. [PMID: 36777049 PMCID: PMC9913897 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
As a non-invasive imaging technology, positron emission tomography (PET) plays a crucial role in personalized medicine, including early diagnosis, patient screening, and treatment monitoring. The advancement of PET research depends on the discovery of new PET agents, which requires the development of simple and efficient radiolabeling methods in many cases. As bioisosteres for halogen and carbonyl moieties, nitriles are important functional groups in pharmaceutical and agrochemical compounds. Here, we disclose a mild organophotoredox-catalyzed method for efficient cyanation of a broad spectrum of electron-rich arenes, including abundant and readily available veratroles and pyrogallol trimethyl ethers. Notably, the transformations not only are compatible with various affordable 12C and 13C-cyanide sources, but also could be applied to carbon-11 synthons to incorporate [11C]nitriles into arenes. The aryl [11C]nitriles can be further derivatized to [11C]carboxylic acids, [11C]amides, and [11C]alkyl amines. The newly developed reaction can serve as a powerful tool for generating new PET agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedan Wu
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Natalie Holmberg-Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3290, United States
| | - Gerald Thomas Bida
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Xianshuang Tu
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Xinrui Ma
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Zhanhong Wu
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - David A. Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3290, United States
| | - Zibo Li
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
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7
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Pees A, Chassé M, Lindberg A, Vasdev N. Recent Developments in Carbon-11 Chemistry and Applications for First-In-Human PET Studies. Molecules 2023; 28:931. [PMID: 36770596 PMCID: PMC9920299 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28030931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a molecular imaging technique that makes use of radiolabelled molecules for in vivo evaluation. Carbon-11 is a frequently used radionuclide for the labelling of small molecule PET tracers and can be incorporated into organic molecules without changing their physicochemical properties. While the short half-life of carbon-11 (11C; t½ = 20.4 min) offers other advantages for imaging including multiple PET scans in the same subject on the same day, its use is limited to facilities that have an on-site cyclotron, and the radiochemical transformations are consequently more restrictive. Many researchers have embraced this challenge by discovering novel carbon-11 radiolabelling methodologies to broaden the synthetic versatility of this radionuclide. This review presents new carbon-11 building blocks and radiochemical transformations as well as PET tracers that have advanced to first-in-human studies over the past five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pees
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Melissa Chassé
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Anton Lindberg
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
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8
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Chen W, Wu X, McManus JB, Bida GT, Li KP, Wu Z, Nicewicz DA, Li Z. Direct C-H Radiocyanation of Arenes via Organic Photoredox Catalysis. Org Lett 2022; 24:9316-9321. [PMID: 36507797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Innovative labeling methods to incorporate the short-lived positron emitter carbon-11(11C) into bioactive molecules are attractive for positron emission tomography (PET) tracer discovery. Herein, we report a direct C-H radiocyanation method that incorporates [11C]cyanide (11CN-) to a series of functional electron-rich arenes via photoredox catalysis. This photoredox-mediated radiocyanation can proceed in an aerobic environment and is not moisture sensitive, which allows for ease of reaction setup and for scalable synthesis of 11C-aryl nitriles from readily available precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Xuedan Wu
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Joshua B McManus
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gerald T Bida
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kang-Po Li
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Zhanhong Wu
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - David A Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Zibo Li
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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9
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Sharninghausen LS, Preshlock S, Joy ST, Horikawa M, Shao X, Winton WP, Stauff J, Kaur T, Koeppe RA, Mapp AK, Scott PJH, Sanford MS. Copper-Mediated Radiocyanation of Unprotected Amino Acids and Peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7422-7429. [PMID: 35437016 PMCID: PMC9887455 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This report describes a copper-mediated radiocyanation of aryl halides that is applicable to complex molecules. This transformation tolerates an exceptionally wide range of functional groups, including unprotected amino acids. As such, it enables the site-specific introduction of [11C]CN into peptides at an iodophenylalanine residue. The use of a diamine-ligated copper(I) mediator is crucial for achieving high radiochemical yield under relatively mild conditions, thus limiting racemization and competing side reactions of other amino acid side chains. The reaction has been scaled and automated to deliver radiolabeled peptides, including analogues of adrenocorticotropic hormone 1-27 (ACTH) and nociceptin (NOP). For instance, this Cu-mediated radiocyanation was leveraged to prepare >40 mCi of [11C]cyano-NOP to evaluate biodistribution in a primate using positron emission tomography. This investigation provides preliminary evidence that nociceptin crosses the blood-brain barrier and shows uptake across all brain regions (SUV > 1 at 60 min post injection), consistent with the known distribution of NOP receptors in the rhesus brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam S. Sharninghausen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sean Preshlock
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1301 Catherine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephen T. Joy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Mami Horikawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xia Shao
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1301 Catherine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Wade P. Winton
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1301 Catherine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jenelle Stauff
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1301 Catherine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tanpreet Kaur
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1301 Catherine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Robert A. Koeppe
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1301 Catherine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Anna K. Mapp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States,Corresponding Author: Peter J. H. Scott. . Melanie S. Sanford. . Anna K. Mapp.
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1301 Catherine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States,Corresponding Author: Peter J. H. Scott. . Melanie S. Sanford. . Anna K. Mapp.
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States,Corresponding Author: Peter J. H. Scott. . Melanie S. Sanford. . Anna K. Mapp.
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10
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Cesarec S, Edgar F, Lai T, Plisson C, White AJP, Miller PW. Synthesis of carbon-11 radiolabelled transition metal complexes using 11C-dithiocarbamates. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5004-5008. [PMID: 35293415 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00266c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel radiolabelling method exploiting 11C-dithiocarbamate ligands has been used to generate 11C-labelled Au(I), Au(III), Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes in high radiochemical yields (71-99%). Labelled complexes were prepared in a rapid one-pot procedure via the substitution reaction of 11C-dithiocarbamate ligands with appropriate transition metal chloride precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cesarec
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 OBZ, UK.
| | - Fraser Edgar
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 OBZ, UK. .,School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Titan Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 OBZ, UK.
| | - Christophe Plisson
- Invicro, Burlington Danes Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, UK
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 OBZ, UK.
| | - Philip W Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 OBZ, UK.
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11
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Kikuchi T, Ogawa M, Okamura T, Gee AD, Zhang MR. Rapid 'on-column' preparation of hydrogen [ 11C]cyanide from [ 11C]methyl iodide via [ 11C]formaldehyde. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3556-3562. [PMID: 35432866 PMCID: PMC8943838 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc07033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen [11C]cyanide ([11C]HCN) is a versatile 11C-labelling agent for the production of 11C-labelled compounds used for positron emission tomography (PET). However, the traditional method for [11C]HCN production requires a dedicated infrastructure, limiting accessibility to [11C]HCN. Herein, we report a simple and efficient [11C]HCN production method that can be easily implemented in 11C production facilities. The immediate production of [11C]HCN was achieved by passing gaseous [11C]methyl iodide ([11C]CH3I) through a small two-layered reaction column. The first layer contained an N-oxide and a sulfoxide for conversion of [11C]CH3I to [11C]formaldehyde ([11C]CH2O). The [11C]CH2O produced was subsequently converted to [11C]HCN in a second layer containing hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid. The yield of [11C]HCN produced by the current method was comparable to that of [11C]HCN produced by the traditional method. The use of oxymatrine and diphenyl sulfoxide for [11C]CH2O production prevented deterioration of the molar activity of [11C]HCN. Using this method, compounds labelled with [11C]HCN are now made easily accessible for PET synthesis applications using readily available labware, without the need for the 'traditional' dedicated cyanide synthesis infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kikuchi
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8555 Japan
| | - Masanao Ogawa
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8555 Japan
- SHI Accelerator Service, Ltd. 1-17-6 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 141-0032 Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Okamura
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8555 Japan
| | - Antony D Gee
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road London SE1 7EH UK
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8555 Japan
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12
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Zhou YP, Makaravage KJ, Brugarolas P. Radiolabeling with [ 11C]HCN for Positron emission tomography. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 102-103:56-86. [PMID: 34624831 PMCID: PMC8978408 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is a versatile synthon for generating carbon‑carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Unlike other one-carbon synthons (i.e., CO, CO2), HCN can function as a nucleophile (as in potassium cyanide, KCN) and an electrophile (as in cyanogen bromide, (CN)Br). The incorporation of the CN motif into organic molecules generates nitriles, hydantoins and (thio)cyanates, which can be converted to carboxylic acids, aldehydes, amides and amines. Such versatile chemistry is particularly attractive in PET radiochemistry where diverse bioactive small molecules incorporating carbon-11 in different positions need to be produced. The first examples of making [11C]HCN for radiolabeling date back to the 1960s. During the ensuing decades, [11C]cyanide labeling was popular for producing biologically important molecules including 11C-labeled α-amino acids, sugars and neurotransmitters. [11C]cyanation is now reemerging in many PET centers due to its versatility for making novel tracers. Here, we summarize the chemistry of [11C]HCN, review the methods to make [11C]HCN past and present, describe methods for labeling different types of molecules with [11C]HCN, and provide an overview of the reactions available to convert nitriles into other functional groups. Finally, we discuss some of the challenges and opportunities in [11C]HCN labeling such as developing more robust methods to produce [11C]HCN and developing rapid and selective methods to convert nitriles into other functional groups in complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Peng Zhou
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Katarina J Makaravage
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pedro Brugarolas
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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