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Brown C, MacLeod A, Hawick L, Cleland J. Disembodied, dehumanised but safe and feasible: The social-spatial flow of a pandemic OSCE. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 58:235-246. [PMID: 37517448 DOI: 10.1111/medu.15173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is a key feature of healthcare education assessment. Many aspects of the OSCE are well-investigated, but not so its sociomaterial assemblage. The Covid-19 pandemic provided a unique opportunity to (re)consider taken-for-granted OSCE practices. Drawing on Law's modes of ordering, our aim was to demonstrate the 'mangle of practice' between space and people; the spatialised and spatialising processes of an OSCE. METHODS We used a case study approach to critically examine a redesigned final year MBChB OSCE held during the pandemic. We used multiple sources of data to attune to human and non-human actors: OSCE documentation, photographs, field notes and semi-structured interviews with OSCE staff/organisers. Law's modes of ordering was used as an analytical lens to critically consider how people and things flowed through the adapted OSCE. FINDINGS The overarching ordering was the delivery of a 'pandemic safe' OSCE. This necessitated reordering of 'usual' process to deliver a socially distanced, safe flow of human and non-human actors through the assessment space. Each change had material and social 'knock on' effects. We identified three main interrelated orderings: Substituting technologies for bodies: Disembodied and dehumanised but feasible; Flow through space: Architectural affordances and one-way traffic; Barriers to flow: Time and technology. DISCUSSION Looking at the OSCE through a sociomaterial lens allows us to critically examine the OSCE's essential and complex processes and the restrictions and affordances of the spaces and props within the OSCE. In doing so, we open the possibility of considering alternative ways of doing OSCEs in the future. Moreover, conceptualising the OSCE as a living set of socially (human) and materially (nonhuman) enacted processes changes the social perception of the OSCE and highlights that an OSCE has agency on people, places and things.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Brown
- Institute of Education in Healthcare and Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Anna MacLeod
- Department of Continuing Professional Development and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Lorraine Hawick
- Institute of Education in Healthcare and Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jennifer Cleland
- Medical Education Research and Scholarship Unit, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Daria Dołżycka J, Nikadon J, Peter Weis P, Herbert C, Formanowicz M. Linguistic and emotional responses evoked by pseudoword presentation: An EEG and behavioral study. Brain Cogn 2023; 168:105973. [PMID: 37060645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2023.105973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
When the semantic properties of words are turned off, such as in pseudowords, the grammatical properties of the stimuli indicated through suffixes may provide cues to the meaning. The application of electroencephalography (EEG), combined with the pseudoword paradigm, allows for evaluating the effects of verbs and nouns as linguistic categories within the time course of processing. To contribute to the ongoing discussion regarding the functional processing of words from different grammatical classes, we conducted an EEG experiment, followed by a behavioral lexical decision task (LDT). The EEG and LDT indicated different neural and behavioral reactions to the presented grammar classes, allowing for a deeper understanding of the neuro- and psycholinguistic dimensions of grammar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Daria Dołżycka
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland; Applied Emotion and Motivation Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Jan Nikadon
- Center for Research on Social Relations, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrick Peter Weis
- Applied Emotion and Motivation Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Center for Research on Social Relations, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cornelia Herbert
- Applied Emotion and Motivation Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Magdalena Formanowicz
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland; Center for Research on Social Relations, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Warsaw, Poland
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Dołżycka JD, Nikadon J, Formanowicz M. Constructing Pseudowords with Constraints on Morphological Features - Application for Polish Pseudonouns and Pseudoverbs. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2022; 51:1247-1265. [PMID: 35930208 PMCID: PMC9646586 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-022-09884-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pseudowords allow researchers to investigate multiple grammatical or syntactic aspects of language processing. In order to serve that purpose, pseudoword stimuli need to preserve certain properties of real language. We provide a Python-based pipeline for the generation of pseudoword stimuli that sound/read naturally in a given language. The pseudowords are designed to resemble real words and clearly indicate their grammatical class for languages that use specific suffixes from parts of speech. We also provide two sets of pseudonouns and pseudoverbs in Polish that are outcomes of the applied pipeline. The sets are equipped with psycholinguistically relevant properties of words, such as orthographic Levenshtein distance 20. We also performed two studies (overall N = 640) to test the validity of the algorithmically constructed stimuli in a human sample. Thus, we present stimuli that were deprived of direct meaning yet are clearly classifiable as grammatical categories while being orthographically and phonologically plausible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Daria Dołżycka
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.
- Department of Applied Emotion and Motivation Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
- Institut für Psychologie und Pädagogik, Abteilung Angewandte Emotions- und Motivationspsychologie, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, D-89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Jan Nikadon
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Formanowicz
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
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Wilson VAD, Zuberbühler K, Bickel B. The evolutionary origins of syntax: Event cognition in nonhuman primates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn8464. [PMID: 35731868 PMCID: PMC9216513 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn8464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Languages tend to encode events from the perspective of agents, placing them first and in simpler forms than patients. This agent bias is mirrored by cognition: Agents are more quickly recognized than patients and generally attract more attention. This leads to the hypothesis that key aspects of language structure are fundamentally rooted in a cognition that decomposes events into agents, actions, and patients, privileging agents. Although this type of event representation is almost certainly universal across languages, it remains unclear whether the underlying cognition is uniquely human or more widespread in animals. Here, we review a range of evidence from primates and other animals, which suggests that agent-based event decomposition is phylogenetically older than humans. We propose a research program to test this hypothesis in great apes and human infants, with the goal to resolve one of the major questions in the evolution of language, the origins of syntax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A. D. Wilson
- Department of Comparative Cognition, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Department of Comparative Language Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution (ISLE), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Zuberbühler
- Department of Comparative Cognition, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution (ISLE), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland
| | - Balthasar Bickel
- Department of Comparative Language Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution (ISLE), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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The verb-self link: An implicit association test study. Psychon Bull Rev 2022; 29:1946-1959. [PMID: 35501546 PMCID: PMC9568455 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-022-02105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Agency is defined as the ability to assign and pursue goals. Given people’s focus on achieving their own goals, agency has been found to be strongly linked to the self. In two studies (N = 168), we examined whether this self–agency link is visible from a linguistic perspective. As the preferred grammatical category to convey agency is verbs, we hypothesize that, in the Implicit Association Test (IAT), verbs (vs. nouns) would be associated more strongly with the self (vs. others). Our results confirmed this hypothesis. Participants exhibited particularly fast responses when reading self-related stimuli (e.g., “me” or “my”) and verb stimuli (e.g., “deflect” or “contemplate”) both necessitated pressing an identical rather than different response keys in the IAT (d = .25). The finding connects two streams of literature—on the link between agency and verbs and on the link between self and agency—suggesting a triad between self, agency, and verbs. We argue that this verb–self link (1) opens up new perspectives for understanding linguistic expressions of agency and (2) expands our understanding of how word choice impacts socio-cognitive processing.
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Bahl NKH, Nafstad HE, Blakar RM, Langvik E. Living in the Era of an Ideological Climate of Globalisation: A Study of Psychological Sense of Community Among Young and Older Adults in Two Cultures (India and Norway). Challenges for Community Psychology and the Applied Social Sciences. Front Psychol 2021; 12:718190. [PMID: 34393957 PMCID: PMC8355497 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.718190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How do people describe the psychological sense of community (PSOC) in the present day ideological climate of globalising neo-liberalism, assuming that people are essentially individualistic, that solidarity, social commitment, and citizenship are not natural dispositions, as we all are the lonely citizen? This issue is addressed by a mixed-methods study using semi-structured interviews with two age groups-young and older people-from two different cultures-India (Mumbai) and Norway (Oslo). This two by two design gives the opportunity to analyse people's meaning systems of PSOC, asking; is there a core meaning system of PSOC shared by people within as well as across cultures? Belongingness and citizenship are continuously formed and negotiated, just at the intersection of two dimensions: culture and historical time. The young and older adult informants often live in different "historical times." The meaning systems of PSOC were explored and compared by language analyses of words used by the informants. Text search queries were made for 69 words. "Help,", "care," "different," "problem," and "family" were identified as central for further in-depth qualitative analyses. The word, "family" demonstrated high frequencies of use across sub-samples. There was nothing more relevant for the groups than the family when thinking of PSOC, revealing almost a "prior to society perspective." PSOC is about being part of families. Simultaneously, we are members of other communities: schools, workplaces, neighborhoods, cities and nations. The informants mentioned such communities, but not often. Feeling part of the family, helping and caring not only the family but also your neighbourhood, local community, or national and global communities are particularly necessary today, as we live in a time where communities, societies, and nations across the world are heavily impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this crisis, it is vital that nobody forgets that we are national and transnational citizens and part of many interrelated social systems. This study points out how community psychology and the applied social sciences can work to strengthen the feelings of connections to other communities, societies, and nations outlining and co-creating transformative multi-level interventions of public policy programmes of inclusion and "we-ness."
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kavita H. Bahl
- Department of Research and Development, Clinic of Substance Use and Addiction Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | - Eva Langvik
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Formanowicz M, Pietraszkiewicz A, Roessel J, Suitner C, Witkowska M, Maass A. “Make it Happen!”. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Verbs may be attributed to higher agency than other grammatical categories. In Study 1, we confirmed this hypothesis with archival datasets comprising verbs ( N = 950) and adjectives ( N = 2115). We then investigated whether verbs (vs. adjectives) increase message effectiveness. In three experiments presenting potential NGOs (Studies 2 and 3) or corporate campaigns (Study 4) in verb or adjective form, we demonstrate the hypothesized relationship. Across studies, (overall N = 721) grammatical agency consistently increased message effectiveness. Semantic agency varied across contexts by either increasing (Study 2), not affecting (Study 3), or decreasing (Study 4) the effectiveness of the message. Overall, experiments provide insights in to the meta-semantic effects of verbs – demonstrating how grammar may influence communication outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Formanowicz
- Center for Research on Social Relations, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
- School of Psychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | | | - Janin Roessel
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Mannheim, Germany
| | - Caterina Suitner
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Witkowska
- Center for Research on Social Relations, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
- School of Psychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Anne Maass
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, Italy
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Formanowicz M. Verb Intergroup Bias: Verbs Are Used More Often in Reference to In-Groups than Out-Groups. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550619893957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Agency is a basic dimension of evaluations of social groups. More agency is assigned to in-groups than to out-groups, and verb intergroup bias (VIB) captures this tendency in language use. Four studies that performed large-scale quantitative analysis of natural language use, which covered more than 200 billion words, 20 countries, and various time spans, support the VIB model. Verbs, which are prototypically associated with actions, serve as agency indicators, and thus generic in-groups are more often described with verbs ( we vs. they). Moreover, VIB is present in specific between-group comparisons: for Americans as an in-group reference and various out-groups (e.g., Mexicans, Russians, and Palestinians), as well as for Americans, Canadians, Britons, and Australians as in-group references and immigrants as a generic out-group. VIB is a useful tool in diagnosing intergroup discourses. Furthermore, VIB attests to the importance of analyzing language’s role in the formation and maintenance of social biases.
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Gygax PM, Elmiger D, Zufferey S, Garnham A, Sczesny S, von Stockhausen L, Braun F, Oakhill J. A Language Index of Grammatical Gender Dimensions to Study the Impact of Grammatical Gender on the Way We Perceive Women and Men. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1604. [PMID: 31379661 PMCID: PMC6644918 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psycholinguistic investigations of the way readers and speakers perceive gender have shown several biases associated with how gender is linguistically realized in language. Although such variations across languages offer interesting grounds for legitimate cross-linguistic comparisons, pertinent characteristics of grammatical systems – especially in terms of their gender asymmetries – have to be clearly identified. In this paper, we present a language index for researchers interested in the effect of grammatical gender on the mental representations of women and men. Our index is based on five main language groups (i.e., grammatical gender languages, languages with a combination of grammatical gender and natural gender, natural gender languages, genderless languages with few traces of grammatical gender and genderless languages) and three sets of specific features (morphology, masculine-male generics and asymmetries). Our index goes beyond existing ones in that it provides specific dimensions relevant to those interested in psychological and sociological impacts of language on the way we perceive women and men. We also offer a critical discussion of any endeavor to classify languages according to grammatical gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Mark Gygax
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Elmiger
- Department for German Language and Literature, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Zufferey
- Institute of French Language and Literature, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alan Garnham
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Sczesny
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Friederike Braun
- Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jane Oakhill
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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Maaravi Y, Idan O, Hochman G. And sympathy is what we need my friend-Polite requests improve negotiation results. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212306. [PMID: 30865655 PMCID: PMC6415778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The wording negotiators use shapes the emotions of their counterparts. These emotions, in turn, influence their counterparts' economic decisions. Building on this rationale, we examined how the language used during negotiation affects discount rate and willingness to engage in future deals. In three studies, participants assumed the role of retailers. Alleged counterparts (actually a computerized program) asked for a discount under three conditions: request, want, and demand. Results show that less extreme language (request/want) resulted in better outcomes than demanding a discount. Moreover, while the language used by the customer had an effect on experienced emotions, the positive emotions (sympathy and empathy) participants felt toward the customer mediated the relationship between the linguistic cue and the negotiation outcome. Our results inform both psycholinguistic research and negotiation research by demonstrating the causal role of linguistic cues in activating concept-knowledge relevant to different emotional experiences, and point to the down-the-line impact on shaping negotiation preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossi Maaravi
- The Adelson School of Entrepreneurship, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel
| | - Orly Idan
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel
| | - Guy Hochman
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Pietraszkiewicz A, Formanowicz M, Gustafsson Sendén M, Boyd RL, Sikström S, Sczesny S. The big two dictionaries: Capturing agency and communion in natural language. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ryan L. Boyd
- The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
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Idan O, Halperin E, Hameiri B, Reifen Tagar M. A Rose by Any Other Name? A Subtle Linguistic Cue Impacts Anger and Corresponding Policy Support in Intractable Conflict. Psychol Sci 2018; 29:972-983. [PMID: 29694268 DOI: 10.1177/0956797618772823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the central role of anger in shaping adversarial policy preferences in the context of intergroup conflict, its reduction may promote conflict resolution. In the current work, we drew on psycholinguistic research on the role of language in generating emotions to explore a novel, extremely subtle means of intervention. Specifically, we hypothesized that phrasing conflict-relevant policies in noun form (vs. verb form) would reduce anger and impact policy support correspondingly. Results across three experimental studies in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict supported these expectations for both support for concessions (Studies 1-3) and retaliatory policies (Study 3), with reduction in anger mediating the salutary impact of noun form (vs. verb form) on policy support. These results expand our understanding of the influence of language on emotions and policies in the context of conflict and have applied relevance for conflict-resolution efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Idan
- 1 Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya
| | - Eran Halperin
- 1 Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya
| | - Boaz Hameiri
- 1 Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya.,2 School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University
| | - Michal Reifen Tagar
- 1 Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya
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