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Sánchez-Rodríguez Á, Moreno-Bella E, García-Sánchez E. Mapping gender stereotypes: a network analysis approach. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1193866. [PMID: 37533725 PMCID: PMC10393260 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1193866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stereotypes have traditionally been considered as "mental pictures" of a particular social group. The current research aims to draw the structure of gender stereotypes and metastereotype schemes as complex systems of stereotypical features. Therefore, we analyze gender stereotypes as networks of interconnected characteristics. Method Through an online survey (N = 750), participants listed the common female and male features to build the structure of the gender stereotypes. Participants also listed the common features of how members of one gender think they are viewed by people of the other gender to build the structure of gender metastereotypes. Results Our results suggest that female stereotypes are characterized by a single community of features consistently associated such as intelligent, strong, and hardworkers. Female metastereotype, however, combines the previous community with another characterized by weak and sensitive. On the contrary, the male stereotype projected by women is characterized by a community of features associated such as intelligent, strong, and hardworker, but male in-group stereotypes and metastereotypes projected by men are a combination of this community with another one characterized by features associated such as strong, chauvinist, and aggressive. Discussion A network approach to studying stereotypes provided insights into the meaning of certain traits when considered in combination with different traits. (e.g., strong-intelligent vs. strong-aggressive). Thus, focusing on central nodes can be critical to understanding and changing the structure of gender stereotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Moreno-Bella
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain
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Intergroup attitudes and contact between Spanish and immigrant-background adolescents using network analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271376. [PMID: 35930551 PMCID: PMC9355234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the relationship among different evaluative reactions of the intergroup attitudes and contact in Spanish adolescents evaluating different ethnic minorities and in immigrant-background adolescents evaluating Spanish youth. This study was based on psychosocial models of great impact in the study of intergroup relations such as the Stereotype Content Model and the Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes Map, and incorporated a new approach to the study of attitudes: psychological networks. In total, 1122 Spanish adolescents and 683 adolescents with an immigrant background (Moroccan, Romanian or Ecuadorian origin) participated in the study, aged from 12 to 19 years. They answered a questionnaire with measures of stereotype dimensions (morality, immorality, sociability and competence), emotions (positives and negative), behavioral tendencies (facilitation and harm) and contact (quantity and quality). The results show similar structural patterns in the six studied groups, with emotions acting as links between stereotypes and behavioral tendencies. Moreover, positive and negative stereotype dimensions appeared as independent dimensions that were part of different processes: sociability and morality, and competence to a lesser extent, were related to facilitation behaviors through positive emotions, while immorality was related to harm behaviors through negative emotions. This could indicate that, to achieve successful intergroup relations involving cooperation and the development of friendly relationships, it would be appropriate to intervene in parallel in these two pathways. Due to the centrality of positive emotions (and sociability and immorality) and, therefore, their capacity to affect the entire network, focusing interventions on these variables could be an appropriate strategy to achieve overall positive attitudes.
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Turner-Zwinkels FM, Brandt MJ. Belief system networks can be used to predict where to expect dynamic constraint. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sam Nariman H, Nguyen Luu LA, Hadarics M. Exploring inclusiveness towards immigrants as related to basic values: A network approach. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260624. [PMID: 34855829 PMCID: PMC8638986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the 9th round of European Social Survey (ESS), we explored the relationship between Europeans' basic values and their attitudes towards immigrants. Employing a latent class analysis (LCA), we classified the respondents based on three items capturing the extent to which participants would support allowing three groups of immigrants to enter and live in their countries: immigrants of same ethnic groups, immigrants of different ethnic groups, and immigrants from poorer countries outside Europe. Four classes of Europeans with mutually exclusive response patterns with respect to their inclusive attitudes towards immigrants were found. The classes were named Inclusive (highly inclusive), Some (selective), Few (highly selective), and Exclusive (highly exclusive). Next, using a network technique, a partial correlation network of 10 basic human values was estimated for each class of participants. The four networks were compared to each other based on three network properties namely: global connectivity, community detection, and assortativity coefficient. The global connectivity (the overall level of interconnections) between the 10 basic values was found to be mostly invariant across the four networks. However, results of the community detection analysis revealed a more complex value structure among the most inclusive class of Europeans. Further, according to the assortativity analysis, as expected, for the most inclusive Europeans, values with similar motivational backgrounds were found to be interconnected most strongly to one another. We further discussed the theoretical and practical implications of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Sam Nariman
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lan Anh Nguyen Luu
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márton Hadarics
- Department of Social Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Ideation-to-action framework variables involved in the development of suicidal ideation: A network analysis. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01765-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ji Z, Yang Y, Fan X, Wang Y, Xu Q, Chen QW. Stereotypes of Social Groups in Mainland China in Terms of Warmth and Competence: Evidence from a Large Undergraduate Sample. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3559. [PMID: 33808092 PMCID: PMC8037077 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) has been validated in multiple countries and regions. However, previous validation studies in China have been limited by small sample size. The current research increased the sample size (n = 184 in the pilot study; n1 = 1315 and n2 = 268 in the formal study) to validate the SCM in mainland China in study 1. Supporting the SCM, 41 social groups were clustered into four quadrants based on warmth and competence dimensions. 35 of the 41 target groups (85.37%) receive ambivalent stereotype. Perceived warmth and competence were positively correlated (r = 0.585, p < 0.001). Status and competence were positively related (r = 0.81, p < 0.001), and competition and warmth were negatively related (r = -0.77, p < 0.001). In addition, 24 typical social groups were selected and a list of stereotype words for these groups was developed in study 2 (n1 = 48, n2 = 52). The implications of the emerging social groups and the applications of this stereotype word list are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zouhui Ji
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Z.J.); (X.F.); (Y.W.); (Q.X.)
- Department of Psychology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yaping Yang
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Z.J.); (X.F.); (Y.W.); (Q.X.)
| | - Xinfang Fan
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Z.J.); (X.F.); (Y.W.); (Q.X.)
| | - Yuting Wang
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Z.J.); (X.F.); (Y.W.); (Q.X.)
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Z.J.); (X.F.); (Y.W.); (Q.X.)
| | - Qing-Wei Chen
- Lab of Light and Physiopsychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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Lášticová B, Popper M, Findor A, Hruška M, Petrjánošová M. Intergroup context‐sensitive adaptation and validation of the BIAS Map for measuring stereotypes of the Roma in Slovakia: The case for an emic‐etic mixed methods approach. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Lášticová
- Institute for Research in Social Communication Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Popper
- Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences Comenius University in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Andrej Findor
- Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences Comenius University in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Matej Hruška
- Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences Comenius University in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Magda Petrjánošová
- Institute for Research in Social Communication Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovakia
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Turner-Zwinkels FM, Johnson BB, Sibley CG, Brandt MJ. Conservatives' Moral Foundations Are More Densely Connected Than Liberals' Moral Foundations. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2021; 47:167-184. [PMID: 32452297 PMCID: PMC8164548 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220916070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We use network psychometrics to map a subsection of moral belief systems predicted by moral foundations theory (MFT). This approach conceptualizes moral systems as networks, with moral beliefs represented as nodes connected by direct relations. As such, it advances a novel test of MFT's claim that liberals and conservatives have different systems of foundational moral values, which we test in three large datasets (NSample1 = 854; NSample2 = 679; NSample3 = 2,572), from two countries (the United States and New Zealand). Results supported our first hypothesis that liberals' moral systems show more segregation between individualizing and binding foundations than conservatives. Results showed only weak support for our second hypothesis, that this pattern would be more typical of higher educated than less educated liberals/conservatives. Findings support a systems approach to MFT and show the value of modeling moral belief systems as networks.
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Martinez JE, Feldman LA, Feldman MJ, Cikara M. Narratives Shape Cognitive Representations of Immigrants and Immigration-Policy Preferences. Psychol Sci 2021; 32:135-152. [PMID: 33439794 DOI: 10.1177/0956797620963610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scholars from across the social and media sciences have issued a clarion call to address a recent resurgence in criminalized characterizations of immigrants. Do these characterizations meaningfully impact individuals' beliefs about immigrants and immigration? Across two online convenience samples (total N = 1,054 adult U.S. residents), we applied a novel analytic technique to test how different narratives-achievement, criminal, and struggle-oriented-impacted cognitive representations of German, Russian, Syrian, and Mexican immigrants and the concept of immigrants in general. All stories featured male targets. Achievement stories homogenized individual immigrant representations, whereas both criminal and struggle-oriented stories racialized them along a White/non-White axis: Germany clustered with Russia, and Syria clustered with Mexico. However, criminal stories were unique in making our most egalitarian participants' representations as differentiated as our least egalitarian participants'. Narratives about individual immigrants also generalized to update representations of nationality groups. Most important, narrative-induced representations correlated with immigration-policy preferences: Achievement narratives and corresponding homogenized representations promoted preferences for less restriction, and criminal narratives promoted preferences for more.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mallory J Feldman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Mina Cikara
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University
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Gender stereotype reinforcement: Measuring the gender bias conveyed by ranking algorithms. Inf Process Manag 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sam Nariman H, Hadarics M, Kende A, Lášticová B, Poslon XD, Popper M, Boza M, Ernst-Vintila A, Badea C, Mahfud Y, O'Connor A, Minescu A. Anti-roma Bias (Stereotypes, Prejudice, Behavioral Tendencies): A Network Approach Toward Attitude Strength. Front Psychol 2020; 11:2071. [PMID: 33101101 PMCID: PMC7554240 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Roma have been and still are a target of prejudice, marginalization, and social exclusion across Europe, especially in East-Central European countries. This paper focuses on a set of stereotypical, emotional, and behavioral evaluative responses toward Roma people selected as representing the underlying components of anti-Roma bias. Employing network analysis, we investigated if attitude strength is associated with stronger connectivity in the networks of its constituent elements. The findings from representative surveys carried out in Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, France, and Ireland supported our assumption, as high attitude strength toward the Roma resulted in stronger connectivity in all pairs of high- versus low-attitude-strength networks. Our finding yields a solid theoretical framework for targeting the central variables-those with the strongest associations with other variables-as a potentially effective attitude change intervention strategy. Moreover, perceived threat to national identity, sympathy, and empathy were found to be the most central variables in the networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Sam Nariman
- Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márton Hadarics
- Department of Social Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Kende
- Department of Social Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Lášticová
- Institute for Research in Social Communication, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Xenia Daniela Poslon
- Institute for Research in Social Communication, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Popper
- Institute for Research in Social Communication, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mihaela Boza
- Department of Psychology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Andreea Ernst-Vintila
- Université Paris Nanterre, Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale, Nanterre, France
| | - Constantina Badea
- Université Paris Nanterre, Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale, Nanterre, France
| | - Yara Mahfud
- Université Paris Nanterre, Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale, Nanterre, France
| | - Ashley O'Connor
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Anca Minescu
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Brandt MJ. Estimating and Examining the Replicability of Belief System Networks. COLLABRA: PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1525/collabra.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Belief system structure can be investigated by estimating belief systems as networks of interacting political attitudes, but we do not know if these estimates are replicable. In a sample of 31 countries from the World Values Survey (N = 52,826), I find that countries’ belief system networks are relatively replicable in terms of connectivity, proportion of positive edges, some centrality measures (e.g., expected influence), and the estimates of individual edges. Betweenness, closeness, and strength centrality estimates are more unstable. Belief system networks estimated with smaller samples or in countries with more unstable political systems tend to be less replicable than networks estimated with larger samples in stable political systems. Although these analyses are restricted to the items available in the World Values Survey, they show that belief system networks can be replicable, but that this replicability is related to features of the study design and the political system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Brandt
- Tilburg University, Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg, NL
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