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Innovations in the synthesis of graphene nanostructures for bio and gas sensors. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 145:213234. [PMID: 36502548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sensors play a significant role in modern technologies and devices used in industries, hospitals, healthcare, nanotechnology, astronomy, and meteorology. Sensors based upon nanostructured materials have gained special attention due to their high sensitivity, precision accuracy, and feasibility. This review discusses the fabrication of graphene-based biosensors and gas sensors, which have highly efficient performance. Significant developments in the synthesis routes to fabricate graphene-based materials with improved structural and surface properties have boosted their utilization in sensing applications. The higher surface area, better conductivity, tunable structure, and atom-thick morphology of these hybrid materials have made them highly desirable for the fabrication of flexible and stable sensors. Many publications have reported various modification approaches to improve the selectivity of these materials. In the current work, a compact and informative review focusing on the most recent developments in graphene-based biosensors and gas sensors has been designed and delivered. The research community has provided a complete critical analysis of the most robust case studies from the latest fabrication routes to the most complex challenges. Some significant ideas and solutions have been proposed to overcome the limitations regarding the field of biosensors and hazardous gas sensors.
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Ding M, Niu H, Zhang N, Hou T, Guan P, Hu X. Facile fabrication of electrochemically reduced graphene oxide/polythionine-methylene blue and its use as a platform for detection of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in the artificial urine sample. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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3
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Ding M, Hou T, Niu H, Zhang N, Guan P, Hu X. Electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH at graphene-modified electrodes based on electropolymerized poly(thionine-methylene blue) films from nature deep eutectic solvents. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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4
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Bhunia P, Dutta K. Efficient electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH by highly dispersible
in situ N
‐doped ionic liquid‐functionalized graphene nanosheets. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Bhunia
- Department of Chemistry Silda Chandra Sekhar College Jhargram West Bengal 721515 India
| | - Kingshuk Dutta
- Advanced Polymer Design and Development Research Laboratory (APDDRL) School for Advanced Research in Petrochemicals (SARP) Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology (CIPET) Bengaluru Karnataka 562149 India
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Amouzadeh Tabrizi M, Acedo P. An Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy-Based Aptasensor for the Determination of SARS-CoV-2-RBD Using a Carbon Nanofiber-Gold Nanocomposite Modified Screen-Printed Electrode. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12030142. [PMID: 35323412 PMCID: PMC8945915 DOI: 10.3390/bios12030142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, human health is affected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Hence, the fabrication of the biosensors to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 is critical. In this paper, we report an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)-based aptasensor for the determination of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (SARS-CoV-2-RBD). For this purpose, the carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were first decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Then, the surface of the carbon-based screen-printed electrode (CSPE) was modified with the CNF-AuNP nanocomposite (CSPE/CNF-AuNP). After that, the thiol-terminal aptamer probe was immobilized on the surface of the CSPE/CNF-AuNP. The surface coverage of the aptamer was calculated to be 52.8 pmol·cm-2. The CSPE/CNF-AuNP/Aptamer was then used for the measurement of SARS-CoV-2-RBD by using the EIS method. The obtained results indicate that the signal had a linear-logarithmic relationship in the range of 0.01-64 nM with a limit of detection of 7.0 pM. The proposed aptasensor had a good selectivity to SARS-CoV-2-RBD in the presence of human serum albumin; human immunoglobulins G, A, and M, hemagglutinin, and neuraminidase. The analytical performance of the aptasensor was studied in human saliva samples. The present study indicates a practical application of the CSPE/CNF-AuNP/Aptamer for the determination of SARS-CoV-2-RBD in human saliva samples with high sensitivity and accuracy.
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Bhunia P, Dutta K. Redox Mediation in Ionic Liquid-Functionalized Graphene for Facilitation of β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Electrooxidation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Bhunia
- Department of Chemistry, Silda Chandra Sekhar College (Vidyasagar University), Jhargram, West Bengal 721515, India
| | - Kingshuk Dutta
- Advanced Polymer Design and Development Research Laboratory (APDDRL), School for Advanced Research in Petrochemicals (SARP), Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Bengaluru, Karnataka 562149, India
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Gorduk O. Sensitive Electrochemical Determination of NADH Using an Electrode Fabricated by Intercalation of Tetrabutylammonium Ions Into Graphite Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Gorduk
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Arts and Science Yildiz Technical University TR34220 Istanbul Turkey
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8
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Thangamuthu M, Hsieh KY, Kumar PV, Chen GY. Graphene- and Graphene Oxide-Based Nanocomposite Platforms for Electrochemical Biosensing Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2975. [PMID: 31216691 PMCID: PMC6628170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced GO (rGO) offer excellent electrical, mechanical and electrochemical properties. Further, due to the presence of high surface area, and a rich oxygen and defect framework, they are able to form nanocomposites with metal/semiconductor nanoparticles, metal oxides, quantum dots and polymers. Such nanocomposites are becoming increasingly useful as electrochemical biosensing platforms. In this review, we present a brief introduction on the aforementioned graphene derivatives, and discuss their synthetic strategies and structure-property relationships important for biosensing. We then highlight different nanocomposite platforms that have been developed for electrochemical biosensing, introducing enzymatic biosensors, followed by non-enzymatic biosensors and immunosensors. Additionally, we briefly discuss their role in the emerging field of biomedical cell capture. Finally, a brief outlook on these topics is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madasamy Thangamuthu
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Kuan Yu Hsieh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Priyank V Kumar
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Guan-Yu Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
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Meng Z, Stolz RM, Mendecki L, Mirica KA. Electrically-Transduced Chemical Sensors Based on Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2019; 119:478-598. [PMID: 30604969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrically-transduced sensors, with their simplicity and compatibility with standard electronic technologies, produce signals that can be efficiently acquired, processed, stored, and analyzed. Two dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, including graphene, phosphorene (BP), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), and others, have proven to be attractive for the fabrication of high-performance electrically-transduced chemical sensors due to their remarkable electronic and physical properties originating from their 2D structure. This review highlights the advances in electrically-transduced chemical sensing that rely on 2D materials. The structural components of such sensors are described, and the underlying operating principles for different types of architectures are discussed. The structural features, electronic properties, and surface chemistry of 2D nanostructures that dictate their sensing performance are reviewed. Key advances in the application of 2D materials, from both a historical and analytical perspective, are summarized for four different groups of analytes: gases, volatile compounds, ions, and biomolecules. The sensing performance is discussed in the context of the molecular design, structure-property relationships, and device fabrication technology. The outlook of challenges and opportunities for 2D nanomaterials for the future development of electrically-transduced sensors is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , United States
| | - Robert M Stolz
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , United States
| | - Lukasz Mendecki
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , United States
| | - Katherine A Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , United States
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10
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Krishnan SK, Singh E, Singh P, Meyyappan M, Nalwa HS. A review on graphene-based nanocomposites for electrochemical and fluorescent biosensors. RSC Adv 2019; 9:8778-8881. [PMID: 35517682 PMCID: PMC9062009 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09577a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosensors with high sensitivity, selectivity and a low limit of detection, reaching nano/picomolar concentrations of biomolecules, are important to the medical sciences and healthcare industry for evaluating physiological and metabolic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Kumar Krishnan
- CONACYT-Instituto de Física
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
- Puebla 72570
- Mexico
| | - Eric Singh
- Department of Computer Science
- Stanford University
- Stanford
- USA
| | - Pragya Singh
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu 30010
- Taiwan
| | - Meyya Meyyappan
- Center for Nanotechnology
- NASA Ames Research Center
- Moffett Field
- Mountain View
- USA
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11
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Selvarani K, Prabhakaran A, Arumugam P, Berchmans S, Nayak P. 2D MoSe2 sheets embedded over a high surface graphene hybrid for the amperometric detection of NADH. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:411. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-2946-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Positively-charged hierarchical PEDOT interface with enhanced electrode kinetics for NADH-based biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 120:115-121. [PMID: 30173009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) has attracted considerable attention as an advanced electrode material for electrochemical sensors and biosensors, due to its unique electrical and physicochemical properties. Here, we demonstrate the facile preparation of a positively-charged and hierarchical micro-structured PEDOT electrochemical interface with enhanced electrode kinetics for the electrooxidation of NADH. Processable PEDOT colloidal microparticles (PEDOT CMs) were synthesised by template-assisted polymerisation and were then utilised as building blocks for the fabrication of hierarchically-structured electrodes with a larger accessible electroactive surface (2.8 times larger than that of the benchmark PEDOT:PSS) and inter-particle space, thus improving electrode kinetics. The intrinsic positive charge of the PEDOT CMs further facilitated the detection of negatively-charged molecules by electrostatic accumulation. Due to the synergistic effect, these hierarchically-structured PEDOT CMs electrodes exhibited improved NADH electrooxidation at lower potentials and enhanced electrocatalytic activity compared to the compact structure of conventional PEDOT:PSS electrodes. The PEDOT CMs electrodes detected NADH over the range of 20-240 μM, with a sensitivity of 0.0156 μA/μM and a limit of detection of 5.3 μM. Moreover, the PEDOT CMs electrode exhibited a larger peak separation from the interferent ascorbic acid, and improved stability. This enhanced analytical performance for NADH provides a sound basis for further work coupling to a range of NAD-dependent dehydrogenases for applications in biosensing, bio-fuel cells and biocatalysis.
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13
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Lawal AT. Progress in utilisation of graphene for electrochemical biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 106:149-178. [PMID: 29414083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses recent graphene (GR) electrochemical biosensor for accurate detection of biomolecules, including glucose, hydrogen peroxide, dopamine, ascorbic acid, uric acid, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, DNA, metals and immunosensor through effective immobilization of enzymes, including glucose oxidase, horseradish peroxidase, and haemoglobin. GR-based biosensors exhibited remarkable performance with high sensitivities, wide linear detection ranges, low detection limits, and long-term stabilities. Future challenges for the field include miniaturising biosensors and simplifying mass production are discussed.
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14
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Nanocomposites of graphene and graphene oxides: Synthesis, molecular functionalization and application in electrochemical sensors and biosensors. A review. Mikrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-016-2007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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Topçu E, Dağcı K, Alanyalıoğlu M. Free-standing Graphene/Poly(methylene blue)/AgNPs Composite Paper for Electrochemical Sensing of NADH. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Topçu
- Atatürk University, Sciences Faculty; Department of Chemistry; 25240 Erzurum Turkey
| | - Kader Dağcı
- Atatürk University, Sciences Faculty; Department of Chemistry; 25240 Erzurum Turkey
| | - Murat Alanyalıoğlu
- Atatürk University, Sciences Faculty; Department of Chemistry; 25240 Erzurum Turkey
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16
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Shin HS, Kim KW, Kang YG, Myung S, Kim JS, An KS, Lee IY, Lee SS. New approach for the reduction of graphene oxide with triphenylphosphine dihalide. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26046a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a one-flask method for the thermal reduction of graphene oxide (GO) with triphenylphosphine dihalide (Ph3PX2) at 180 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Suk Shin
- Eco-Friendly New Materials Research Center
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Ki Woong Kim
- Thin Film Materials Research Center Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-goo Kang
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Myung
- Thin Film Materials Research Center Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Seok An
- Thin Film Materials Research Center Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Ill Young Lee
- Eco-Friendly New Materials Research Center
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Sook Lee
- Thin Film Materials Research Center Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon
- Republic of Korea
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Zhang Y, Shen J, Li H, Wang L, Cao D, Feng X, Liu Y, Ma Y, Wang L. Recent Progress on Graphene-based Electrochemical Biosensors. CHEM REC 2015; 16:273-94. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials; National Jiangsu Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Shen
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials; National Jiangsu Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Huihua Li
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials; National Jiangsu Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials; National Jiangsu Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Dashun Cao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials; National Jiangsu Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Xiaomiao Feng
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials; National Jiangsu Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Yuge Liu
- The South Subtropical Crops Research Institute Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science; Zhanjiang 524091 P. R. China
| | - Yanwen Ma
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials; National Jiangsu Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Lianhui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials; National Jiangsu Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
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Jayabal S, Ramaraj R. Amperometric sensing of NADH at gold nanorods stabilized in amine-functionalized silicate sol–gel matrix modified electrode. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-015-0857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Su S, Chao J, Pan D, Wang L, Fan C. Electrochemical Sensors Using Two-Dimensional Layered Nanomaterials. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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20
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Achieving direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase by one step electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide and its use in glucose sensing. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 45:103-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Jayabal S, Viswanathan P, Ramaraj R. Reduced graphene oxide–gold nanorod composite material stabilized in silicate sol–gel matrix for nitric oxide sensor. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04859h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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22
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Amouzadeh Tabrizi M, Jalilzadeh Azar S, Nadali Varkani J. Eco-synthesis of graphene and its use in dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide sensing. Anal Biochem 2014; 460:29-35. [PMID: 24835427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a green and eco-friendly approach to synthesize reduced graphene oxide (rGO) via a mild hydrothermal process using malt as a reduced agent. The proposed method is based on the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) in malt solution by making use of the reducing capability of phenolic compounds contained in malt solution. The obtained rGO was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis revealed that the charge transfer resistance of rGO modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode was much lower than that of the GC electrode. The electrochemical behavior of dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) on rGO modified GC electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and amperometry. Electrochemical experiments indicated that rGO/GC electrode exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the NADH, which can be attributed to excellent electrical conductivity and high specific surface area of the rGO composite. The resulting biosensor showed highly sensitive amperometric response to NADH with a low detection limit (0.33μM).
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