Repetitive sequence fingerprinting in the long range mapping of mammalian genomes

High-level rearrangement and transcription of yeast artificial chromosome-based mouse Ig kappa transgenes containing distal regions of the contig

The mouse Ig kappa L chain gene locus has been extensively studied, but to date high-level expression of germline transgenes has not been achieved. Reasoning that each end of the locus may contain regulatory elements because these regions are not deleted upon V kappa-J kappa joining, we used yeast artificial chromosome-based techniques to fuse distal regions of the contig to create transgene miniloci. The largest minilocus (290 kb) possessed all members of the upstream V kappa 2 gene family including their entire 5' and 3' flanking sequences, along with one member of a downstream V kappa 21 gene family. In addition, again using yeast artificial chromosome-based technology, we created Ig kappa miniloci that contained differing lengths of sequences 5' of the most distal V kappa 2 gene family member. In transgenic mice, Ig kappa miniloci exhibited position-independent and copy number-dependent germline transcription. Ig kappa miniloci were rearranged in tissue and developmental stage-specific manners. The levels of rearrangement and transcription of the distal and proximal V kappa gene families were similar to their endogenous counterparts and appeared to be responsive to allelic exclusion, but were differentially sensitive to numerous position effects. The minilocus that contained the longest 5' region exhibited significantly greater recombination of the upstream V kappa 2 genes but not the downstream V kappa 21 gene, providing evidence for a local recombination stimulating element. These results provide evidence that our miniloci contain nearly all regulatory elements required for bona fide Ig kappa gene expression, making them useful substrates for functional analyses of cis-acting sequences in the future.